DOCSLIB.ORG

This Dissertation Has Been 64-11,909 Microfilmed Exactly As Received

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
This Dissertation Has Been 64-11,909 Microfilmed Exactly As Received This dissertation has been 64-11,909 microfilmed exactly as received ALENDER, Charles Baker, 1929- THE VENOM FROM THE HEADS OF THE GLDBIFEROUS PEDICELLARlAE OF THE SEA URCHIN, TRIPNEUSTES GRATILLA (LINNAEUS). University of Hawaii, Ph.D., 1964 Pharmacology university Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE VENOM FROM THE HEADS OF THE GLOBIFEROUS PEDICELLARIAE OF THE SEA URCHIN, TRIPNEUSTES GRATILLA (LINNAEUS) A THES IS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PAR.TIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOIl THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY JANUARY 1964 By Charles Baker Alender Thesis Committee: Professor Pieter B. van Weel, Chairman Professor Donald C. Matthews Professor Paul J. Scheuer Associate Professor Kerry T. Yasunobu Assistant Professor Ernst S. Re~se ii PREFACE I wish to express my deep appreciation to Dr. Paul R. Saunders, Department of Pharmacology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California for his encouragement and interest in this research problem, and for his generous financial support through his contract with the Office of Naval Research. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. George A. Feigen, Department of Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, for his kindness in performing several pharmacological techni~ues which were instrumental in clarifying some of the actions of the globiferous pedicellariae venom. As especial debt of gratitude is extended to my chairman, Dr. Pieter B. van Weel, and to my committee members for their interest, criticism, and valuable advice concerning the performance of many phases of this research. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ....• ii LIST OF TABLES •.•• viii LIST OF FIGURES ix ABSTRACT xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II THE MICROSCOPICAL ANATOMY OF THE GLOBIFEROUS PEDICELLARIA HEAD .•..•....•.• 0. 14 MATERIAL AND METHODS . .• •• 14 MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF THE TEST 14 MICROTECHNIQUE 15 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION • 15 THE TEST .•.... 15 PEDICELLARIAL FORMS 15 FIXATION .•• 17 DECALCIFICATION . 17 EMBEDDING .•• 18 THE HEAD OF A GLOBIFEROUS PEDICELLARIA 18 THE JAWS AND VALVES .•.••• 18 MUSC LES OF THE HEAD ...•• 18 BILOBED MUSCULAR SAC 21 SAC CONTENTS •... 23 MUSCULAR SAC TERMINATIONS 27 ENVELOPING EPITHELIUM •. 28 iv TRIDENTATE AND TRIPHYLLOUS PEDICELLARIAE 30 CHAPTER III THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE VENOM 32 IvlATERIAL AND METHODG •. 32 PREPARATION OF CRUDE VENOM EX:£RACT 32 Collection of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) .• 32 Removal of globiferous pedicellariae heads .•. 32 Protein determination by the biuret reaction 37 Spectral analysis of pedicellarial extracts. 37 Extraction and dialysis. • ••• 38 Ultrafiltration 39 Lyophilization . 41 PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF CRUDE VENOM . 42 Inorganic salt fractional precipitation. 42 Carbon purification .•.•.•• 42 SEPARATION OF PA.BTIALLY PURIFIED VENOM 43 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 43 Methods for pattern visualization 47 Paper electrophoresis 47 Starch gel electrophoresis . 48 DEAE-cellulose ...••.. 51 STABILITY AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VENOM. 51 Temperature stability 53 pH stability • 54 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION • 54 PREPARATION OF CRUDE VENOM EXTRACT 54 Extraction ..••••••..• 54 v Dialysis, lyophilization, and biological activity .•.....•..• 57 PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF CRUDE VENOM 59 Inorganic salt fractional precipitation 59 Carbon purification and spectral analysis 64 Biuret analysis 66 SEPARATION OF PARTIALLY PURIFIED VENOM 69 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 69 Visualization of gel pattern . 69 Paper electrophoresis 72 Starch gel electrophoresis 72 DEAE-cellulose 74 STABILITY AND OTKER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VENOM. 74 Temperature stability 74 pH stability ••• •• .••. 76 Stability to lyophilization and other parameters . Comparison to works in the literature CHAPTER IV THE PRELIMINARY PHARMACODYNAMiCS OF THE PEDICEIJ.ARIAE VENOM •. 80 MATERIAL AND METHODS .••• 80 WHOLE ANIMAL STUDIES 80 Biological assay of the venom 81 Administration routes for venam in mice 81 Extraction of pedicellariae heads 82 Rabbit experiments .