Emerging Issues for Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing Climate
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Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers OVERVIEW OF FOREST PESTS ROMANIA January 2007 Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FBS/28E Forest Management Division FAO, Rome, Italy Forestry Department DISCLAIMER The aim of this document is to give an overview of the forest pest1 situation in Romania. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. © FAO 2007 1 Pest: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (FAO, 2004). Overview of forest pests - Romania TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Forest pests and diseases................................................................................................. 1 Naturally regenerating forests..................................................................................... 1 Insects ..................................................................................................................... 1 Diseases................................................................................................................ -
Asia's Wicked Environmental Problems
ADBI Working Paper Series Asia’s Wicked Environmental Problems Stephen Howes and Paul Wyrwoll No. 348 February 2012 Asian Development Bank Institute Stephen Howes and Paul Wyrwoll are director and researcher, respectively, at the Development Policy Centre, Crawford School, Australian National University. This paper was prepared as a background paper for the Asian Development Bank (ADB)/Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) study Role of Key Emerging Economies—ASEAN, the People Republic of China, and India—for a Balanced, Resilient and Sustainable Asia. The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ADBI, the ADB, its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. The Working Paper series is a continuation of the formerly named Discussion Paper series; the numbering of the papers continued without interruption or change. ADBI’s working papers reflect initial ideas on a topic and are posted online for discussion. ADBI encourages readers to post their comments on the main page for each working paper (given in the citation below). Some working papers may develop into other forms of publication. Suggested citation: Howes, S. and P. Wyrwoll. 2012. Asia’s Wicked Environmental Problems. ADBI Working Paper 348. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available: http://www.adbi.org/working- paper/2012/02/28/5009.asia.wicked.environmental.problems/ Please contact the author(s) for information about this paper. -
The North American Mosaic: an Overview of Key Environmental Issues 3
The North American Mosaic An Overview of Key Environmental Issues June 2008 Commission for Environmental Cooperation section title A This report addresses the state of the environment in the territories of the Parties to the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation by providing an overview of key environmental issues. It provides an objective appraisal of environmental trends and conditions to inform the Council’s deliberations on strategic planning and future cooperative activities. This publication was prepared by the Secretariat of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation. The design and implementation of this report benefited from the participation of the State of the Environment Advisory Group, which is composed of environmental reporting experts from the Parties. The views contained herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the governments of Canada, Mexico or the United States of America. In general, this report does not address the wide variety of responses to the environmental issues described herein. Likewise, an evaluation of the efficacy of these responses is beyond its scope. More information, including detailed references for the findings in this report, is available on the CEC website: <http://www.cec.org/soe>. Publication details Type: Project report Date: June 2008 Original language: English Review and Quality Assurance Procedures • Review by the Parties: February – April 2008; April – May 2008 • For more information please consult the Acknowledgements. Published by the Communications Department -
And Its Glucoside in Pinus Sylvestris Needles Consumed by Diprion Pini Larvae
Original article Quantitative variations of taxifolin and its glucoside in Pinus sylvestris needles consumed by Diprion pini larvae MA Auger C Jay-Allemand C Bastien C Geri 1 INRA, Station de Zoologie Forestière; 2 INRA, Station d’Amélioration des Arbres Forestiers, F-45160 Ardon, France (Received 22 March 1993; accepted 2 November 1993) Summary — The relationships between quantitative variations of 2 flavanonols in Scots pine needles and Diprion pini larvae mortality were studied. Those 2 compounds were characterized as taxifolin (T) and its glucoside (TG) after hydrolysis and analysis by TLC, HPLC and spectrophotometry. Quantitative differences between 30 clones were more important for TG than for T, nevertheless clones which presented a content of taxifolin higher than 1.5 mg g-1 DW showed a T/TG ratio equal to or greater than 0.5 (fig 2). Quantitative changes were also observed throughout the year. The amount of taxifolin peaked in autumn as those of its glucoside decreased (fig 3). Darkness also induced a gradual increase of T but no significant effect on TG (fig 4). Storage of twigs during feeding tests and insect defoliation both induced a strong glucosilation of taxifolin in needles (table I). High rates of mortality of Diprion pini larvae were associated with the presence of T and TG both in needles and faeces (table II). Preliminary experiments of feeding bioassay with needles supplemented by taxifolin showed a significant reduction of larval development but no direct effect on larval mortality (table III). Regulation processes between taxifolin and its glucoside, which could involve glucosidases and/or transferases, are discussed for the genetic and environmental factors studied. -
Desertification and Agriculture
