Built Heritage and Cultural Landscapes Report

Schedule ‘C’ Environmental Assessment for 16th Avenue between Woodbine Avenue and York/Durham Line

Appendix H Built Heritage and Cultural Landscapes Report

Accessible formats are available upon request.

CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE ASSESSMENT: BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCES AND CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPES

EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

16TH AVENUE FROM WOODBINE AVENUE TO YORK/DURHAM LINE MUNICIPAL CLASS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

CITY OF MARKHAM, YORK REGION

Prepared for:

Veronica Restrepo HDR 255 Adelaide Street West Toronto, ON M5H 1X9 T. 905-882-4100 x 5342

ASI File: 16EA-176

September 2016 (Revised January 2017, January and June 2018, November 2019)

CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE ASSESSMENT: BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCES AND CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPES

EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

16TH AVENUE FROM WOODBINE AVENUE TO YORK/DURHAM LINE MUNICIPAL CLASS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

CITY OF MARKHAM, YORK REGION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ASI was contracted by HDR Inc. to conduct a Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment (CHRA) for the 16th Avenue Municipal Class Environmental Assessment from Yonge Street to York/Durham Line. This report discusses the portion of the study area between Woodbine Avenue in the west to York/Durham Line in the City of Markham in the east. The proposed undertaking will identify possible improvement to current and future pedestrian, cyclist, transit, and automobile transportation infrastructure along 16th Avenue.

In November 2005 ASI was contracted to complete a cultural heritage resource assessment of 16th Avenue between Yonge Street and McCowan Road (ASI 2006), and then later in 2006 to complete a cultural heritage resource assessment of 16th Avenue from Donald Cousens Parkway to York/Durham Line (ASI 2008). This previous research was consulted as part of the background history for this project. The results of background historical research and a review of secondary source material revealed a study area with a rural land use history dating back to the late- eighteenth century. A field review was conducted for the entire study area to confirm the location of previously identified cultural heritage resources and to document newly discovered ones.

The background research, data collection, and field review conducted for the study area determined that 24 cultural heritage resources are located within or adjacent to the 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line EA study area. Based on the results of the assessment, the following recommendations have been developed:

1. Construction activities and staging should be suitably planned and undertaken to avoid impacts to identified cultural heritage resources.

2. Where possible, the proposed alternative should be altered to retain the existing fence and established trees associated with BHR 11. If the retention of the fence and treeline in BHR 11 is deemed infeasible, a resource–specific cultural heritage impact assessment report should be prepared in advance of construction activities. BHR 11 should be subject to photographic documentation and compilation of a resource-specific cultural heritage impact assessment report by a qualified heritage consultant.

3. Post-construction landscaping and rehabilitation plans should be undertaken in a manner that is sympathetic to the overall setting. Wherever possible, landscaping with appropriate or sympathetic historic plant materials is recommended. Post-construction landscaping is recommended for CHLs 2,3,5, and 6, and in any instance where the

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page ii

removal of vegetation or replaceable landscape features (i.e. young trees, shrubs) during construction is anticipated;

4. Should future work require an expansion of the study area then a qualified heritage consultant should be contacted in order to confirm the impacts of the proposed work on potential heritage resources.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page iii

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Senior Project Manager: Lindsay Graves, MA, CAHP Cultural Heritage Specialist Assistant Manager, Cultural Heritage Division

Project Manager John Sleath, MA Cultural Heritage Associate

Project Coordinator: Sarah Jagelewski, Hon. BA Staff Archaeologist Assistant Manager, Environmental Assessment Division

Project Administration: Carol Bella, Hon. BA Research Archaeologist Administrative Assistant

Report Preparation: John Sleath

Graphics: Blake Williams, MLitt Geomatics Specialist

Report Reviewer: Lindsay Graves

Katie Hull, PhD Partner- Director of Cultural Heritage Division

Joel Konrad, PhD Cultural Heritage Specialist Assistant Manager, Cultural Heritage Division

