Wollega University, Shambu, Ethiopia

Proceedings of the National Conference on Agriculture, Climate Change and Environmental Safety: The Challenges on National Transformation in Ethiopia Date: 23 rd and 24 th February 2017 Venue: Shambu Campus, Wollega University, Shambu, Ethiopia. Editors Dr. Eba Mijena Dr. Hirpa Legesse Dr. Diriba Diba Dr. Raghavendra HL WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY P.O. Box: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia. Website: http://www.wollegauniversity.edu.et/ Published by: Wollega University Press, Nekemte, Ethiopia. No part of these policies and procedures may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, including electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Office of the Research and Technology Transfer Vice-president, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia. Copyright © Wollega University, 2018 ISBN No: 978-99944-889-7-1 WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY P.O. Box: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia. Website: http://www.wollegauniversity.edu.et/ Tel: +251 57 6617981 Fax: +251 57 6605015 Contents No Title P. No Preface i-iv Abbreviations v-vi Section I: Welcome Address and Opening Speech 1. Welcome Address: Dr. Eba Mijena. 1-5 2. Opening Speech: Ato Abebe Kebede Jalleta 6-8 Section II: Keynote Address 1. Dr. Amsalu Ayana ... 9-14 2. Dr. Alem Tsehai Tesfa 15-18 Section III: Papers Presented at the Conferences (Selected Papers) The Effect of Variety and Seed Proportions on Yield, Nutritional Quality and 1. Compatibility of Oats and Vetch Mixtures Fantahun Dereje, Ashenafi Mengistu, Diriba Geleti and Buzunesh Tesfaye .... 19-38 Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.) Groundnut (Arachis 2. hypogaea) Intercropping as Affected by Spacing and Row Arrangements Melkamu Dugassa, Hirpa Legesse, Negash Geleta...... 39-54 Analyses of Climate Variables and Determination of Chickpea Water 3. Requirement for Rainfed Production in Ada’aa District, Ethiopia Mengesha Lemma Urgaya. 55-72 Screening of Bread Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes for Resistance 4. Against Stem Rust ( Black Rust ) Diseases Desalegn Negasa Soresa and Tola Abdisa .... 73-82 Anthropological inquiry in retrospect of forest biodiversity, forest policy in 5. Horro Guduru Wollega Zone of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia V. Sree Krishna and Belay Ejigu .. 83-87 A National Conference on Agriculture, Climate Change and Environmental Safety: The Challenges on National Transformation in Ethiopia Date: 23-24 February 2017 Thematic Areas THEME 1: AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE CHANGE Climate Change, Water and Agriculture: Towards Resilient Systems Farmer Practices, Agricultural Management and Climate Change Climate Change and Agriculture: Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation Disaster Management in Agriculture: Policy Lessons and Approaches Modeling for Climate Change in Agriculture THEME 2: CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD SECURITY Food and Nutrition Security in the Pace of Climate Change Food Security through Improved Production Systems Agriculture-related Investments and Policies Climate Smart Agriculture Natural Disasters and Food Security THEME 3: ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AND CLIMATE CHANGE Natural Resource Management and Global Warming Development Polices and Environment Indigenous Knowledge in the View of Climate Change Biodiversity, Conservation and Management Green Economy and Environmental Safety Community based Natural Resource Management Land Degradation Disaster and Risk Management THEME 4: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Improving Access to International and Local Markets Agricultural Productivity and Rural Development Improving Crop Production and Productivity Improving Animal Production and Productivity Agricultural Commercialization and Agro-Industry Development Organic Farming and Soil Fertility Management Access to Agricultural Inputs and Finance Improved Agricultural Technology Dissemination and Adoption THEME 5: AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING Agricultural Production Systems: Husbandry Practices and Genetics Livestock/Crop Diseases and Control Measures Livestock/Crop Marketing and Animal Welfare Feed Quality and Safety Agricultural Technology and Extension Services in Ethiopia Opportunities and Challenges of Fish Production and Marketing in Ethiopia Bee Production, Product Processing and Marketing Animal Products Processing and Marketing Agro-processing and Biotechnology Recent Technologies in Agricultural Production Preface Welcome you to this volume of the proceedings of a National Conference on “Agriculture, Climate Change and Environmental Safety: The Challenges on National Transformation in Ethiopia ”, which was held on 23 rd