BRIEFING Desertification and agriculture SUMMARY Desertification is a land degradation process that occurs in drylands. It affects the land's capacity to supply ecosystem services, such as producing food or hosting biodiversity, to mention the most well-known ones. Its drivers are related to both human activity and the climate, and depend on the specific context. More than 1 billion people in some 100 countries face some level of risk related to the effects of desertification. Climate change can further increase the risk of desertification for those regions of the world that may change into drylands for climatic reasons. Desertification is reversible, but that requires proper indicators to send out alerts about the potential risk of desertification while there is still time and scope for remedial action. However, issues related to the availability and comparability of data across various regions of the world pose big challenges when it comes to measuring and monitoring desertification processes. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and the UN sustainable development goals provide a global framework for assessing desertification. The 2018 World Atlas of Desertification introduced the concept of 'convergence of evidence' to identify areas where multiple pressures cause land change processes relevant to land degradation, of which desertification is a striking example. Desertification involves many environmental and socio-economic aspects. It has many causes and triggers many consequences. A major cause is unsustainable agriculture, a major consequence is the threat to food production. To fully comprehend this two-way relationship requires to understand how agriculture affects land quality, what risks land degradation poses for agricultural production and to what extent a change in agricultural practices can reverse the trend. -
Abietane and Pimarane Diterpene Acid Evolution in Scots Pine Pinus
Abietane and pimarane diterpene acid evolution in Scots pine Pinus sylvestris needles in relation to feeding of the pine sawfly, Diprion pini L L Buratti, Jp Allais, C Geri, M Barbier To cite this version: L Buratti, Jp Allais, C Geri, M Barbier. Abietane and pimarane diterpene acid evolution in Scots pine Pinus sylvestris needles in relation to feeding of the pine sawfly, Diprion pini L. Annales des sciences forestières, INRA/EDP Sciences, 1990, 47 (2), pp.161-171. hal-00882698 HAL Id: hal-00882698 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00882698 Submitted on 1 Jan 1990 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Original article Abietane and pimarane diterpene acid evolution in Scots pine Pinus sylvestris needles in relation to feeding of the pine sawfly, Diprion pini L. L Buratti JP Allais C Geri M Barbier 1 Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles - CNRS 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex ; 2 Station de Zoologie Forestière - INRA Ardon 45160 Olivet, France (Received 16 February 1989; accepted 30 June 1989) Summary - Abietane and pimarane resin acids extracted from the needles of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, were analysed by reverse phase HPLC followed by GC of their methyl esters, in relation to the seasons, or the age of the trees. -
WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY 5 June 2021
STATEMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT LAW ORGANIZATION STATEMENT BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL, MS JAN BEAGLE WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY 5 June 2021 On the 5th of June 1972 – the day now annually celebrated as ‘World Environment Day’ – leaders convened for the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the first major global conference on international environmental issues. That day, almost 50 years ago, also marked a major milestone in the development of international environmental law: the Conference’s outcome document, the Stockholm Declaration, was the first international agreement to acknowledge the intrinsic connection between ecological management, economic development, and human well-being. Since then, we have observed the development of many international legal instruments related to the environment, and an overall increased awareness of states and civil society of the disastrous effects of deforestation, biodiversity loss, and global warming. Nevertheless, our environment is in greater peril than before, and the significance of this day has only grown. Since 1970, global warming has accelerated at an increasing rate. Biodiversity is under threat, as nearly one million species are threatened with extinction within decades. And the growing frequency and severity of natural disasters have put state capacity under greater strain and human lives at greater risk. While ecological degradation, pollution, and climate change affect us all, it disproportionately affects people living in conditions of vulnerability and marginalization, particularly women and youth, and those living in lower-income countries and fragile states, who have contributed the least to climate change. This impact is also distributed unequally across time, as future generations will cope with the consequences of present-day choices. -
Who Speaks for the Future of Earth? How Critical Social Science Can Extend the Conversation on the Anthropocene
http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in Global Environmental Change. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Lövbrand, E., Beck, S., Chilvers, J., Forsyth, T., Hedrén, J. et al. (2015) Who speaks for the future of Earth?: how critical social science can extend the conversation on the Anthropocene. Global Environmental Change, 32: 211-218 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.012 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-43841 Global Environmental Change 32 (2015) 211–218 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Global Environmental Change jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gloenvcha Who speaks for the future of Earth? How critical social science can extend the conversation on the Anthropocene a, b c d a e Eva Lo¨vbrand *, Silke Beck , Jason Chilvers , Tim Forsyth , Johan Hedre´n , Mike Hulme , f g Rolf Lidskog , Eleftheria Vasileiadou a Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental Change, Linko¨ping University, 58183 Linko¨ping, Sweden b Department of Environmental Politics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany c School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK d Department of International Development, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK e Department of Geography, King’s College London, K4L.07, King’s Building, Strand Campus, London WC2R 2LS, UK f Environmental Sociology Section, O¨rebro University, 701 82 O¨rebro, Sweden g Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. -
The Pennsylvania State University