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i PROJECT PERSONNEL ...... iii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2.0 BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT CONTEXT ...... 1 2.1 Legislation and Policy Context ...... 1 2.2 Municipal Policies ...... 5 City of Markham ...... 5 2.3 Data Collection ...... 6 3.0 BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT ...... 8 3.1 Introduction ...... 8 3.2 Township Survey and Settlement...... 8 3.2.1 The Township of Markham, County of York ...... 8 3.3 Review of Historical Mapping ...... 9 3.3.1 Nineteenth Century Mapping ...... 9 3.3.2 Twentieth-Century Mapping ...... 11 3.4 Existing Conditions ...... 16 3.4.1 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Study Area – Geography and Physiography ...... 16 3.4.2 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Study Area– Existing Conditions ...... 17 3.4.3 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line– Identified Cultural Heritage Resources ...... 23 3.5 Screening for Potential Impacts ...... 24 4.0 CONCLUSIONS ...... 26 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 26 6.0 REFERENCES ...... 28 7.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE INVENTORY ...... 30 8.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE LOCATION MAPPING ...... 41 APPENDIX A: BY LAW DESIGNATIONS ...... 50 APPENDIX B: DRAFT DESIGN OF PROPOSED UNDERTAKING ...... 97

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of the study area ...... 1 Figure 2: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study overlaid on Tremaine’s 1860 Map of Markham .... 13 Figure 3: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area overlaid on the 1878 Historical Atlas of Markham ...... 13 Figure 4: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area overlaid on topographic mapping from 1917 14 Figure 5: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area overlaid on topographical mapping from 1930 ...... 14 Figure 6: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area overlaid on the 1954 aerial photograph ...... 15 Figure 7: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area overlaid on topographic mapping from 1994 15 Figure 8: 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Key Map of study area ...... 41 Figure 9: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) ...... 42 Figure 10: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) ...... 43 Figure 11: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) ...... 44 Figure 12: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) ...... 45

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page v

Figure 13: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) ...... 46 Figure 14: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) ...... 47 Figure 15: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) ...... 48 Figure 16: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs) ...... 49 Figure 17: Draft Design of the Proposed Undertaking- Sheet 1 ...... 98 Figure 18: Draft Design of the Proposed Undertaking- Sheet 2 ...... 99 Figure 19: Draft Design of the Proposed Undertaking- Sheet 3 ...... 100 Figure 20: Draft Design of the Proposed Undertaking- Sheet 4...... 101 Figure 21: Draft Design of the Proposed Undertaking- Sheet 5 ...... 102 Figure 22: Draft Design of the Proposed Undertaking- Sheet 6...... 103 Figure 23: Draft Design of the Proposed Undertaking- Sheet 7 ...... 104 Figure 24: Draft Design of the Proposed Undertaking- Sheet 8 ...... 105

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Nineteenth-Century Property Owner(s) and Historical Feature(s) ...... 10 Table 2: Summary of Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Area ...... 23 Table 3: 16th Avenue EA Study Area – Potential Impacts to Identified Cultural Heritage Resources ...... 25 Table 4: Inventory of Cultural heritage resources (CHR) in the study area ...... 30

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: Western limit of the study area at Woodbine Avenue, looking southwest...... 19 Plate 2: Study area east of Woodbine Avenue, showing wide grass median between the roadway and sidewalk, looking east...... 19 Plate 3: Study area east of Warden Avenue, looking east...... 19 Plate 4: Original alignment of 16th Avenue, currently 16th Lane south of present alignment, looking east...... 19 Plate 5: Concrete bridge carrying 16th Avenue over Berczy Creek, looking west...... 19 Plate 6: Study area crossing Bruce Creek, looking west...... 19 Plate 7: Intersection of 16th Avenue and Kennedy Road, facing southeast...... 20 Plate 8: Construction on the northeast corner of Kennedy Road and 16th Avenue, looking northeast...... 20 Plate 9: 16th Avenue west of McCowan Road, with gas station at right and residences at left, looking west. ... 20 Plate 10: Intersection of 16th Avenue and McCowan Road, with the former alignment at left, looking east...... 20 Plate 11: Recreational area and stormwater management pond, looking west...... 20 Plate 12: Intersection of 16th Avenue and Markham Road/Main Street North, looking southwest...... 20 Plate 13: Original alignment of 16th Avenue at center, with extant alignment at left, looking east towards Markham Road/Main Street North...... 21 Plate 14: Concrete bridge carrying 16th Avenue over Mount Joy Creek, looking west towards Markham Road/Main Street North...... 21 Plate 15: CN Rail Line east of Markham Road/Main Street North, looking southeast...... 21 Plate 16: Study area at the intersection of Ninth Line and 16th Avenue, looking west ...... 21 Plate 17: Heavily altered alignment of 16th Avenue at Burr Oak Avenue, looking west...... 21 Plate 18: Active agricultural field west of Donald Cousens Parkway, looking west...... 21 Plate 19: Intersection of 16th Avenue and Reesor Road, with farmscapes on all corners, looking south...... 22 Plate 20: Little Rouge Creek and wooded valley, looking south from 16th Avenue bridge...... 22 Plate 21: Steel girder and concrete pier bridge carrying 16th Avenue over Little Rouge Creek, looking east. .... 22 Plate 22: Agricultural fields south of 16th Avenue west of York/Durham Line, looking southwest...... 22

