Estética Y Teoría De La Indexicalidad En El Cine Y La Cultura Digital

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Estética Y Teoría De La Indexicalidad En El Cine Y La Cultura Digital UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad II POLÍTICAS DEL ÍNDICE : ESTÉTICA Y TEORÍA DE LA INDEXICALIDAD EN EL CINE Y LA CULTURA DIGITAL MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Miguel Borrego Errazu Bajo la dirección del doctor Francisco A. Zurián Hernández Madrid, 2013 © Miguel Borrego Errazu, 2013 Políticas del índice Estética y teoría de la indexicalidad en el cine y la cultura digital Memoria para optar al grado de doctor presentada por miguel borrego errazu Dirigida por francisco a. zurián hernández Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias de la Información Departamento de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad II Políticas del índice Estética y teoría de la indexicalidad en el cine y la cultura digital tesis doctoral Políticas del índice Estética y teoría de la indexicalidad en el cine y la cultura digital Memoria para optar al grado de doctor presentada por miguel borrego errazu Dirigida por francisco a. zurián hernández Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias de la Información Departamento de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad II Madrid, 2013 A mi padre i Abstract Esta tesis examina y amplía el concepto teórico del índice, desarrollado por el filósofo y lógico norteamericano Charles Sanders Peirce, como una herramienta para entender la teoría y la estética de los medios modernos y digitales. La foto- grafía y el cine jugaron un papel determinante en los modos en los que, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y los comienzos del siglo XX, se pensó el problema de la inscripción y el almacenamiento, el registro y la legibilidad, y la contingen- cia y su archivo. Los medios digitales contemporáneos están igualmente preocu- pados por procesos de entradas y salidas de información, sensores y actuadores, y la gestión, procesado y recuperación de datos. Estos dos grandes paradigmas, los medios modernos y los medios digitales, están entreverados decisivamente con la fenomenología y la epistemología del índice. La indexicalidad será estudiada como un proceso fundamental que determina cuestiones relativas a la represen- tación, la subjetividad, la emancipación y totalitarismo en los discursos teóricos acerca de los medios. Un síntoma, por decirlo de algún modo, que atraviesa la política de la estética de la Modernidad hasta nuestros días. This Doctoral Thesis examines and further extends the semiotic concept of the index, developed by American philosopher and logicist Charles Sanders Peirce, as it may be used for a Theory and Aesthetics of modern and digital media. Pho- tography and Cinema played a determining role in the ways in which inscription and storage, registration and legibility, contingency and archivization were con- ceived during the second half of the nineteenth and the beginnings of the twenti- eth century. Contemporary digital media are nonetheless preoccupied with inputs and outputs, sensors and actuators, data management, data processing and data recovery. Both of these two bold paradigms, modern and digital media, are thus decisively intertwined with the phenomenology and epistemology of the index. Indexicality will be studied as a key process that determines questions about representation, subjectivity, emancipation and totalitarianism in theoretical dis- courses on media. A symptom, as it were, that pierces the Politics of Aesthetics in Modernity at large. iii Agradecimientos En primer lugar, quiero agradecer el trabajo, el apoyo y la paciencia de Francisco A. Zurián, mi director de tesis, a lo largo de los cinco años en los que ha supervisado la redacción de este trabajo. Su ayuda ha sido fundamental para hacerme entender qué es lo que debe ser una tesis doc- toral. También a Ubaldo Cuesta, director del Departamento de Comu- nicación Audiovisual y Publicidad II de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Información de la UCM, por haber aceptado mi incorporación tardía al programa de doctorado Técnicas y procesos en la creación de imágenes: aplicaciones sociales y estéticas, en el que inicié mi último tramo de estu- dios doctorales. Me gustaría también agradecer a Jacobo Muñoz y José Luis Pardo sus seminarios en el programa Crítica y Estética de la Facul- tad de Filosofía de la UCM, donde inicié mis estudios de tercer ciclo, y a los profesores del Departamento de Historia del Arte de la Facultad de Bellas Artes de la UCM, que me introdujeron al campo de la teoría del arte contemporáneo en mis estudios de licenciatura. Mi estancia de investigación en la Oxford Brookes University fue determinante para reubicar y asentar los fundamentos de esta investi- gación. Gracias especialmente a Alberto Mira, que supervisó mi traba- jo en Oxford, y a Daniela Treveri Gennari, directora del programa de Film Studies en la School of Arts and Humanities de la Oxford Brookes University. Recientemente, mi incorporación como profesor asociado al Departa- mento