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AI Watch Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare: Applications, Availability and Societal Impact JRC SCIENCE FOR POLICY REPORT AI Watch Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare: applications, availability and societal impact EUR 30197 EN This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Contact information Email: [email protected] EU Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC120214 EUR 30197 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-76-18454-6 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/047666 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020. © European Union, 2020 The reuse policy of the European Commission is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the EU, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. All content © European Union 2020, except: Cover image © Sdecoret©AdobeStock, 2018 Peshkova©AdobeStock, 2018 How to cite this report: Gómez-González, E. and Gómez, E., Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare: applications, availability and societal impact, EUR 30197 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2020, ISBN 978-92-76-18454-6, doi:10.2760/047666, JRC120214. Contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Authors .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 4 List of acronyms and abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 5 Definitions................................................................................................................................................................ 7 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Technology Availability Level (TAL) scale ................................................................................................ 12 2 The context ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Artificial Intelligence defines a new and swiftly evolving scenario ......................................................... 13 2.2 Economic impact ..................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3 The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) disease ...................................................................................... 14 3 The social impact of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare ......................................................... 15 3.1 The main driver: the evolution of technology ........................................................................................ 15 3.2 Potential benefits and pitfalls ................................................................................................................. 15 3.3 Levels of availability of technologies ....................................................................................................... 16 3.4 A proposal of classification of technologies according to their social impact ........................................ 16 3.5 Ethical and social aspects to consider for classification.......................................................................... 17 3.6 Urgent needs identified by the World Health Organization ................................................................... 20 3.7 Changes for professionals ....................................................................................................................... 21 3.8 Empowerment and the new role of patients .......................................................................................... 21 3.9 ‘Extended Personalized Medicine’ .......................................................................................................... 22 3.10 The risk of the division into several types of Medicine........................................................................... 23 3.11 ‘Digital health scammers’ ........................................................................................................................ 24 3.12 Affordability and inequality ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.13 The fundamental role and risks of neuroscience .................................................................................... 24 3.14 Gene editing, weaponization and bioterrorism ...................................................................................... 25 4 A ‘Visual Overview’ of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare. ..................................................... 27 5 A ‘Structured Overview’ of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare............................................... 29 6 Policy challenges .............................................................................................................................................. 44 6.1 Informed citizens ..................................................................................................................................... 44 6.2 Key aspects to evaluate ........................................................................................................................... 44 6.3 Towards a European leadership .............................................................................................................. 45 7 An unexpected example: the coronavirus pandemic and its extraordinary social impact ............................. 47 8 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................... 49 i 9 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 50 Appendix: Selected conferences in 2019 .............................................................................................................. 87 ii Preface This research is framed in the context of the HUMAINT project (Human Behaviour and Machine Intelligence, web portal at https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/communities/en/community/humaint) of the Centre for Advanced Studies, Joint Research Center of the European Commission and linked to AI Watch, the European Commission knowledge service to monitor the development, uptake and impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Europe, launched in December 2018. AI has become an area of strategic importance and a key driver of economic development. As part of its Digital Single Market Strategy, the Commission put forward in April 2018 a European strategy on AI in its Communication ‘Artificial Intelligence for Europe’ COM(2018)237 [1]. The aims of the European AI strategy announced in the communication are: — To boost the EU's technological and industrial capacity and AI uptake across the economy, both by the private and public sectors. — To prepare for socio-economic changes brought about by AI. — To ensure an appropriate ethical and legal framework. Subsequently, in December 2018, the European Commission and the Member States published a ‘Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence’ COM(2018)795 [2], on the development of AI in the EU. The Plan foresees the creation of EU AI Watch, the ‘Commission Knowledge Service to Monitor the Development, Uptake and Impact of Artificial Intelligence for Europe’. AI Watch is developed
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