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The British and Peace in Northern Ireland: the Process and Practice of Reaching Agreement Edited by Graham Spencer Index More Information Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04287-2 - The British and Peace in Northern Ireland: The Process and Practice of Reaching Agreement Edited by Graham Spencer Index More information Index 9/11. See Al Qaeda attacks on US Ahern, Patrick (Bertie) 10 Downing Street. See Prime Minister’s aspiration to rejoin Commonwealth, 100 Office on government with Sinn Fein,´ 328 involvement in negotiations, 167, 195–6 ‘acts of completion’ and John Major, 74 issues relating to, 152–3 and Tony Blair, 146, 150, 187, 246–7, Joint Declaration (2003), 166 262–3, 311, 326 talks on, 149 Al Qaeda attacks on US (9/11), impact of, 238, Tony Blair calls for, 149, 296 283, 311–12 see also cessation of conflict; Alliance Party, 58, 74, 141, 150, 265 decommissioning ambiguity Adams, Gerry abandonment of, 289–90 and Albert Reynolds, 210–11 Anglo-Irish Agreement, 48–9 assessment of, 144, 197, 242–3 clarity and, 88, 263–4, 295, 312–13, 320 and ceasefire, 256, 267–8 ‘constructive ambiguity’, 22, 263–4, 281, choice of political solution, 269–70 313–14 and David Trimble, 148–9, 169, 197–8 Good Friday Agreement, 295 and decommissioning, 233, 238, 242, 284, importance of, 3, 14–15, 93 287, 288–9, 321–2 religion and, 282 desire for peace, 191–2 Sinn Fein´ and, 205 and Good Friday Agreement, 232 specificity in relation to, 281 ‘Groundhog Day’ reference, 229–30, 260 talking as source of, 294 and IRA, 306, 308–9 as theme, 14 and John Hume, 30–1, 129, 184, 210–11, understanding of, 82 245, 254–5 unionist parties and, 205 and Joint Declaration, 158, 164, 167 see also pragmatism and principle, Jonathan Powell writes speeches for, 325–6 balancing of leadership abilities, 87, 94–5, 171–2, 309, Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) 315 ambiguity, 48–9 and Martin McGuinness, 279–80 breakdown of negotiations, possibility of, meeting with DUP, 316–17 47–9 on negotiating with British, 90 British approach, key factors, 35–6, 38–9 negotiational approach, 92, 99, 110, 154, collaboration and cooperation, emphasis on, 242–3, 287–8, 297–8, 302–3, 305, 33 306–7, 318, 320, 321, 323 communique´ post-conclusion, 51 and Northern Bank robbery, 283, 315–16 comparison of British and Irish approaches, on reduction of British Army presence, 43 318–19 consent principle, 1–6, 44, 111 sense of history, 295–6 ‘constitutional status’, use of term, 49 and Tony Blair, 311–12 devolution, 65 US visit, 130–1, 139–40, 210–11 early British proposals, Irish response to, 42 335 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04287-2 - The British and Peace in Northern Ireland: The Process and Practice of Reaching Agreement Edited by Graham Spencer Index More information 336 Index Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) (cont.) attacks by paramilitary groups. See loyalist final draft, 45, 49–50 organisations; Provisional Irish Garret FitzGerald, and see FitzGerald, Republican Army (PIRA) Garret historical continuity within, 98–9 Belfast Agreement. See Good Friday Intergovernmental Conference. See Agreement (1998) Intergovernmental Conference Belfast Harbourmaster’s speech (October Irish constitutional claims, 63–8 2002). See Blair, Tony Irish Government’s consultative role, 48, Blair, Tony 51–2 achievement summarised, 199–200 Irish note, British response to, 43 and Bertie Ahern, 146, 150, 187, 246–7, Margaret Thatcher, and see Thatcher, 262–3, 311, 326 Margaret calls for ‘acts of completion’, 238–9, meetings, 44–5 296 negotiational process, 45 charisma, 228 negotiations, 29–30, 33–8, 39–40, commitment to peace process, 187 41–52 and decommissioning, 190–1 Northern Ireland Civil Service and, 29 emphasis on maintaining momentum, operation of. See Intergovernmental 188–9, 192, 227 Conference and Good Friday Agreement, 192–9, 233 opposition to, 63 Harbourmaster’s speech (October 2002), order of construction, 44 149, 281–2, 289–90 origins of peace process, 1–2, 6 Hillsborough talks (April 2003), 149 peace process after, 51–2, 114 and Ian Paisley, 281–2 preliminary discussions, 40–1 John Major compared, 187–8, 192–3, 197, presentation post-conclusion, 51 199–200, 227, 275–6 Provisional IRA (PIRA) attacks, effect on and Mo Mowlam, 97 negotiations, 52 and multiparty negotiations, 75 security cooperation, British focus on, 64 negotiational style, 187–8 significance of, 37–8 ‘peace train’ metaphor, 221 Sinn Fein,´ aim of marginalising, 116 Royal Agricultural Society speech (May success of, 36 1997), 188–91 Sunningdale Agreement contrasted, 48 and Sinn Fein,´ 189, 190 timescale of negotiations, 44–5 speechwriting, 324–5 unionist opposition, 46–7, 50, 52–3, 64–5, strength of mandate, 188 68 transition from Major Government. See Anglo-Irish relations transition between governments background to, 9 and unionists, 189–90 cohesion, 331–2 Bloody Friday and origins of peace process, consultation and cooperation 4–5 emphasis on, 33 Bloody Sunday and origins of peace process, proposals for, 27–8 4–5 dialogue, contrasting approaches, Bloomfield, Sir Kenneth 257–8 on