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page vi

Plate 23: Narrow gravel shoulders and ditches on the eastern portion of the study area, looking east...... 22 Plate 24: Intersection of 16th Avenue and York/Durham Line at the eastern limit of the study area, looking northeast...... 22

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

ASI was contracted by HDR Inc. to conduct a Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment (CHRA) for the 16th Avenue Municipal Class Environmental Assessment studies from Yonge Street to York/Durham Line. This report discusses the portion of the study area between Woodbine Avenue in the west to York/Durham Line in the east within the City of Markham in the east (Figure 1). The proposed undertaking will identify possible improvement to current and future pedestrian, cyclist, transit, and automobile transportation infrastructure along 16th Avenue.

The purpose of this report is to present a built heritage and cultural landscape inventory of cultural heritage resources and identify existing conditions of the 16th Avenue EA study area from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line. The research carried out for this CHRA was conducted under the senior project management of Lindsay Graves of ASI.

Figure 1: Location of the study area Base Map:©OpenStreetMap and contributors, Creative Commons-Share Alike License (CC-BY-SA)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 1

2.0 BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT CONTEXT

2.1 Legislation and Policy Context

This cultural heritage assessment considers cultural heritage resources in the context of improvements to specified areas, pursuant to the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act (OEAA). This assessment addresses above ground cultural heritage resources over 40 years old. Use of a 40 year old threshold is a guiding principle when conducting a preliminary identification of cultural heritage resources (Ministry of Transportation 2006; Ministry of Transportation 2007; Ontario Realty Corporation 2007). While identification of a resource that is 40 years old or older does not confer outright heritage significance, this threshold provides a means to collect information about resources that may retain heritage value. Similarly, if a resource is slightly younger than 40 years old, this does not preclude the resource from retaining heritage value.

Road construction has the potential to affect cultural heritage resources in a variety of ways. Impacts can include: direct impacts that result in the loss of resources through demolition, or the displacement of resources through relocation; and indirect impacts that result in the disruption of resources by introducing physical, visual, audible or atmospheric elements that are not in keeping with the resources and/or their setting. Potential impacts on identified cultural heritage resources were identified based on the proximity of a resource to the proposed undertaking.

For the purposes of this assessment, the term cultural heritage resources was used to describe both cultural heritage landscapes and built heritage resources. A cultural landscape is perceived as a collection of individual built heritage resources and other related features that together form farm complexes, roadscapes and nucleated settlements. Built heritage resources are typically individual buildings or structures that may be associated with a variety of human activities, such as historical settlement and patterns of architectural development.

The analysis throughout the study process addresses cultural heritage resources under various pieces of legislation and their supporting guidelines. Under the Environmental Assessment Act (1990) environment is defined in Subsection 1(c) to include:

• Cultural conditions that influence the life of man or a community, and; • Any building, structure, machine, or other device or thing made by man.

The Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport is charged under Section 2 of the Ontario Heritage Act with the responsibility to determine policies, priorities and programs for the conservation, protection and preservation of the heritage of Ontario and has published two guidelines to assist in assessing cultural heritage resources as part of an environmental assessment: Guideline for Preparing the Cultural Heritage Resource Component of Environmental Assessments (1992), and Guidelines on the Man-Made Heritage Component of Environmental Assessments (1981). Accordingly, both guidelines have been utilized in this assessment process.