•••••••• 83 vi STUDIES ON IN VIVO AND IN VITRO ANIMAL PREPARATIONS 83 Anesthetized rabbits .. 83 Isolated, perfused heart of the toad 85 Atria-sinus venosus preparation of the toad. •. 86 Isolated, perfused heart of the guinea pig • 87 Sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle preparation of the toad . ... .. 87 Isolated sciatic nerve of the toad 89 Isolated gut of the guinea pig 90 Isolated gut of the rat 91 Protractor muscle of Aristotle's lantern of sea urchins 91 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 92 WHOLE ANIMAL STUDIES 92 Mouse symptomatology 92 Toxicity of the heads of globiferous pcdicellariae 97 Raboit symptomatology 98 STUDIES ON IN VIVO AND IN VITRO ANIMAL PREPARATIONS . 99 Anesthetized rabbits .• 99 Isolated, perfused heart of the toad • 100 Atria-sinus venosus preparation of the toad. •. 105 Isolated, perfused heart of the guinea pig 109 Sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle preparation of the toad 109 Isolated sciatic nerve of the toad 112 Isolated gut of the guinea pig and the rat • 112 vii Protractor muscle of Aristotle's lantern of sea urchins ..• 116 CHAPTER V SUMMARY 119 LITERATURE CITED 124 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1-1 Literature summary of the action of pedicellariae venom frum five species of sea urchins on in vivo and in vitro animal preparations .••••••.• 12 1-2 Literature summary of the action of pedicellariae venom from five species of sea urchins on whole animals ........ 13 III-l Electrophoretic conditions used for the separation of pedicellariae venom on filter paper .••••• III-2 Electrophoretic conditions used for the separation of pedicellariae venom on starch gel ..•••••• 52 III-3 The experimental temperatures and the corresponding periods of exposure used in the determination of the stability of pedicellariae venom .••.• 55 III-4 Comparison of the effectiveness of two aqueous solvents as extractants for pedicellariae venom 56 111-5 Ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation of a 0.5 g. sample of pedicellariae venom. ••...••• .• 61 111-6 The activity of ammonium sulfate fractions of pedicellariae venom expressed in terms of the average time to death in mice .••••••• 62 III-7 The effect of temperature exposure on pedicellariae venom for various periods of time •••••• 75 III-8 The activity of pedicellariae venom as a function of pH ••••••••••.•••.••• 77 IV-l Biological activity of pedicellarial extracts expressed in minimum lethal doses in the mouse and rabbit by various routes of administration .••• 95 IV".2._The action of pedicellarial extracts on in vivo aqd in vitro systems •••••••••••••• n8 ix LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 11-1 Globiferous pedicellariae of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) ... .••.. 19 11-2 The calcareous supporting valves of globiferous pedicellariae .•..••. •. •.•••.••.•• 20 II-3 The head-portion of globiferous pedicellariae in the open position .• •. ...•... 22 11-4 Sections through head-portion of globiferous pedicellariae ....•. .. 24 II-5 Sections through jaw-portion of globiferous pedicellariae ...•• •. .•.•.. 25 II-6 Section through jaw-portion of globiferous pedicellaria .•.••.....•.•. 26 II-7 Section through external epithelium of a globiferous pedicellaria .•••••••• 29 II-B Whole-mounts of tridentate and triphyllous pedicellariae of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) 31 III-l A map showing the collecting area (shaded) for the sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, in relation to the Hawaii Marine Laboratory, Coconut Island, Oahu .• 33 III-2 Wooden holding frame containing sea urchins and chute atop standard sieve ... •. •• 35 III-3 Standard 120 mesh sieve overlayed with plastic screening . .......... 35 III-4 Calibration curve prepared with crystalline bovine serum albumin (Armour) by the biuret reaction .....•........... 37a 111-5 Diagramatic representation of an ultrafiltration apparatus used for the filtration of venom samples 40 111-6 Electrophoretic apparatus used with polyacrylamide gel (after Ornstein (1962) and Davis (1962) )• II1-7 Redesigned electrophoretic apparatus used with polyacrylamide gel. •••••••.••••.• x FIGURE PAGE 111-8 The extraction of the pedicellariae heads from 107 sea urchins with 0.9% NaCl solution . 58 111-9 Relationship of dose to the time to death in mice from the intraperitoneal injection of crude pedicellariae venom .•.•••. .. ••.