de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad I de esta facultad me ha servido para afrontar con nuevas energías el tramo final de la inves- tigación. Quisiera agradecer el modo en el que Hipólito Vivar, director y Catedrático del Departamento, y Alberto García, Secretario Académico, me han ayudado desde el principio a desarrollar una labor docente que considero fundamental. Me gustaría también hacer una mención especial a mis alumnos. Alumnos de diseño gráfico y postproducción de vídeo en diferentes es- cuelas privadas de Madrid; alumnos del Istituto Europeo di Design, en el que imparto materias teóricas más afines a mis intereses investigadores; y especialmente, alumnos de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Información, de los que he aprendido tanto y a los que desde luego deseo un presente y un futuro mejor. Mis estudios de doctorado empezaron ya hace demasiado tiempo. Los que hoy no están cerca lo estuvieron antes, y querría no plegarme al pre- iv sente como única medida de influencia y gratitud. Por diferentes razo- nes, quiero también dar las gracias a Amanda Núñez y Jaime Repollés, aunque ya estén perdidos de vista, y a Henar Mateo y Ana Díaz-Pavón; a Lola Parra y Diego Zaitegui que, entre otras cosas, me ha ayudado con las secciones escritas en inglés; a Fernando Cañero, Pablo Iglesias e Ig- nacio Caretti; a Carles Asensio y Clara Macías; a Laura D’Halleweyn y César Belandia; a Javier Garmendia y Natalia Arango. A Ana Muñiz. Gracias también a mi familia, que ha tratado siempre de ayudarme en lo posible. Y sobre todo, muchísimas gracias a Patricia. Índice Abstract i Agradecimientos iii Introducción 5 1. Diseño de la investigación . 21 1. Marco teórico 22 2. Objeto de la investigación 48 3. Hipótesis y objetivos 52 4. Metodología 60 5. Justificación y relevancia 63 2. Survey of Related Scholarship, Or, ‘What Ever Happened to the Referential Promise?’ . 71 1. Indexicality and film culture 72 2. The indexical time of cinema 76 3. Indexicality in the discourse of digital media 95 3. La mancha de lo real. Indexicalidad y automatismos de repetición en el cine estructural/materialista de Peter Gidal . 109 1. Interrumpir y repetir 109 2. El índice ausente: de la huella al síntoma en la teoría del cine de los años setenta 114 3. Imagen, tiempo y subjetividad en el cine de Peter Gidal: Room Film 1973 124 4. Indexicalidad, desemejanza y figurabilidad: la emergencia de la imagen 130 5. La “otra escena” del cine: la tyché y el automaton 142 6. ¿Más acá o más allá? 167 2 4. La influencia de la máquina. Políticas de subjetivación en las teorías del dispositivo. 171 1. Una estética relacional 171 2. El aparato. Teoría de una maquinaria influyente 180 3. La hiancia del aparato. Teoría de una maquinaria fallida 198 4. Equipamientos de subjetivación: el dispositivo en el discurso audiovisual contemporáneo 215 5. De la escena a la fábrica: lo real como producción 225 6. Calcando el mapa 233 5. Indexicalidad digital. 237 1. Panóptico, o el detalle más pequeño 237 2. Utopías del dispositivo red 244 3. Del trabajo inmaterial a la producción de lo común 248 4. La huella digital 271 5. Big Data, o la analítica total 278 6. Coda: la fiebre inscriptora de Marey 292 6. Compulsiones miméticas. Política e inervación en la teoría del cine de Walter Benjamin. 299 1. Organizar el esfuerzo 299 2. Una antropología del contacto 308 3. La facultad mimética en Walter Benjamin 313 4. Cine, escena y ensayo colectivo 330 5. Una institución infecciosa 340 6. Indexicalidad, inervación y síntoma 348 7. La imagen dialéctica 367 7. Conclusiones . 371 Appendix. The Politics of Index. Aesthetics and Theory of Indexicality in Film and Digital Culture. 381 1. Introduction 383 2. Claims 387 3. Structure 390 4. Conclusions 394 Bibliografía citada 399 Una figura nos tuvo cautivos. Y no podíamos salir, pues reside en nuestro lenguaje y éste parece repertírnosla inexorablemente (Wittgenstein, Investigaciones filosóficas, §115) L’oeil fixe phénomène inframince (Duchamp, Du Signe) Introducción 1. Para comenzar, un final ruso. The Russian Ending es una obra de la artista Tacita Dean, presentada por primera vez en la Galería Peter Blum de Nueva York a finales de 2001.1 Consiste en un conjunto de veinte fo- tograbados, cada uno de 59 cm. x 79,4 cm. Las imágenes provienen de postales anónimas, adquiridas en mercados de segunda mano europeos por la propia artista. La mayoría presenta escenas de accidentes, desas- tres y catástrofes, naturales o propiciados por la intervención del hom- bre: una pequeña embarcación luchando por mantenerse a flote en medio de la tormenta, la explosión de una bomba, un puente quebrado, ma- quinaria abandonada, ballenas arrastradas hasta la orilla y un zeppelin precipitándose a la tierra, una ciudad desolada, etc. Entre la destrucción, Dean muestra también imágenes ceremoniales: el entierro de un cuerpo amortajado, el funeral de un cura en una pequeña iglesia, o una pintores- ca compañía teatral posando para la cámara en una especie de tableau vivant (que es, de toda la serie, la única imagen que incorpora breves zonas de color).
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