The Guidelines on the Man-Made Heritage Component of Environmental Assessments (Section 1.0) states the following:

When speaking of man-made heritage we are concerned with the works of man and the effects of his activities in the environment rather than with movable human artifacts or those environments that are natural and completely undisturbed by man.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 2

In addition, environment may be interpreted to include the combination and interrelationships of human artifacts with all other aspects of the physical environment, as well as with the social, economic and cultural conditions that influence the life of the people and communities in Ontario. The Guidelines on the Man-Made Heritage Component of Environmental Assessments distinguish between two basic ways of visually experiencing this heritage in the environment, namely as cultural heritage landscapes and as cultural features.

Within this document, cultural heritage landscapes are defined as the following (Section 1.0):

The use and physical appearance of the land as we see it now is a result of man’s activities over time in modifying pristine landscapes for his own purposes. A cultural landscape is perceived as a collection of individual man-made features into a whole. Urban cultural landscapes are sometimes given special names such as townscapes or streetscapes that describe various scales of perception from the general scene to the particular view. Cultural landscapes in the countryside are viewed in or adjacent to natural undisturbed landscapes, or waterscapes, and include such land uses as agriculture, mining, forestry, recreation, and transportation. Like urban cultural landscapes, they too may be perceived at various scales: as a large area of homogeneous character; or as an intermediate sized area of homogeneous character or a collection of settings such as a group of farms; or as a discrete example of specific landscape character such as a single farm, or an individual village or hamlet.

A cultural feature is defined as the following (Section 1.0):

…an individual part of a cultural landscape that may be focused upon as part of a broader scene, or viewed independently. The term refers to any man-made or modified object in or on the land or underwater, such as buildings of various types, street furniture, engineering works, plantings and landscaping, archaeological sites, or a collection of such objects seen as a group because of close physical or social relationships.

The Minister of Tourism, Culture, and Sport has also published Standards and Guidelines for Conservation of Provincial Heritage Properties (April 2010; Standards and Guidelines hereafter). These Standards and Guidelines apply to properties the Government of Ontario owns or controls that have cultural heritage value or interest. They are mandatory for ministries and prescribed public bodies and have the authority of a Management Board or Cabinet directive. Prescribed public bodies include:

• Agricultural Research Institute of Ontario • Hydro One Inc. • Infrastructure Ontario • Liquor Control Board of Ontario • McMichael Canadian Art Collection • Metrolinx • The Niagara Parks Commission • Ontario Heritage Trust • Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation • Ontario Power Generation Inc. • Ontario Realty Corporation • Royal Botanical Gardens

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 3

• Toronto Area Transit Operating Authority • St. Lawrence Parks Commission

The Standards and Guidelines provide a series of definitions considered during the course of the assessment:

A provincial heritage property is defined as the following (14):

Provincial heritage property means real property, including buildings and structures on the property, that has cultural heritage value or interest and that is owned by the Crown in right of Ontario or by a prescribed public body; or that is occupied by a ministry or a prescribed public body if the terms of the occupancy agreement are such that the ministry or public body is entitled to make the alterations to the property that may be required under these heritage standards and guidelines.

A provincial heritage property of provincial significance is defined as the following (14):

Provincial heritage property that has been evaluated using the criteria found in Ontario Heritage Act O.Reg. 10/06 and has been found to have cultural heritage value or interest of provincial significance.

A built heritage resource is defined as the following (13):

…one or more significant buildings (including fixtures or equipment located in or forming part of a building), structures, earthworks, monuments, installations, or remains associated with architectural, cultural, social, political, economic, or military history and identified as being important to a community. For the purposes of these Standards and Guidelines, “structures” does not include roadways in the provincial highway network and in-use electrical or telecommunications transmission towers.

A cultural heritage landscape is defined as the following (13):

… a defined geographical area that human activity has modified and that has cultural heritage value. Such an area involves one or more groupings of individual heritage features, such as structures, spaces, archaeological sites, and natural elements, which together form a significant type of heritage form distinct from that of its constituent elements or parts. Heritage conservation districts designated under the Ontario Heritage Act, villages, parks, gardens, battlefields, mainstreets and neighbourhoods, cemeteries, trails, and industrial complexes of cultural heritage value are some examples.

