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North Central Regional Aquaculture Center Sunfish Culture Guide In cooperation with USDA\CSREES NCRAC Culture Series Sunfish Culture Guide Editors Joseph E. Morris, Iowa State University Charles C. Mischke, Mississippi State University (formerly with Iowa State University) Donald L. Garling, Michigan State University A publication of the North Central Regional Aquaculture Center (NCRAC) In cooperation with United States Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) Grant 94-38500-0048 North Central Regional Aquaculture Center NCRAC Culture Series 102 (First Edition, 2002) Sunfish Culture Manual ii NCRAC Culture Series North Central Regional Aquaculture Center The North Central Regional Aquaculture The NCRAC serves 12 states in the Midwest: Center (NCRAC) was formed in February Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, 1988. It is one of five regional aquaculture Missouri, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, centers administered by the U.S. Department Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. It relies of Agriculture (USDA). on leaders in the aquaculture industry for The mission of these centers is to support direction in its programs. The Industry Advisory aquaculture research, development, Council (IAC) sets priorities. demonstration, and extension education to A Technical Committee, researchers, and enhance viable and profitable U.S. extension specialists work with the IAC to aquaculture production that will benefit formulate program priorities. Regional consumers, producers, service industries, and programs are meshed with the other Centers the American economy. to avoid duplication. They work together within the broader, Research teams and extension aquaculture integrated aquaculture program of the USDA specialists from regional universities and to promote a well-developed sustainable public agencies develop and execute work aquaculture industry in the USA. NCRAC plans to investigate priority problems identified programs are jointly administered by Michigan by the IAC. A Board of Directors oversees the State University (MSU) and Iowa State administration and management of NCRAC’s University (ISU). The Director’s office is located programs. at MSU; the Associate Director is at ISU. Questions about NCRAC programs may be directed to: Dr. Ted R. Batterson, Director North Central Regional Aquaculture Center Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Telephone: 517-353-1962 Fax: 517-353-7181 E-mail: [email protected] The NCRAC Publications Office at ISU serves as the outlet for regional aquaculture communications. The Associate Director of NCRAC is in charge of this office. Dr. Joseph E. Morris, Associate Director North Central Regional Aquaculture Center Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management 124 Science Hall II Iowa State University Ames, IA 50011-3221 Telephone: 515-294-5280 Fax: 515-294-7874 E-mail: [email protected] NCRAC Culture Series Sunfish Culture Manual iii Sunfish Culture Manual iv NCRAC Culture Series Sunfish Culture Guide A project of the North Central Regional Aquaculture Center (NCRAC) Editors Joseph E. Morris Charles C. Mischke and Donald L. Garling Series Editor: Joseph E. Morris, Associate Director North Central Regional Aquaculture Center (NCRAC) Production: IDEA (Information Development ~ Expanding Awareness), ISU Extension 26 Curtiss, Ames, Iowa 50011, 515-294-8802, www.idea.iastate.edu Layout Editor: J.K. Eckhart, Write Image, Inc. North Central Regional Aquaculture Center NCRAC Culture Series 102 (First Edition, 2002) NCRAC Culture Series Sunfish Culture Manual v Table of Contents North Central Regional AquaCulture Center ..................................................... iii Credits ................................................................................................................ v Table of Contents .............................................................................................. vi Preface ............................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1: Historical Background ................................................................... 1–3 Chapter 2: Spawning Behavior and Early Life History ................................. 4–11 Chapter 3: Culture Methods ....................................................................... 12–18 Chapter 4: Brood Stock Management ........................................................ 19–24 Chapter 5: Hybridization ............................................................................. 25–28 Chapter 6: Water Temperature Influences on Survival and Growth ........... 29–30 Chapter 7: Industry Status .......................................................................... 31–33 Chapter 8: Production of Polyploid Sunfish ................................................ 34–40 Chapter 9: Fee-Fishing ............................................................................... 41–47 Chapter 10: Calculating Chemical Treatments ........................................... 48–57 Chapter 11: Common Sunfish Parasites .................................................... 58–68 Chapter 12: Collecting Fish Samples for Disease Diagnosis ..................... 69–78 References ................................................................................................. 79–83 Appendix A: Chapter Notes .............................................................................. 84 Appendix B: Contacts for Additional Information .........................................85-86 Appendix C: Abbreviations, Acronyms, Common Names ...........................87-88 Index ........................................................................................................... 89–91 Note: Footnoted text indicates chapter notes, which are located in Appendix A. Chapter notes provide additional explanation and contact information. Sunfish Culture Manual vi NCRAC Culture Series P r e f a c e With the growing interest in aquaculture over the past three to four decades, there is an increasing need to evaluate and develop different fish species for aquaculture. Because of the interest in species other than trout or catfish, coupled with the limited availability of compiled information on other species, the North Central Regional Aquaculture Center (NCRAC) decided to develop culture manuals on potential aquaculture species. The purpose of the NCRAC culture series is to provide an assemblage of current information regarding the culture of a specific fish species. The guides are written in a style useful to all levels of expertise, from the novice to the expert culturist. Editor R.C. Summerfelt completed the Walleye Culture Manual, Culture Series 101, which is available from NCRAC. The Sunfish Culture Guide, Culture Series 102, is the second in the series. The Yellow Perch Culture Guide will be the third guide in the series. The Sunfish Culture Guide, which focuses on Lepomis spp., is organized so that each chapter can stand alone. Culturists with different interests and levels of expertise can use all or any part of the guide. Consequently, some repetition of information was unavoidable; however, we believe that repetition will not cause readers undue distraction. Measurements are given in both metric and English units. The metric system greatly simplifies calculations, but many culturists are more comfortable using the English measurement system. For readers not familiar with scientific abbreviations, Appendix C contains a chart of common abbreviations. References cited within the text are listed at the end of the manual. Readers with a strong interest in certain topics are encouraged to refer to these references for more in-depth information. Your editors, Joseph E. Morris, Charles C. Mischke, and Donald L. Garling NCRAC Culture Series Sunfish Culture Manual vii A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s The Sunfish Culture Guide is the result of Photo Credits collaborative efforts of the North Central The editors thank Sterling K. Johnson (Texas Regional Aquaculture Center (NCRAC) A&M University) for the use of his photographs extension members and work groups. Work to depict various fish diseases. We also on the NCRAC sunfish project was made acknowledge and thank the following possible through grants from the U.S. individuals who contributed photos for this Department of Agriculture-Cooperative State publication: Research Education and Extension Service Ø Gary Atchison, Iowa State University (USDA-CSREES). Ø Joseph Morris, Iowa State University NCRAC funded participants in the sunfish Ø Charles Mischke, Iowa State University project included: Bruce A. Barton, University Ø Glenda Dvorak, Iowa State University of South Dakota; Fred P. Binkowski, University Ø of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Paul B. Brown, Bruce Hinrichs, Iowa State University Purdue University; Donald L. Garling, Ø Clay Pierce, Iowa State University Michigan State University; Robert S. Hayward, Ø LaDon Swann, Mississippi-Alabama University of Missouri; Terrence B. Kayes, Sea Grant Consortium University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Christopher C. Kohler, Southern Illinois University- Questions regarding specific photos used in Carbondale; Jeffrey A. Malison, University of this Guide should contact Joseph Morris, Iowa Wisconsin-Madison; Joseph E. Morris, Iowa State University, Department of Natural State University; Douglas B. Noltie, University Resource Ecology and Management, 124 of Missouri; Robert J. Sheehan, Southern Science II, Ames,
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