• 60 III-lO Ammonium sul£ate fractional precipitation of a 0.5 g. sample of pedicellariae venom 111-11 Ultraviolet absorption spectra of globiferous pedicellariae venom showing the effect of carbon treatment ...••.•.•..•... III-12 The extraction and partial purification of globiferous pedicellariae venom of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) ....•.••.•.•.. 68 111-13 Electrophoretic pattern of partially purified globiferous pedicellariae venom on polyacrylamide gel with corresponding densometric trace 70 111-14 Paper electrophoresis patterns of crude pedi- cellariae venom with densometric trace 73 IV -1 The vascular effect of crude pedicellari.ae venom on anesthetized rabbits at intravenous doses of 5 ug./kg., 10 ug./kg., and 15 ug./kg. .••• 101 IV-2 The respiratory effect of crude pedicellariae venom on anesthetized rabbits at intravenous doses of 5 ug./kg., 10 ug./kg., and 15 ug./kg. •.. 102 IV-3 The effects of crude pedicellariae venom on the isolated, perfused toad heart ....••. 103 1v-4 The effects of crude pedicellariae venom on the isolated, perfused toad heart at a total dose of 250 ug. .................. 104 IV-5 The effects of crude pedicellariae venom on the toad atria-sinus venosus preparation 106 IV-6 The
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tripneustes Gratilla, a Possible Biocontrol Agent for Invasive Macroalgae
    THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF THE SEA URCHIN TRIPNEUSTES GRATILLA, A POSSIBLE BIOCONTROL AGENT FOR INVASIVE MACROALGAE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ZOOLOGY (MARINE BIOLOGY) MAY 2012 By Rodolf Timothy Pan Thesis Committee: John Stimson, Chairperson Charles Birkeland Andrew Taylor Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................ iii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………...v Introduction .................................................................................................................1 Echinoid Growth ......................................................................................................2 Echinoid Survival .....................................................................................................4 Echinoids as Biocontrol Agents ................................................................................5 Tripneustes gratilla ................................................................................................ 11 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 18 Tagging, and measurement of Tripneustes gratilla individuals ............................... 18 Collection,
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Overfishing on Density and Test-Diameter Size of the Sea Urchin Tripneustes Gratilla at Wakatobi Archipelago, South- Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/727271; this version posted August 21, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Impact of overfishing on density and test-diameter size of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla at Wakatobi Archipelago, south- eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia La Nane Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract Sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla is one of an economic important fisheries resources product for localities at Wakatobi archipelago. High demands for sea urchin gonad have intensified high fishing activity. We hypothesize that sea urchins at Wakatobi have overfished. To answer that hypothesizes; we measure the density and its test diameter size at two different sites. They are Pulau Tomia (inhabited area) and Pulau Sawa (uninhabited area and very distant from the localities). The results show that sea urchin density and its test diameter is significantly different. The densities (mean ± SE) Tripneustes gratilla at Pulau Sawa and Pulau Tomia are 10 ± 0.6 (ind./ m2) and 2.7 ± 0.9 ind./m2, respectively. Moreover, the test diameter at Pulau Sawa and Pulau Tomia are 69.7 ± 2.1 mm (mean ± SE), and 58.5 ± 1.7 mm (mean ± SE), respectively. These results have indeed shown that overfishing has occurred. Therefore, sea urchin with test diameter 66–75 mm, 76–85 mm, and 86–95 mm have disappeared at Pulau Tomia.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Ecology Progress Series 384: 83-96
