WRI fice or: The Nature Conservancy, The Nature Conservancy, the World Resources Institute. World the International Marinelife Alliance, and Alliance, and International Marinelife the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Pacific Community, the Secretariat of the The Secretariat of the Pacific Community The Secretariat of the Pacific Community Phone: +687 26 20 00 Fax: +687 26 38 18 Phone: +687 26 20 00 Fax: +687 26 38 the Pacific Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative by Trade Fish the Pacific Live Reef BP D5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia of a series of awareness materials developed for of a series of awareness Information Section, Marine Resources Division Information Section, Marine Resources the Asian Development Bank (ADB); and France. the SPC These fish identification cards are produced as part These fish identification This publication was made possible through support This publication was made possible through E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.spc.int. Website: E-mail: [email protected] and do not necessarily reflect the views of the donors. and do not necessarily reflect the views U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); Agency for International Development (USAID); U.S. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors The opinions expressed herein are those provided by the Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support, provided by the Bureau for Global Programs, For further information contact your local Fisheries Of For further information contact your local The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative and Research, Office of Environment and Natural Resources, of Environment and Natural and Research, Office

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Second dorsal fin Caudal fin Dorsal fin

Caudal peduncle Pectoral fin Anal fin Pelvic fin The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Total length (TL) The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Cheilinus trilobatus Cheilinus trilobatus

• Local name(s): • Biology: Inhabits lagoon and seaward reefs at depths of 1 to over 30 m. Found along shallow reef margins with coral cover. Usually solitary. Feeds mainly on • English name: Tripletail wrasse invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans but occasionally takes fish. • Hong Kong names: Chap Mei, Choi Mei • Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes • Description: Olivaceous, with a vertical red line on each from female to male); male-dominated haremic mating body scale; small red spots and irregular lines on head system (i.e. one male for several females). Pelagic and chest; red lines radiating anteriorly from eye. Large spawning. adults have tri-lobed caudal fins. • Maximum size: 45 cm TL • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / Aquarium: commercial and show aquaria. • IUCN Red List status: No status given. • Poisonous: No reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in Indo-Pacific region: Indonesia and Philippines east to the Tuamotus and Austral Islands in French Polynesia; Ryukyu Islands (Japan) south to Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia.

Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Cheilinus undulatus Cheilinus undulatus

• Local name(s): • Biology: Inhabits steep outer reef slopes, channel slopes, and lagoon reefs between 1 and 60 m. Solitary or paired but small mating groups may be found following the two largest individuals. Juveniles encountered in coral- • English name: Humphead wrasse rich areas of lagoon reefs where staghorn Acropora spp. corals abound. Adults rove the reefs by day, and rest in • Hong Kong name: So Mei reef caves and under coral ledges at night. Primary food includes molluscs, fish, sea urchins, crustaceans and • Description: Adults olive to green with a vertical dark line other large invertebrates. One of the few predators of on scales; juveniles pale greenish with elongate spots on toxic animals such as sea hares, boxfish and crown-of- scales tending to form bars; 2 black lines posteriorly thorns starfish. from eye, more evident in juveniles. Adults develop lips • Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes and a prominent bulbous hump on the forehead. from female to male); male-dominated haremic mating system (i.e. one male for several females), but spawning aggregations may also occur at high population densities. Pelagic spawning. • Maximum size: 229 cm TL (maximum weight: 191 kg) • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / Aquarium: commercial and show aquaria. • IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable (facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future). Status being re-evaluated. • Poisonous: Reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Indonesia and Philippines east to the Tuamotus (French Polynesia); Image: John E. Randall Ryukyu Islands (Japan) south to New Caledonia. The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Choerodon schoenleinii Choerodon schoenleinii

• Local name(s): • Biology: Inhabits flat sandy or weedy areas near lagoon and seaward reefs between 10 and 60 m. Solitary. Feeds mainly on hard-shelled invertebrates including • English name: Blackspot tuskfish crustaceans, molluscs and sea urchins. • Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes • Hong Kong name: Ching Yi from female to male). Mating system not determined. • Description: Greenish grey on back, shading to light Pelagic spawning. yellowish below; a vertical blue line on each scale • Maximum size: 100 cm TL becomes spots posteriorly and blue stripes on caudal peduncle; a black spot smaller than eye at base of last • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / dorsal spine; irregular blue bands extending posteriorly Gamefish: yes / Aquarium: commercial and show from eye. Caudal fin truncate to slightly rounded. aquaria. • IUCN Red List status: No status given — under assessment. • Poisonous: No reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Indonesia and Philippines east to Papua New Guinea; Ryukyu Islands (Japan) south to the southern Great Barrier Reef (Australia).

Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Cephalopholis argus Cephalopholis argus

• Local name(s): • Biology: Occurs in a variety of coral habitats, from tide pools and reef flats to reef slopes at depths of 1–40 m but usually 1–10 m. Feeds mainly on fish and, to a • English name: Peacock hind lesser extent, crustaceans. In some places it feeds early in the morning and late afternoon; but in other places, it • Hong Kong name: Nam Sing appears to feed more at night. • Description: Dark brown, with small blue, black-edged • Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes spots; 5–6 pale bars on rear of body; large pale area from female to male) in a male-dominated haremic over chest; distal part of pectoral fins sometimes mating system (i.e. one male for several females). maroon brown; orange-gold triangular membranes at Pelagic spawning. tips of dorsal spines. • Maximum size: 60 cm TL • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / Gamefish: yes / Aquarium: commercial and show aquaria. • IUCN Red List status: No status given. • Poisonous: Reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Indonesia and Philippines east to Pitcairn Group; Ryukyu Islands (Japan) south to Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia.

Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Cephalopholis sonnerati Cephalopholis sonnerati

• Local name(s): • Biology: Occurs in deep lagoon reefs and steep outer reef slopes between 10 and 150 m, and occasionally on exposed reef fronts. Found in corals and rocky • English name: Tomato hind substrata. Juveniles found usually near sponges or coral heads. Feeds on small fish and crustaceans. • Hong Kong name: Hung Kwa Chi Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes • Description: In the Pacific, adults are light reddish to from female to male) in a male-dominated haremic yellowish brown with numerous small, brownish-red mating system (i.e. one male for several females). spots on head, body and fins; juveniles dark reddish- Pelagic spawning. brown to black with a white posterior border on caudal fin (broadest at corners). Pelvic fins usually reach or Maximum size: 57 cm TL extend beyond anus; caudal fin rounded. Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence. IUCN Red List status: No status given. Poisonous: No reports of ciguatera poisoning. Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Indonesia and Philippines east to the Line Islands (Kiribati); southern Japan to southern Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia.

Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Cromileptes altivelis Cromileptes altivelis

• Local name(s): • Biology: Inhabits lagoon and seaward reefs and is found typically in rubble or silty areas between 2 and 40 m; sometimes found on reefs and in tide pools; juveniles • English name: Humpback grouper found commonly on shallow seagrass flats. Juveniles are captured for the aquarium trade; adults for food. • Hong Kong name: Lo Shu Pan • Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes • Description: Greenish-white to light greenish-brown, with from female to male). Mating system not determined. scattered large round black spots; juveniles white with Pelagic spawning. black spots. Front part of head containing a very small eye; dorsal profile of head nearly straight to above eye, • Maximum size: 70 cm TL then rising steeply to beginning of dorsal fin. • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / Aquaculture: likely in future / Aquarium: commercial and show aquaria.

• IUCN Red List status: Data deficient — under assess- ment. • Poisonous: No reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Indonesia east to Fiji; southern Japan south to southeast Australia and New Caledonia.

Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus

• Local name(s): • Biology: Inhabits rocky or coral-rich areas of deep lagoons, channels, and outer reef slopes between 2 and 65 m. Juveniles usually found in tide pools. Feeds on fish and • English name: Whitespotted grouper crustaceans. • Hong Kong name: Yau Charm Pan • Reproduction: Assumed to be protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes from female to male). Mating system not • Description: Grey-brown; posterior head, body, and dorsal determined. Pelagic spawning. fin have scattered large white spots (some as large or larger than eye) and numerous small pale spots; a series • Maximum size: 76 cm TL of indistinct dark blotches on back at base of dorsal fin and one on caudal peduncle; a black streak above • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence. maxilla. Caudal fin rounded. • IUCN Red List status: No status given. • Poisonous: No reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Indonesia and Philippines east to Fiji; southern Japan south to New South Wales (Australia).

Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Epinephelus cyanopodus Epinephelus cyanopodus

• Local name(s): • Biology: Found usually around isolated coral heads in lagoons or bays but also on outer reefs between 2 and 150 m. Often swims out in the open, up to several • English name: Speckled blue grouper meters above the bottom. Feeds on fish, mainly sand- dwelling snake eels, and crustaceans, such as box crabs. • Hong Kong name: Nam Kwa Chi • Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes • Description: Light bluish grey with numerous tiny black from female to male). Spawns pelagically in spots and scattered larger blackish points on the head aggregations. Highly vulnerable to exploitation by and fins. Caudal fin truncate. hook-and-line gear during spawning season. • Maximum size: 122 cm TL • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / Aquarium: show aquaria. • IUCN Red List status: No status given. • Poisonous: Reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Philippines east to Fiji; southern Japan south to New South Wales (Australia).

Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus Epinephelus fuscoguttatus

• Local name(s): • Biology: Inhabits lagoon pinnacles, channels, and outer reef slopes in coral-rich areas with clear waters between 1 and 60 m. Feeds on fish, crabs and cephalopods. • English name: Brown-marbled grouper • Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes • Hong Kong name: Lo Fu Pan from female to male). Spawns pelagically in aggregations. Highly vulnerable to exploitation by • Description: Light yellowish-brown with large irregular hook-and-line gear during spawning season. brown blotches on head and body, the darkest along back; black saddle-like spot on caudal peduncle; head, • Maximum size: 95 cm TL body, and fins with numerous close-set small dark • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / brown spots. Aquaculture: commercial. • IUCN Red List status: No status given — under assessment. • Poisonous: Reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Philippines east to Samoa; Taiwan south to Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia.

Often confused with E. polyphekadion because of similarity in colour pattern. To distinguish between the two species, E. fuscoguttatus has indentation at the head profile above the eye and a more deeply incised dorsal fin membrane than E. polyphekadion.

Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Epinephelus lanceolatus Epinephelus lanceolatus

• Local name(s): • Biology: The largest bony fish found on coral reefs. Formerly common in shallow waters near caves, wrecks, and in estuaries between 1 and 100 m. • English name: Giant grouper Individuals more than one meter long have been caught from shore and in harbours. Feeds on spiny lobsters and • Hong Kong name: Fa Mei, Long Dan other crustaceans, juvenile sea turtles, and fish (including small sharks and batfish). • Description: Adults mottled dark greyish-brown; juveniles irregularly barred with dark brown and yellow. Thick • Reproduction: Has been observed spawning pelagically in body; eye small and interorbital space broad; dorsal couple or very small aggregations. spines short; caudal fin rounded. • Maximum size: 270 cm TL (maximum weight: 300 kg) • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / Gamefish: yes / Aquarium: commercial and show aquaria / Aquaculture: commercial. • IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable (facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future). • Poisonous: No reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Indonesia and Philippines east to Hawaiian, Line and Pitcairn Islands; Ryukyu and Bonin Islands (Japan) south to Australia and New Caledonia (also northern New Zealand).

Image: IMA, Hong Kong The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Epinephelus maculatus Epinephelus maculatus

• Local name(s): • Biology: Adults found in association with isolated coral heads on lagoon and seaward reefs between 2 and 100 m; juveniles found in association with shallow • English name: Highfin grouper coral rubble. Feeds mainly on sand-dwelling fish and crustaceans, and occasionally octopus. • Hong Kong name: Fa Ying • Reproduction: Assumed to be protogynous hermaphrodite • Description: Light brown with numerous round to (sex changes from female to male). Has been observed polygonal close-set dark brown spots (those on body spawning pelagically in small aggregations. about the size of the pupil); two very large dusky areas on back that extend broadly into the dorsal fin where • Maximum size: 62 cm TL they are more heavy and separated by a whitish area. Caudal fin rounded. • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / Aquarium: show aquaria. • IUCN Red List status: No status given — under assessment. • Poisonous: Reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Philippines east to Samoa; Ryukyu Islands (Japan) south to Lord Howe Island (Australia).

Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Epinephelus polyphekadion Epinephelus polyphekadion

• Local name(s): • Biology: Usually found in coral-rich areas of lagoon and outer reefs. Feeds mainly on crustaceans (such as portunid crabs) and fish; occasionally feeds on • English name: Camouflage grouper cephalopods and gastropods. • Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes • Hong Kong name: Charm Pan from female to male). Spawns pelagically in • Description: Light brown with large irregular blotches on aggregations. Highly vulnerable to exploitation by head and body, overlaid by numerous, small close-set hook-and-line gear during spawning season. dark brown spots; a prominent black saddle-like spot on • Maximum size: 75 cm TL caudal peduncle; all fins with many dark brown spots. Fins rounded. • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / Aquaculture: experimental / Aquarium: show aquaria. • IUCN Red List status: No status given — under assessment. • Poisonous: Reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Indonesia and Philippines east to Pitcairn Group; Ryukyu and Ogasawara Islands (Japan) south to New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island (Australia).