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School PLANTS AS ILLEGITIMATE RECEIVERS OF INSECT SIGNALS: INSIGHT FROM MAIZE AND TEOSINTE A Thesis in Entomology by Julianne Golinski © 2020 Julianne Golinski Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science August 2020 ii The thesis of Julianne Golinski was reviewed and approved by the following: John F. Tooker Professor of Entomology and Extension Specialist Thesis Advisor Jared G. Ali Assistant Professor of Entomology Ben McGraw Associate Professor of Turfgrass Science Gary W. Felton Professor of Entomology Head of Department of Entomology iii ABSTRACT Plants have evolved to be sensitive to a range of insect-associated cues to detect the presence of herbivorous species and mount effective defense responses against future attack. Insect pheromones have recently been added to this library of cues as some plant species can act as “illegitimate receivers” that eavesdrop on the pheromones of insect herbivores, which act as reliable indicators of future larval damage. My thesis begins with a review that explores the perceptive capabilities of plants and how the ability to eavesdrop on insect pheromone cues may have evolved. I also cover the three known examples of plant illegitimate receivers and use shared traits in these systems to build criteria for finding other host plant species that may also utilize this strategy; native host plants species with (1) native, co-evolved insect herbivore species (2) that release abundant amounts of chemicals on or near the host plant, and (3) substantially reduce host plant fitness. My second chapter highlights two agriculturally relevant plant species that fit the criteria, maize (Zea mays ssp. -
Integrating Environment and Sustainable Development Into Economic and Development Co-Operation Policy Elements of a Comprehensive Strategy
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 20.10.1999 COM(1999)499 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTO ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION POLICY ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTO ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION POLICY ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 1 2. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... 2 3. INCREASED POLICY COHERENCE IN PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT........................................................................................................ 3 4. THE AMSTERDAM .TREATY: CHALLENGES FOR THE INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENT INTO ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION POLICIES ...................................................... 5 4.1. Sustainable economic and social development ................................................. 5 4.2. Integration of developing countries into the world economy and private sector development ................................................................................ 7 4.3. Campaign against poverty ............................................................................... 1-l S. IMPLEMENTATION OF OBLIGATIONS OF MULTI-LATERAL ENVIRONMENT AGREEMENTS AND PROCESSES ........................................ -
Why Hymenoptera – Not Coleoptera – Is the Most Speciose Animal Order
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/274431; this version posted March 14, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Quantifying the unquantifiable: 2 why Hymenoptera – not Coleoptera – is the most speciose animal order 3 4 Andrew A. Forbes, Robin K. Bagley, Marc A. Beer, Alaine C. Hippee, & Heather A. Widmayer 5 University of Iowa, Department of Biology, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242 6 7 Corresponding author: 8 Andrew Forbes 9 10 Email address: [email protected] 11 12 13 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/274431; this version posted March 14, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 14 Abstract: We challenge the oft-repeated claim that the beetles (Coleoptera) are the most species- 15 rich order of animals. Instead, we assert that another order of insects, the Hymenoptera, are more 16 speciose, due in large part to the massively diverse but relatively poorly known parasitoid wasps. 17 The idea that the beetles have more species than other orders is primarily based on their 18 respective collection histories and the relative availability of taxonomic resources, which both 19 disfavor parasitoid wasps. Since it is unreasonable to directly compare numbers of described 20 species in each order, we present a simple logical model that shows how the specialization of 21 many parasitic wasps on their hosts suggests few scenarios in which there would be more beetle 22 species than parasitic wasp species. -
Plant Industry Annual Report
New Hampshire Department of Agriculture, Markets & Food Shawn N. Jasper, Commissioner New Hampshire Department of Agriculture, Markets & Division of Plant Report to the Eastern Plant Summary of 2020 Nursery program https://www.agriculture.nh.gov/divisions/plant-industry/nursery-plant-dealers.htm The New Hampshire Plant Dealer license encompasses growers, wholesalers, and retailers of nursery and florists stock. Anyone engaged in the sale or transfer of rooted plants is required to have a Plant Dealer license. Table 1: Licensees and nursery inspections: 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Licensed plant dealers 700 725 746 722 736 782 818 831 828 829 Newly licensed plant dealers 53 50 13 24 64 70 29 45 38 43 Exporting nurseries 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 70 51 79 Nursery inspections 152 119 120 123 248 181 135 179 315 456 Despite a late start in the season for nursery inspections due to COVID19 restrictions in the state, the nursery inspection season was active with inspections at box stores, grocery stores, and other retail outlets continuing past the peak plant sales season. Out of the 456 visits to New Hampshire nurseries, greenhouses, landscapers, and other plant dealers, 83 of the inspections focused on the CAPS nursery pests, and an additional 132 inspections were focused on larger nurseries and out-of-state shippers. Quality pests detected during inspection were: aphids, lily leaf beetle, powdery mildew, thrips, whitefly, elongate hemlock scale, mealybug, daylily leaf miner, leaf tier, woolly bark aphid, wooly adelgid, scale, cabbage worm, fall web worm, red humped caterpillar, boxwood volutella blight, Colorado potato beetle, and weeds.