drafting of documents and speeches, 9, and European Union, 51–2 17–32 Falklands War, 38–40, 41 involvement in peace process, 66, 151 joint authority. See joint authority bombings. See loyalist organisations; Joint Declaration. See Joint Declaration Provisional Irish Republican Army (2003) (PIRA) see also Anglo-Irish Agreement; British Army, reduction of presence, 294, negotiations 318–19 Armstrong of Ilminster, Robert Armstrong, British Commonwealth. See Commonwealth Lord of Nations (Commonwealth) on Anglo-Irish Agreement, 9, 33–53 British Government involvement in negotiations, 1–6, 98–9 acknowledges stalemate situation, 299–300 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04287-2 - The British and Peace in Northern Ireland: The Process and Practice of Reaching Agreement Edited by Graham Spencer Index More information Index 337 belief in military victory, 87–8, 109–10, Campbell, Alastair, Irish Diaries, 212 256 Catholic community. See nationalist clarity in negotiations, preference for, 295–6 community; republican movement consent to international involvement in ceasefires. See loyalist organisations; peace process, 225–6 Provisional Irish Republican Army constitutional issue, perspective on, 57–8 (PIRA) contact with PIRA. See ‘link, the’ cessation of conflict cost of conflict, 109 acknowledgement of stalemate situation, drafting of documents and speeches. See 299–300 drafting of documents and speeches IRA acknowledges, 153–4 Government of Ireland Act 1920. See verification as issue, 152–3 Government of Ireland Act 1920 Chastelain, General John de imbalanced relationship with nationalists British consent to appointment, 225 and unionists, 206–7 IICD chairman, 95–6, 144–5, 288 ‘no selfish strategic or economic interest’ influence, 225–6 statement. See ‘Whitbread’ speech press conference, 149–50, 169, 218, 286, objectives for peace, 151–2 304, 308, 315, 317–18 policy shortcomings, 1922–72, 209 reports on decommissioning, 149–50 relations with Irish Government. See ‘Chiffon’. See ‘link, the’ Anglo-Irish relations Chilcot, Sir John transition between governments. See drafting of text, 265 transition between governments on negotiational approach, 10, 79–100 see also Northern Ireland Office (NIO); permanent secretary, 66, 101, 128–9, United Kingdom 154 ‘British presence’ speech. See ‘Whitbread’ Chile, parallels with Northern Ireland, 148 speech civil rights campaign, student marches, 121 British withdrawal civil servants Harold Wilson considers, 4 analytical approach, 258–9 talks about, 315 dialogue between, British and Irish Brooke, Peter contrasted, 257–8 ‘British presence’ speech. See ‘Whitbread’ educational background, influence of, 96 speech importance of role, 6–7 commitment to political settlement, 68, 69, Martin McGuinness on trusting, 292 102, 112–13, 114, 260–1 trust-building, 258 secretary of state, 13–14, 22–3, 24, 30, 67, see also drafting of documents and 83, 114, 122, 202, 209, 255 speeches; Northern Ireland Civil see also Brooke/Mayhew talks Service Brooke/Mayhew talks (1991–3) civil unrest pre-1969, 120–1 commencement, 124 Clinton, Bill Dublin meeting (September 1992), 125–6 hosts Irish investment conference, 139 leaks to media, 125 and Tony Blair, 188–9, 195–6 progression, 125 US president, 134–5 three-strand structure, 124–5 visits Northern Ireland, 140, 273–4 Brown, Gordon collusion by security forces. See Cory and Brian Cowen, 282–3 Collusion Inquiry and Mo Mowlam, 97 Combined Loyalist Military Command Bush, George W. (CLMC). See loyalist organisations Hillsborough talks (April 2003), 149 commemorations, Haass recommendations, involvement in peace process, 152 332–3 Commonwealth of Nations (Commonwealth), Cabinet Official Committee on Northern Bertie Ahern aspires to rejoin, 100 Ireland, establishment of, 66 communities, conflicts within. See Cahill, Joe, allowed US visa, 85 intercommunal conflicts Callaghan, James (Jim), contingency planning conflict, end. See ‘acts of completion’; for intervention, 79 cessation of conflict © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04287-2 - The British and Peace in Northern Ireland: The Process and Practice of Reaching Agreement Edited by Graham Spencer Index More information 338 Index consent principle Darlington conference (1972), drafting of Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1–6, 44, 111 documents and speeches, 27–8 centrality of, 26, 27–8 decommissioning ‘constitutional guarantee’, 57, 58, 68, ‘collective act of reconciliation’ proposal, 69–70, 72, 77 232–3 Downing Street Declaration, 111 creative problem-solving, 95–6 Dublin Summit agreement on, 60–2 devolution and, 195, 196–7, 244–5 emphasis on, 14–15, 110–11 difficulties, 180–3, 218 Frameworks for the Future, 111–12 Downing Street talks and proposals (1999), Good Friday Agreement, 112, 230 233–4 importance, 214–15 first act of, 144–5 Irish acceptance, 57 Good Friday Agreement, 116–17, 230, 289 Joint Declaration, 153 Hillsborough Castle talks and declaration republicans and, 215 (1999), 232–3 Sunningdale Agreement, 2–3 importance of, 327–8 Whitbread speech, 70–1 International Independent Commission on Constitution.
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