Often confused with E. fuscoguttatus because of similarity in colour pattern. To distinguish between the two species, E. fuscoguttatus has indentation at the head profile above the eye and a more deeply incised dorsal fin membrane than E. polyphekadion. Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Epinephelus tukula Epinephelus tukula

• Local name(s): • Biology: Inhabits outer lagoon and exposed reefs between 10 and 150 m. Juveniles may be found in tide pools. Feeds on reef fish, skates, crabs, and spiny lobsters. • English name: Potato grouper Highly territorial and aggressive towards intruders. • Hong Kong name: Kam Chin Pan • Reproduction: Mating system unknown. Spawns pelagically. • Description: Overall colour is pale brownish grey with • Maximum size: 200 cm TL several dark brown to black widely-spaced blotches; head has smaller dark brown spots and streaks, many • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / radiating from the eye; dark spots on fins small distally. Gamefish: yes / Aquarium: show aquaria. Large adults nearly black. • IUCN Red List status: No status given — under assessment. • Poisonous: No reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Indonesia and Philippines east to Papua New Guinea; southern Japan south to Queensland (Australia), but absent from many intervening localities.

Image: IMA, Hong Kong The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Plectropomus areolatus Plectropomus areolatus

• Local name(s): • Biology: Inhabits lagoon and seaward reefs in areas with rich coral growth. Feeds mainly on fish. • Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes • English name: Squaretail coralgrouper from female to male). Spawns pelagically in • Hong Kong name: Sai Sing aggregations, before or at the new and full moons, seasonally. Highly vulnerable to exploitation by hook- • Description: Reddish-brown with numerous round dark- and-line gear during spawning season. edged blue spots on head and body, including ventrally; median fins have dark-edged blue spots notably smaller • Maximum size: 73 cm TL than those on body. Caudal fin truncate to slightly emarginate with a white posterior margin and broad • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / blackish submarginal band. Aquarium: show aquaria. • IUCN Red List status: No status given. • Poisonous: Reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Philippines and Indonesia east to Samoa; Ryukyu Islands (Japan) south to Queensland (Australia).

Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Plectropomus laevis Plectropomus laevis

• Local name(s): • Biology: Voracious piscivore inhabiting coral-rich areas of lagoon and seaward reefs between 4 and 100 m. Commonly found in channels and on outer reef shelves. • English name: Blacksaddled coralgrouper Juveniles found in shallow water reef habitats, especially around coral rubble. Feeds mostly on fish, • Hong Kong name: Pau Sing especially large-sized species, and occasionally on • Description: Two colour phases. Phase 1: white with five crustaceans. Juveniles feed on crustaceans and squids. chocolate brown bars that are broader dorsally on head and body; scattered small dark-edged blue spots, and • Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes yellow fins. Phase 2: reddish-brown with numerous small from female to male). Spawns pelagically in dark-blue spots on head, body and fins; dark bars as in aggregations and is highly vulnerable to exploitation the first phase usually present but less conspicuous. during spawning periods. Caudal fin slightly emarginate. • Maximum size: 125 cm TL • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / Gamefish: yes / Aquarium: show aquaria. • IUCN Red List status: No status given. Phase 1 • Poisonous: Numerous reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Philippines east to Tuamotus and Rapa Island (French Polynesia); Ryukyu Islands (Japan) south to the southern Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Phase 2 Images: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative

Plectropomus leopardus Plectropomus leopardus

• Local name(s): • Biology: Inhabits coral-rich areas of lagoon and mid-shelf reefs between 3 and 100 m. Inactive at night; reported to hide under ledges. Juveniles in shallow water • English name: Leopard coralgrouper habitats, especially rubble. Feeds on fish and crustaceans; juveniles feed on crustaceans, small fish • Hong Kong name: Tung Sing and invertebrates (including squids). • Description: Greenish to reddish-brown with numerous • Reproduction: Protogynous hermaphrodite (sex changes dark-edged blue dots on head, body and median fins but from female to male). Spawns pelagically in not extending onto abdomen and thorax below level of aggregations and is highly vulnerable to exploitation lower edge of pectoral fins. The only Plectropomus during spawning periods. species with a nearly complete blue ring around the eye. Caudal fin slightly emarginate. • Maximum size: 120 cm TL • Importance: Fisheries: commercial and subsistence / Aquaculture: commercial including cage culture / Aquarium: commercial and show aquaria. • IUCN Red List status: No status given — under assessment. • Poisonous: Reports of ciguatera poisoning. • Distribution in the Indo-Pacific region: Philippines and Indonesia east to Fiji; southern Japan south to southern Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia.

Image: John E. Randall The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative The Pacific Regional Live Reef Fish Trade Initiative e . e - s l . n

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