    Vol. 384: 83–96, 2009 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published May 29 doi: 10.3354/meps08024 Mar Ecol Prog Ser OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS How effective are MPAs? Predation control and ‘spill-in effects’ in seagrass–coral reef lagoons under contrasting fishery management Johan S. Eklöf1, 4,*, Sara Fröcklin1, Annika Lindvall1, Nadja Stadlinger1, Alex Kimathi2, Jacqueline N. Uku2, Tim R. McClanahan3 1Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 2Kenyan Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, PO Box 81651, 080100 Mombasa, Kenya 3Marine Programs, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York 10460-1099, USA 4Present address: Department of Marine Benthic Ecology and Evolution, Biological Centre, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands ABSTRACT: Marine protected areas (MPAs) are heavily promoted as a panacea for marine conserva- tion, but lagging and sometimes idiosyncratic protection effects bring their overall effectiveness into question. In Kenyan lagoons, seagrass overgrazing by the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla has been linked to removal of predators, but overgrazing has also been observed within well-protected MPAs. In this study we investigated the effectiveness of Kenyan MPAs in facilitating predation control over sea urchins, particularly T. gratilla, in relation to system (seagrass or coral reef), distance to reefs, and seagrass presence. A strong protection effect on urchin densities on reefs and a negative correlation between T. gratilla density and predation pressure (from sea stars, fish and gastropods) in seagrass beds (r2 = 0.345) confirmed the importance of top-down control. Yet there were no clear effects of pro- tection or distance to reefs in seagrass beds, most likely due to (1) low predator densities in the recently established Mombasa MPA; (2) ‘spill-in’ of aggregated T.
    [Show full text]
  • Philippine Coastal Resources Under Stress
    PHILIPPINE COASTAL RESOURCES UNDER STRESS Selected papers from the Fourth Annual Common Property Conference held in Manila, Philippines, June 16-19, 1993 Edited by Marie Antonette Juinio~Meiiez and Gary F. Newkirk Published by Coastal Resources Research Network Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada and Marine Science Institute U nhersity of the Philippines Dillman, Quezon City, Philippines Valuation of a Philippine Municipal Sea Urchin Fishery and Implications of Its Collapse L. Talaue-McManus and K. P. N. Kesner Marine Science Institute UDiversityof the Philippines Dillman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines Abstract The sea urchin Tripneustes grati/la had been exploited to near extinction from the reef flats of Bolinao, northern Philippines, to satisfy the demand of an export market for its roe. Although a closed fishing season was adopted in January 1989to help maintain a lucrative but quickly deteriorating fishery, the natural population continued to decline. Averaged daily catch decreased from 30 kg roe in 1989to 8 kg in 1992. Until 1992,the closed season was virtually not enforced, and the value of the catch per unit effort (CPUE) decreased from Phililippine peso (P) 67.00 in 1987to P43.oo in 1992(approx. USD l.OO=P25.OO).In December 1992,the municipal government passed an ordinance restricting the distribution of sea urchin roe to the local market because the industry had virtually collapsed. With the collapse of the sea urchin industry, the buyers shifted to other kinds of trading or income activities, some of which were not based on produce from the sea. In the case of gatherers, however, they coped by shifting to the collection of other marine resources like seaweeds, octopus and fish.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential for the Commercial Culture of the Tropical Sea Urchin Tripneustes Gratilla in Australia
    Potential for the Commercial Culture of the Tropical Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla in Australia JULY 2012 RIRDC Publication No. 12/052 Potential for the Commercial Culture of the Tropical Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla in Australia Benjamin Mos, Kenneth L. Cowden and Symon A. Dworjanyn July 2012 RIRDC Publication No 12/052 RIRDC Project No PRJ-006543 © 2012 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-395-6 Potential for the Commercial Culture of the Tropical Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla in Australia Publication No. 12/052 Project No.PRJ-006543 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Tool Use by Four Species of Indo-Pacific Sea Urchins
