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POLITYKI-PUBLICZNE_strony-tytulowe-ENG.qxp_2020 18/03/21 01:04 Page 1 PUBLIC POLICIES POLITYKI-PUBLICZNE_strony-tytulowe-ENG.qxp_2020 18/03/21 01:04 Page 2 SOCIAL DICTIONARIES Series edited by Wit Pasierbek and Bogdan Szlachta PUBLIC POLICIES Edited by Artur Wołek Other volumes: RELIGIOUS PEDAGOGY, Edited by Zbigniew Marek and Anna Walulik POLITYKI-PUBLICZNE_strony-tytulowe-ENG.qxp_2020 18/03/21 01:04 Page 3 SOCIAL DICTIONARIES PUBLIC POLICIES EDITED BY Artur Wołek IGNATIANUM UNIVERSITY PRESS KRAKOW 2021 © Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow, 2021 Publication financed within the “DIALOG” programme of the Minister of Science and Higher Education for the years 2019-2021 Reviewers dr hab. Piotr Broda-Wysocki; dr Michał Dulak; dr hab. Maciej Drzonek; dr hab. Michał Federowicz; dr hab. Kaja Gadowska, prof. UJ; dr hab. Bożena Gierat-Bieroń; prof. dr hab. Jolanta Itrich-Drabarek; dr Hubert Kotarski; dr hab. Rafał Prostak, prof. UEK; prof. dr hab. Paweł Ruszkowski; mgr Paweł Śliwowski; dr Michał Zabdyr-Jamróz; dr Radosław Zyzik Translated into English by Ewa Pałka Proofreading Michael Timberlake Editing and proofreading Anna Grochowska-Piróg Cover design Studio Photo Design – Lesław Sławiński Layout and typesetting Jacek Zaryczny ISBN 978-83-7614-496-2 Ignatianum University Press ul. Kopernika 26 • 31–501 Krakow, PL tel. +48 12 39 99 620 [email protected] http://wydawnictwo.ignatianum.edu.pl Printing and binding Kowalcze Małgorzata Zakład Poligraficzny “SINDRUK” Contents Foreword 7 Introduction 9 Artur Wołek Politics, public policy, and the public policy sciences: in search of an identity 11 AleksAnder surdej Rationality of public policies: fundamentals and constraints 27 rAfAł MAtyjA Decision making in public policies 43 MArcin Zawicki Public policy implementation 65 seWeryn krupnik Evaluating public policies 89 norbert lAurisZ Social policy 105 MAciej frącZek Labour market policy 129 MAciej jAkuboWski Educational policy 149 6 CONTENTS jAcek klich Health policy: key determinants and challenges 171 Paweł MusiAłek Energy policy 187 kAZiMierZ M. ujAZdoWski Cultural policy 209 MArek ryMsZA Family policy 229 toMAsZ Geodecki Innovation policy 249 toMAsZ GrZeGorZ Grosse The globalisation and Europeanisation of public policies 271 AndrZej ZybAłA Institutions, organisations, and public policies 289 MArcin kędZierski Public policy networks and public governance 309 MArcin k. ZWierżdżyński Evidence-based policy 329 kinGA WojtAs Local public policies 349 Artur Wołek Learning, copying, and transfer in public policies 367 piotr MusieWicZ Public policies inspired by religion 383 List of authors 401 Foreword In 2019, the team members of the Ignatian Social Forum decided to continue the work that was initiated by the publication of the Social Dictionary in 2004. Scientists from both Polish and foreign academic centres contributed to this publication, which contained over one hun- dred extended essays that discussed the findings of recent humanities and social science research. This new project is more extensive than the original Social Dictionary. The aim of the project is to present the state of knowledge from within various fields of humanities and social sciences as they are at the beginning the third decade of the 21st century. They plan to show man, who is developing within diverse civilizations, cultures and societies, who adheres to many religions, and who honours diverse patterns of behaviour and products that condition his behaviour. However, rather than divide the humanities and social sciences according to the fields and disciplines listed by various international or national (departmental) institutions, we will divide them according to research areas that have been investigated by “officially acknowledged” scientific disciplines, with the use of a range of methods that yield a more comprehensive, inter- disciplinary view. The research subject areas include issues considered particularly important to the humanities and social sciences in the 21st century that relate to man and his social environment, political and public affairs, and international relations. The analyses, which consider diverse 8 FOREWORD research perspectives, allow a multi-faceted approach to problems that are typically addressed by only one discipline and broaden the horizons of the research under taken by the Authors of the articles. They look for an “interpretative key” that will allow them to present the most sig- nificant issues related to each of the main categories; sometimes these issues are controversial or debatable among scientists. These research areas give the titles to the four volumes of the new Social Dictionary. This “interpretative key” would not be important if the articles published in each