Additionally, the Planning Act (1990) and related Provincial Policy Statement (PPS), which was updated in 2014, make a number of provisions relating to heritage conservation. One of the general purposes of the Planning Act is to integrate matters of provincial interest in provincial and municipal planning decisions. In order to inform all those involved in planning activities of the scope of these matters of provincial interest, Section 2 of the Planning Act provides an extensive listing. These matters of provincial interest shall be regarded when certain authorities, including the council of a municipality, carry out their responsibilities under the Act. One of these provincial interests is directly concerned with:

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 4

2.(d) the conservation of features of significant architectural, cultural, historical, archaeological or scientific interest

Part 4.7 of the PPS states that:

The official plan is the most important vehicle for implementation of this Provincial Policy Statement. Comprehensive, integrated and long-term planning is best achieved through official plans.

Official plans shall identify provincial interests and set out appropriate land use designations and policies. To determine the significance of some natural heritage features and other resources, evaluation may be required.

Official plans should also coordinate cross-boundary matters to complement the actions of other planning authorities and promote mutually beneficial solutions. Official plans shall provide clear, reasonable and attainable policies to protect provincial interests and direct development to suitable areas.

In order to protect provincial interests, planning authorities shall keep their official plans up-to-date with this Provincial Policy Statement. The policies of this Provincial Policy Statement continue to apply after adoption and approval of an official plan.

Those policies of particular relevance for the conservation of heritage features are contained in Section 2- Wise Use and Management of Resources, wherein Subsection 2.6 - Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Resources, makes the following provisions:

2.6.1 Significant built heritage resources and significant cultural heritage landscapes shall be conserved.

A number of definitions that have specific meanings for use in a policy context accompany the policy statement. These definitions include built heritage resources and cultural heritage landscapes.

A built heritage resource is defined as: “a building, structure, monument, installation or any manufactured remnant that contributes to a property’s cultural heritage value or interest as identified by a community, including an Aboriginal community” (PPS 2014).

A cultural heritage landscape is defined as “a defined geographical area that may have been modified by human activity and is identified as having cultural heritage value or interest by a community, including an Aboriginal community. The area may involve features such as structures, spaces, archaeological sites or natural elements that are valued together for their interrelationship, meaning or association” (PPS 2014). Examples may include, but are not limited to farmscapes, historic settlements, parks, gardens, battlefields, mainstreets and neighbourhoods, cemeteries, trailways, and industrial complexes of cultural heritage value.

In addition, significance is also more generally defined. It is assigned a specific meaning according to the subject matter or policy context, such as wetlands or ecologically important areas. With regard to cultural heritage and archaeology resources, resources of significance are those that are valued for the important contribution they make to our understanding of the history of a place, an event, or a people (PPS 2014).

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 5

Criteria for determining significance for the resources are recommended by the Province, but municipal approaches that achieve or exceed the same objective may also be used. While some significant resources may already be identified and inventoried by official sources, the significance of others can only be determined after evaluation (PPS 2014).

Accordingly, the foregoing guidelines and relevant policy statement were used to guide the scope and methodology of the cultural heritage assessment.

2.2 Municipal Policies

The 16th Avenue EA study area is located in the City of Markham. The City of Markham’s Official Plan (2014, Section 2.5) set out a number of policies with regard to cultural heritage resources. Goals and policies of relevance to the present assessment include the following:

City of Markham (Official Plan, 2014 Section 4.5.1)

4.5.1 General Policies It is the policy of Council:

4.5.1.1 To promote conservation of Markham’s cultural heritage resources by: a) identifying cultural heritage resources and maintaining a Register of Property of Cultural Heritage Value or Interest; b) recognizing the significance of these resources by designating individual properties, groups of properties, or a geographical area of historical significance under the Ontario Heritage Act; c) adopting and implementing policies and programs for the protection of these resources including: i. requirements for heritage impact assessments and conservation plans, heritage conservation easements and heritage permits; ii. reviewing any application for development approval, building permit or demolition permit that directly affects a cultural heritage resource itself and adjacent lands to ensure new development, site alteration and additions are contextually appropriate and maintain the integrity of any cultural heritage resources; and iii. facilitating the rehabilitation, renovation and/or restoration of cultural heritage resources so that they remain in active use; d) participating in the management of these resources through acquisition, disposition, purchase, lease donation or other forms of involvement such as the review of development approvals, development incentives and property standards; and e) promoting stewardship of these resources by offering financial support and educational and commemorative programs, and fostering public and private partnerships.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 6

4.5.1.2 To demonstrate leadership and proper stewardship of all municipally owned cultural heritage resources by designating and managing such resources in accordance with the policies of this Plan.