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Tool Use by Four Species of Indo-Pacific Sea Urchins Glyn A. Barrett 1,2,* , Dominic Revell 2, Lucy Harding 2, Ian Mills 2, Axelle Jorcin 2 and Klaus M. Stiefel 2,3,4 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UR, UK 2 People and The Sea, Logon, Daanbantayan, Cebu 6000, Philippines; [email protected] (D.R.); lucy@peopleandthesea (L.H.); [email protected] (I.M.); [email protected] (A.J.); [email protected] (K.M.S.) 3 Neurolinx Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA 4 Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 February 2019; Accepted: 14 March 2019; Published: 18 March 2019 Abstract: We compared the covering behavior of four sea urchin species, Tripneustes gratilla, Pseudoboletia maculata, Toxopneustes pileolus, and Salmacis sphaeroides found in the waters of Malapascua Island, Cebu Province and Bolinao, Panagsinan Province, Philippines. Specifically, we measured the amount and type of covering material on each sea urchin, and in several cases, the recovery of debris material after stripping the animal of its cover. We found that Tripneustes gratilla and Salmacis sphaeroides have a higher affinity for plant material, especially seagrass, compared to Pseudoboletia maculata and Toxopneustes pileolus, which prefer to cover themselves with coral rubble and other calcified material. Only in Toxopneustes pileolus did we find a significant corresponding depth-dependent decrease in total cover area, confirming previous work that covering behavior serves as a protection mechanism against UV radiation. We found no dependence of particle size on either species or size of sea urchin, but we observed that larger sea urchins generally carried more and heavier debris.
    [Show full text]
  • Urchins and Oceans: Effects of Naturally Occurring Water Quality on Fertilization of the Native Hawaiian Herbivore, Tripneustes Gratilla
    URCHINS AND OCEANS: EFFECTS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING WATER QUALITY ON FERTILIZATION OF THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN HERBIVORE, TRIPNEUSTES GRATILLA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ZOOLOGY MAY 2014 By Jennifer K. Fung Thesis Committee: Florence Thomas, Chairperson Megan Donahue Robert Toonen Keywords: Water quality, sea urchin, Kāne‘ohe Bay, fertilization Table of Contents List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... ii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Methods............................................................................................................................... 5 Site ................................................................................................................................... 5 Sampling.......................................................................................................................... 5 Spatial variation in fertilization of Tripneustes gratilla .............................................. 5 Temporal variation in fertilization of Tripneustes gratilla .......................................... 7 Fertilization Assay........................................................................................................... 8 Background .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Cycle of Edible Echinoderms from the Southwestern Indian Ocean
    Western Indian OceanREPRODUCTIVE J. Mar. Sci. CYCLE Vol. OF 4, EDIBLE No. 1, pp.ECHINODERMS 47–60, 2005 FROM INDIAN OCEAN (I) 47 © 2005 WIOMSA Reproductive Cycle of Edible Echinoderms from the Southwestern Indian Ocean I. Tripneustes gratilla L. (Echinoidea, Echinodermatata) D. Vaïtilingon1, 2 , R. Rasolofonirina1, 2 and M. Jangoux1, 2, 3 1Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratoire de Biologie Marine (CP 160/15), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; 2Université de Tuléar, Aqua-lab, Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines (BP 141), 601 Tuléar, Madagascar; 3Université de Mons-Hainaut, Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, 7000 Mons, Belgium Key words: echinoid, reproductive cycle, maturity index, tripneustes gratilla, abiotic factors Abstract—The reproductive cycle of the edible echinoid Tripneustes gratilla (Linneaus 1758) was investigated in a population located in the southwest coast of Madagascar (Toliara). The reproductive cycle was followed for two consecutive years (October 1999 to October 2001) and characterised by means of gonad and maturity indices. T. gratilla has an annual reproductive cycle mediated by seawater temperature, day length and feeding activity. The histology of the gonads revealed six different maturity stages grouped in three main reproductive phases: growing and maturing, spawning, and spent and recovering. Reproduction is seasonal. Growing and maturing stages occurred from late summer to early winter correlating with decreasing temperatures and day length. Spawning occurred during mid and later winter, when temperatures and day lengths were lowest. Spent and recovering urchins were observed from late summer to early winter. Besides, the reproductive cycle was also influenced by food quantity in the gut, the repletion index was higher after spawning and gametogenesis started when sufficient amount of nutrient reserves accumulated in gut tissues and nutritive phagocytes of the gonads.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Ecology of Marine Bacteria and Algae - Slattery M., Gochfeld D.J
