International Migration, U.S. Immigration Law and Civil Society: From the Pre-Colonial Era to the 113th Congress 2014 Scalabrini International Migration Network New York The Scalabrini International Migration Network (SIMN) is a not-for-profit organization established by the Missionaries of Saint Charles, Scalabrinians, to safeguard the dignity and the rights of migrants, refugees, seafarers, itinerants and people on the move worldwide. The opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Scalabrini International Migration Network (SIMN). International Migration, U.S. Immigration Law and Civil Society: From the Pre-Colonial Era to the 113th Congress First Edition Copyright © 2014 by Scalabrini International Migration Network Inc. 307 E 60th Street New York 10022–1505 Tel. +1 (212) 913-0207 Email:
[email protected] All rights reserved. Published by: Scalabrini International Migration Network (SIMN). Coordinator: Leonir Mario Chiarello, Executive Director of SIMN. Editors: Leonir Mario Chiarello, Executive Director of SIMN and Donald Kerwin, Executive Director of the Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMS). Proofreading: Breana George, Research Coordinator of CMS. Layout: Josue Bustillo. Cover design: Josue Bustillo and Diego Carámbula. Historic photographs: Center for Migration Studies of New York. Other photographs: http://www.shutterstock.com/ ISBN-978-0-9960560-0-7 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, U.S. IMMIGRATION LAW AND CIVIL SOCIETY i Table of Contents Preface v Introduction 1 CHAPTER I International Migration Trends and 13 Perspectives for the United States of America Introduction 15 1. Historical Trends 15 2. Recent Trends 34 3. Future Trends 50 References 58 CHAPTER II The Evolution of the United States 67 Immigration Laws Introduction 69 1.