volume resembled succinct encyclopaedic entries; however, it becomes significant because the entries take the form of 20-page articles that follow a uniform pattern. The considerations presented by the authors are devoted to the essence of the analysed category: its his- tory, subject matter, and practical recommendations. Written by Polish scien tists representing not only different academic centres and scientific disciplines but also different “research sensibilities”, they are based on theoretical reflection accompanied by practical considerations. We also treat Catholic social teaching as one of the “interpretative keys” because it is impossible to ignore twenty centuries of the legacy and richness of Christianity. We hope that this volume will satisfy the Reader as it offers not only an opportunity to learn about scientific approaches to the vital problems faced by contemporary man, states, and societies, but also an insight into sometimes difficult aspects of modernity as viewed from a Catholic perspective. We also hope that the Reader will appreciate the effort of Polish scientists who, while undertaking original reflection on these issues, go beyond mere presentation of other people’s thoughts, as they are aware of the importance of the intellectual achievements of Polish science. Series editors Wit Pasierbek and Bogdan Szlachta Introduction Public policy research is finding its place within Polish scientific discourse with some difficulty. The approach within this research that focuses on ways of solving collective (public) problems in researching politics, or even more broadly in researching social reality, is still not part of the standard research toolkit of Polish social scientists. Students of political science, sociology, and administration are taught about the existence of such an understanding of politics and even sometimes even about sectoral policies, but few universities teach how to analyse public poli- cies within their standard curricula. This state of affairs probably results from Poles’ stereotypical percep- tion that politics is simply a struggle for power and self-interest. Deep- rooted in Polish culture, the longing for a conflict-free Polish People’s Republic that consists of glass houses and politicians who care about the common good and are in touch with reality often leads to cynicism. Polish voters do not believe that politicians are able to solve the pressing prob- lems of collective life and thus do not expect politicians to propose public policy solutions. Voters make sense of the world of politics by means of collective identities created around symbols that evoke emotions. The second reason for the difficulty in thinking in terms of public policy is the rationalism contained in the genetic code of this approach. Although the entire history of the public policy sciences, which was initiated in the 1960s, can be seen as a struggle against the original assumption of the rational decision-maker, instrumental rationality is still a fundamental reference point in the teaching of public policies and is also common in discourse devoted to them. 10 INTRODUCTION Social Dictionaries. Public Policies enters the discourse on public policy at a time when a large group of Polish researchers are applying this approach, but there is still no consensus on whether we can talk of the public policy sciences as a discipline. Despite being formally recognized as such, many researchers still point to its limited body of paradigmatic statements and lack of a specific methodology, i.e. the features that char- acterise long-standing scientific disciplines. In this sense, public policy research is simply a specific interdisciplinary approach to politics. Social Dictionaries. Public Policies tries not to enter into this dispute, so it is not a summary of the state of public policy research but an invita- tion to discuss this research with specific reference to Poland. It delin- eates a map of the most important notions and issues in public policies but does not claim to present a corpus of knowledge on this discipline. Hence, the structure of Social Dictionaries. Public Policies is as follows: first, it introduces and analyses the key dilemmas of public policies. Next, it presents selected aspects of the process of policymak- ing (decision making, policy implementation, evaluation) and reviews several sectoral policies, some of which have been studied for many years (social policy, educational policy), and some of which are rela- tively new and appear in public policy textbooks less frequently (innova- tion policy, family policy). Finally, this volume addresses problems that have emerged as important topics for discussion within this discipline in recent decades (the globalisation and Europeanisation of public policies, imitation and