    CHEMICAL ECOLOGY –Chemical Ecology of Marine Bacteria and Algae - Slattery M., Gochfeld D.J. CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF MARINE BACTERIA AND ALGAE Slattery M. Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, USA Gochfeld D.J. National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, USA Keywords: chemical defenses, herbivory, feeding deterrence, allelopathy, associational resistance, settlement cue, cyanobacteria, chlorophyta, phaeophyta, rhodophyta Contents 1. Introduction 2. Ecological Roles of Bacterial and Algal Compounds 2.1. Feeding Deterrence 2.2. Allelopathic Functions 2.3. Associational Resistance 2.4. Pheromones and Settlement Cues 3. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Defensive Compounds 3.1. Intraspecific Patterns 3.2. Geographic Patterns 3.3. Environmental Mediation of Chemical Variation 4. Case Study: Dictyota spp. 5. Conclusions Acknowledgments Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary The discipline of chemical ecology has developed within the marine environment over the last two decades and, to a large extent, this research has focused on algae and cyanobacteria.UNESCO Their compounds have been– observedEOLSS to mediate predator–prey interactions, to act as pheromones, and to serve as allelopathic agents against competitors and/or pathogens. Marine algae are comprised of a diverse group of primary producers, including cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), chlorophytes (green algae), phaeophytesSAMPLE (brown algae), rhodop CHAPTERShytes (red algae), and even a few angiosperms (i.e., seagrasses). However, from an ecological standpoint, all of these organisms occupy a similar niche and are subject to herbivory and competition. Herbivory is intense in the marine environment, with losses due to grazing accounting for 60–100% of total algal production. Recent evidence indicates the importance of quantitative levels of chemical defenses in mediating the selective grazing patterns that have been observed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Composition, Diversity and Predictive Metabolic Profiles Of
    fmicb-10-01168 May 24, 2019 Time: 18:22 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 28 May 2019 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01168 The Composition, Diversity and Predictive Metabolic Profiles of Bacteria Associated With the Gut Digesta of Five Sea Urchins in Luhuitou Fringing Reef (Northern South China Sea) Qiucui Yao1,2,3,4,5, Kefu Yu1,2,3*, Jiayuan Liang1,2,3, Yinghui Wang1,2,3, Baoqing Hu5, Xueyong Huang1,2,3, Biao Chen1,2,3 and Zhenjun Qin1,2,3 Edited by: 1 Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China, 2 Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Suhelen Egan, Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, China, 3 School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, University of New South Wales, Nanning, China, 4 College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China, 5 Key Laboratory of Environment Change Australia and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning, China Reviewed by: Raquel Peixoto, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Sea urchins strongly affect reef ecology, and the bacteria associated with their gut Brazil digesta have not been well studied in coral reefs. In the current study, we analyze Suzanne Dufour, Memorial University of Newfoundland, the bacterial composition of five sea urchin species collected from Luhuitou fringing Canada reef, namely Stomopneustes variolaris, Diadema setosum, Echinothrix calamaris, *Correspondence: Diadema savignyi, and Tripneustes gratilla, using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene- Kefu Yu based pyrosequencing. Propionigenium, Prolixibacter, and Photobacterium were found [email protected] to be the dominant bacterial genera in all five species.
