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Capsicum Annuum L. Var. Glabriusculum

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Capsicum Annuum L. Var. Glabriusculum HORTSCIENCE 54(1):70–75. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13451-18 of local cuisine (Banuelos~ et al., 2008). Mature wild peppers are also sold into the U.S. markets (primarily to California and Horticultural Aspects for the Arizona) as red dry condiments (Montes et al., 2006; Nabhan, 1990). Cultivated Production of Piquin Piquin pepper plants are currently consid- ered a semidomesticated crop, and further Peppers (Capsicum annuum L. var. work is still needed to complete their domes- tication (Maiti et al., 1994; Murillo-Amador et al., 2015). The production of piquin pep- glabriusculum)—A Review pers under cultivated conditions represents María Daniela Mares-Quin˜ones and Juan Ignacio Valiente-Banuet1 an opportunity for economic and social de- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, velopment of rural populations as it could aid in their integration into the formal economy Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico by producing a highly demanded product Additional index words. amashito, bird pepper, chiltepin, domestication, wild peppers (Coronado et al., 2013). The objective of this review is to provide an overview of research Abstract. Piquin pepper [Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser and carried out into the domestication and culti- Pickergill] is a semidomesticated pepper with high commercial value and wide vation of piquin peppers as a fully established applications as fresh or processed products. Piquin pepper plants have been difficult to horticultural crop. domesticate and cultivate because of low seed germination, genetic and morphologic variability, insect and disease susceptibility, and limited environmental physiology Piquin Pepper Plants information. Currently, seed sterility is no longer considered a limiting factor as hormonal, chemical, and thermal treatments have been developed to overcome seed Taxonomy. Piquin pepper plants (Capsi- dormancy. In vitro propagation (primarily by direct organogenesis) is still not reliable cum annuum L. var. glabriusculum) belong to for seedling production. Cropping systems of piquin pepper plants include traditional the Solanaceae family. The Capsicum genus methods such as agroforestry and full sunlight, and under protected horticulture originated in the western hemisphere conditions, mainly shade nets. Shade levels and water availability affect yield and (Bosland, 1994; Kraft et al., 2014) and vegetative growth. Piquin pepper plants can be grown under diverse geographic and encompasses more than 30 species and 400 edaphic conditions. Nutrition and fertilization studies are limited. Biotic stresses that can cultivars (Chunab et al., 2011; Reddy et al., cause economic damage to piquin pepper plants include most that affect other pepper 2014). Five of these species (C. annuum L., cultivars. Piquin pepper is also considered an important genetic resource as it reports C. baccatum L., C. chinense Jacq., C. frutes- resistance to some viral groups, which could be used for genetic improvement of other cens L., and C. pubescens Ruiz and Pav.) cultivated peppers. Current research needs involve the development of dependable plant include domesticated cultivars (Gonzalez- materials (cultivated varieties) with reduced labor needs, particularly during the harvest Zamora et al., 2013; Kraft et al., 2014). Piquin period. In addition, research is needed to reduce the susceptibility of piquin pepper plants pepper plants (C. annuum L.) have also been to other plant diseases. This review presents an analysis of the aspects related to the classified as aviculare (D’Arcy and Eshbaugh), production of piquin peppers under cultivated conditions. minus (Figherhut), baccatum (Terpo); and minimun (Heiser and Pickergill) (Banuelos~ et al., 2008). Piquin peppers are also commonly Piquin pepper plants [Capsicum annuum 2005; Villalon et al., 2013; Villalon- known as ‘‘chiltepin’’ and ‘‘bird’’ peppers L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser and Mendoza et al., 2015). (Hernandez-Verdugo et al., 2012). Pickergill] are considered one of the pre- Currently, most piquin peppers are col- Plant description. Although phenotypic decessors of cultivated peppers (Eshbaugh, lected from wild plants growing in their characteristics are influenced by environmen- 1975; Medina-Martínez et al., 2010). As natural habitats (Medina-Martínez et al., tal conditions, average height of wild pepper products, piquin peppers are highly appreci- 2010). A common harvesting method con- plants is 55.8 cm but they can reach heights of ated for their aromatic profile, high pungency sists of removing branches and even entire up to 150 cm. Growth habits of piquin pepper (average 60,000 Scoville units), crispy texture, plants, which compromises plant survival plants vary considerably and range from and the popular belief that their consumption and has drastically reduced wild pepper herbaceous to climbing (Marquez-Quiroz does not cause gastric irritation (Bosland et al., populations (Coronado et al., 2013; Rodríguez- et al., 2013; Miranda et al., 2010). 