and 24 th February 2017 at Shambu Campus, Wollega University, Shambu, Ethiopia . In this proceeding, the opening and welcome addresses, the keynote addresses and key technical papers presented on the conference have been compiled. Conferences traditionally take a broad approach to thinking and cognition, in all their various aspects and manifestations, and this is broadly reflected in the content of the various papers submitted for publication in this proceedings. The papers are from researchers working in academia and research institutes. All the papers are compatible with the core thematic areas requested for the conference. The publication of the papers aimed at importance of climate change and environmental safety towards agriculture productivity and national transformation and avail it to the wider audience. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse ecological zones. Ethiopia, the oldest state in sub-Saharan Africa, is located within the tropics and hence it has no significant variation in its local temperature. It has four agro-ecological zones: wurch (alpine), dega (highland of its altitude), woyna-dega (medium of its altitude) and qola (lowland). These different agro-climate zones have been important in the development of self-sufficient agriculture in the region. It is also the agro-climatic conditions, inter alia, that have influenced the pattern of settlement, mode of production, activities and life of the rural population. The systems of agriculture, the pattern of crop production and population distribution are highly dependent upon the climate, soil, land management and tenure system. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy and therefore this particular sector determines the growth of all the other sectors and, consequently, the whole national economy. On average, crop production makes up 60% of the sector’s outputs whereas livestock accounts for 27% and other areas contribute 13% of the total agricultural value added. Agriculture accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. Important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), pulses, oilseeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. Domestically, meat and dairy production play an integral role for subsistence purposes. Ethiopia has about 51.3 million hectares of arable land. i However, just over 20% is currently cultivated, mainly by the smallholders. Over 50% of all smallholder farmers operate on one hectare or less. Smallholder producers, which are about 12 million households, account for about 95% of agricultural GDP. Agricultural production is mainly subsistence, and a large portion of the country’s commodity exports is provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Although agriculture is one of Ethiopia’s most promising resource, the sector has been slowed down by deforestation (depletion of forests), over-grazing (depletion of pastures), soil erosion (depletion of quality soil), desertification (extensive drying of the land) and poor infrastructure that often make it hard and expensive to get goods to market. Also, overgrazing, deforestation and high population density has led to massive soil degradation leading to low productivity. Since only 12 percent of all Ethiopian land is arable, 1 percent is used for permanent crops, and 40 percent is comprised of permanent pastures, it is essential for Ethiopia to address these environmental problems in order to maintain the land so fundamental for agricultural activities. However, a critical look at the sector shows a high potential for self- sufficiency in grains and also for the development export especially for livestock, vegetables, fruits and grains. Climate Change constitutes one of the most important environmental, social and economic challenges of our time on both the global and regional level. Agriculture’s role in climate change is three-fold. Firstly, it causes part of the release of greenhouse gas emissions through intensive land use, livestock and land use changes. Agriculture is also directly affected by the consequences of climate change through phenomena such as droughts and water scarcity and is also subject to heavy rain events, which endanger productivity. In addition, agriculture serves to preserve natural resources and established cultural landscapes by increasing soil carbon contents and adapting management practices to preserve carbon sinks. Since the last two millennia, there have been continuous demographic increments, but limited resources. During the second half of the twentieth century of Ethiopia, in particular, the rural setting and landscape has been radically changed. It became eroded, barren and broken. The process of deforestation and devastation of Ethiopia proceeded unhindered over three millennia. The saying, “ Meder Bewoledech Nededech (the earth has been

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