    [Show full text]
  • Extracellular Ph Changes in Echinoderms As a Consequence of Ocean Acidification
    Extracellular pH changes in Echinoderms as a consequence of Ocean Acidification Esther Stuck A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand June 2014 Abstract . Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have recently surpassed 400 ppm, a substantial increase since the 1750's value of 280 ppm. The ocean, an enormous sink of this CO2, is projected to experience a change in seawater pH of up to 0.77 pH units by the year 2300. Regionally polar latitudes are expected to show the effects of ocean acidification earliest as CaCO3 saturation levels are already low due to cold waters. This research aimed to develop and test a technique that allowed the measurement of extracellular pH (pHe) in developing echinoderm larvae when exposed to pH values predicted for the future. Morphological changes were also recorded in parallel with pHe. To investigate if responses varied with latitude, I looked at the effect of lowered seawater pH on the pHe of five echinoderm species: the tropical sand dollar Arachnoides placenta, the temperate summer spawning urchin Evechinus chloroticus, and temperate winter spawning Pseudechinus huttoni, the polar sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and the polar sea star Odontaster validus. Different developmental stages were used (blastula, gastrula, pluteus and bipinnaria) to investigate how pHe regulation changed during development. Body regions of the developing larvae were also distinguished (gut, oesophagus and arm) to identify if pHe regulation differed throughout the pluteus and bipinnaria larvae. To determine the affects of ocean acidification, pH levels of ambient pH, pH 7.8, pH 7.6, and pH 7.4 were used for the tropical and temperate experiments and ambient pH, pH 7.7, pH 7.5 and pH 7.2 for the polar experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Environmental Acidification
    Volume 7 • 2019 10.1093/conphys/coz062 Review Article The impact of environmental acidification on the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/conphys/article-abstract/7/1/coz062/5618811 by University of Stirling user on 21 November 2019 microstructure and mechanical integrity of marine invertebrate skeletons Maria Byrne1,* and Susan Fitzer2 1School of Medical Science and School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 2Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK *Corresponding author: School of Medical Science and School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Email: [email protected] .......................................................................................................................................................... Ocean acidification (OA), from seawater uptake of anthropogenic CO2, has a suite of negative effects on the ability of marine invertebrates to produce and maintain their skeletons. Increased organism pCO2 causes hypercapnia, an energetically costly physiological stress. OA alters seawater carbonate chemistry, limiting the carbonate available to form the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals used to build skeletons. The reduced saturation state of CaCO3 also causes corrosion of CaCO3 structures. Global change is also accelerating coastal acidification driven by land-run off (e.g. acid soil leachates, tannic acid). Building and maintaining marine biomaterials in the face of changing climate will depend on the balance between calcification and dissolution. Overall, in response to environmental acidification, many calcifiers produce less biomineral and so have smaller body size. Studies of skeleton development in echinoderms and molluscs across life stages show the stunting effect of OA. For corals, linear extension may be maintained, but at the expense of less dense biomineral.
    [Show full text]