1990). A limited supply along with high del-Bosque et al., 2005). Efforts have been made Piquin pepper flowers are small and are consumer demand causes the prices of piquin to regulate the collection activity (registry of set on top of long (15–20 mm) and thin peppers to be much higher than those of other wild specimens, raising social awareness, and pedicels. One flower (occasionally two) hot pepper cultivars (Contreras-Padilla and legislation); however, overexploitation con- arises per axil. The flowers have a white Yahia, 1998; Rodríguez-del-Bosque et al., tinues to occur (Miranda et al., 2007; Nabhan, corolla comprising five white petals (15 mm 1990; Pedraza and Gomez, 2008) and needs diameter) (Fig. 1). The calyx (2–3 mm long) to be addressed to maintain genetic variability is green and thin. The ovary is obtusely and protect wild pepper plants in their natural conical (2.5 mm long). The style is 4 mm ecosystems (Coronado et al., 2013; Perez, 2014; long. Anthers are purple to blue sitting Received for publication 7 Aug. 2014. Accepted í for publication 10 Oct. 2018. Rodr guez-del-Bosque et al., 2004; Villalon- on top of 1.5–2.5 mm stamen filaments This research was funded by the Catedra Empre- Mendoza et al., 2015). (Bosland and Iglesias, 1992; Hernandez- sarial de Tecnologías de Agricultura Intensiva, a The consumption of wild peppers varies Verdugo et al., 2012). personal donation of Ing. Jose A. Fernandez by region. In northeastern Mexico, piquin Fruits of piquin peppers are compact, Carbajal. peppers are preferred fresh in their immature round, or oval shaped. Fruit size ranges from Mention of trade names in this publication does not (green) stage, while in northwestern and 0.87–1.68 cm length; 0.51–0.81 cm diameter; imply endorsement by the Tecnologico de Mon- southern Mexico most wild peppers are 0.2–0.55 g weight; and 0.45–0.82 mL vol- terrey of products named, nor criticism of similar consumed dry at their mature (red) stage ones not mentioned. ume. Piquin peppers are green during early 1 (Banuelos~ et al., 2008; Sandoval-Rangel, development (unripe) turning to purple or Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. This is an open access article distributed under the 2011; Villalon-Mendoza et al., 2016). Some orange at breaker stage, and then to red at full CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons. peppers are consumed brined or pickled, or as maturity (Salinas et al., 2010) (Fig. 2). Pepper org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). ingredients of processed products foods and color may change after harvest depending on 70 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 54(1) JANUARY 2019 maturity level, weather conditions, time of have established that piquin peppers present occurred for many years in regions where harvesting, and storage conditions (Gomez- high genetic variability (among and within wild peppers exist naturally. This predomes- Ladron de Guevara et al., 1996; Mínguez- populations) with high phenotypic plasticity tication management had not caused clear Mosquera et al., 1994). (Castan~on-N ajera et al., 2014). Differences in phenotypic evidence of domestication but Fully developed seeds are small (2.5– plant characteristics, fruit and leaf morphology, could have had implications for the richness 3 mm) with their radicle enclosed in a hard seed germination, and pathogen susceptibility of population’s genetics (Banuelos~ et al., seed coating. Seeds are white to yellowish or make it difficult to develop consistent base 2008; Casas et al., 2007; Perramond, 2005; tan, and may turn to brown when they lose protocols for germination, fruit production, and Teran et al., 1994). Monoculture plots of viability (Chen and Lott, 1992; Eshbaugh, resistance to viral diseases (Gonzalez-Jara piquin pepper plants have been successfully 1980; Gonzalez-Cortes et al., 2015). et al., 2011). Environmental conditions may established (Araiza et al., 2011; Villalon Weather requirements. The weather of intensify these differences as rainfall and tem- et al., 2013), but most cultivation occurs in natural habitats of piquin pepper plants is peratures affect morphological response, in- small areas (less than one hectare) and in dry-hot to semidry temperate with summer cluding plant and fruit size and number of small greenhouses (Marquez-Quiroz et al., rainfall (Medina, 2003). Although most wild seeds per fruit (Castan~on-N ajera et al., 2014; 2013; Medina-Martínez et al., 2010). Piquin pepper plants grow at altitudes of less than Murillo-Amador et al., 2015). peppers in monoculture
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