4.5.1.3 To consult with and obtain the recommendation of Markham’s municipal heritage committee, Heritage Markham, on matters related to the conservation of Markham’s cultural heritage resources outlined in Section 4.5.1.1 of this Plan.

2.3 Data Collection

In the course of the cultural heritage assessment, all potentially affected cultural heritage resources are subject to inventory. Short form names are usually applied to each resource type, (e.g. barn, residence). Generally, when conducting a preliminary identification of cultural heritage resources, three stages of research and data collection are undertaken to appropriately establish the potential for and existence of cultural heritage resources in a particular geographic area.

Background historical research, which includes consultation of primary and secondary source research and historical mapping, is undertaken to identify early settlement patterns and broad agents or themes of change in a study area. This stage in the data collection process enables the researcher to determine the presence of sensitive heritage areas that correspond to nineteenth and twentieth-century settlement and development patterns. To augment data collected during this stage of the research process, federal, provincial, and municipal databases and/or agencies are consulted to obtain information about specific properties that have been previously identified and/or designated as retaining cultural heritage value. Typically, resources identified during these stages of the research process are reflective of particular architectural styles, associated with an important person, place, or event, and contribute to the contextual facets of a particular place, neighborhood, or intersection.

A field review is then undertaken to confirm the location and condition of previously identified cultural heritage resources. The field review is also utilised to identify cultural heritage resources that have not been previously identified on federal, provincial, or municipal databases.

Several investigative criteria are utilised during the field review to appropriately identify new cultural heritage resources. These investigative criteria are derived from provincial guidelines, definitions, and past experience. During the course of the environmental assessment, a built structure or landscape is identified as a cultural heritage resource if it is considered to be 40 years or older, and if the resource satisfies at least one of the following criteria:

Design/Physical Value: • It is a rare, unique, representative or early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method. • It displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit. • It demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement. • The site and/or structure retains original stylistic features and has not been irreversibly altered so as to destroy its integrity. • It demonstrates a high degree of excellence or creative, technical or scientific achievement at a provincial level in a given period.

Historical/Associative Value:

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 7

• It has a direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to: the City of Markham; the Province of Ontario; or Canada. • It yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the history of: the City of Markham; the Province of Ontario; or Canada. • It demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an architect, artist builder, designer, or theorist who is significant to: the City of Markham; the Province of Ontario; or Canada. • It represents or demonstrates a theme or pattern in Ontario’s history. • It demonstrates an uncommon, rare or unique aspect of Ontario’s cultural heritage. • It has a strong or special association with the entire province or with a community that is found in more than one part of the province. The association exists for historic, social, or cultural reasons or because of traditional use. • It has a strong or special association with the life or work of a person, group or organization of importance to the province or with an event of importance to the province.

Contextual Value: • It is important in defining, maintaining, or supporting the character of an area. • It is physically, functionally, visually, or historically linked to its surroundings. • It is a landmark. • It illustrates a significant phase in the development of the community or a major change or turning point in the community’s history. • The landscape contains a structure other than a building (fencing, culvert, public art, statue, etc.) that is associated with the history or daily life of that area or region. • There is evidence of previous historic and/or existing agricultural practices (e.g. terracing, deforestation, complex water canalization, apple orchards, vineyards, etc.) • It is of aesthetic, visual or contextual important to the province.

If a resource meets one of these criteria it will be identified as a cultural heritage resource and is subject to further research where appropriate and when feasible. Typically, detailed archival research, permission to enter lands containing heritage resources, and consultation is required to determine the specific heritage significance of the identified cultural heritage resource.

When identifying cultural heritage landscapes, the following categories are typically utilized for the purposes of the classification during the field review:

Farm complexes: comprise two or more buildings, one of which must be a farmhouse or barn, and may include a tree-lined drive, tree windbreaks, fences, domestic gardens and small orchards.

Roadscapes: generally two-lanes in width with absence of shoulders or narrow shoulders only, ditches, tree lines, bridges, culverts and other associated features.

Waterscapes: waterway features that contribute to the overall character of the cultural heritage landscape, usually in relation to their influence on historic development and settlement patterns.

Railscapes: active or inactive railway lines or railway rights of way and associated features.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 8

Historical settlements: groupings of two or more structures with a commonly applied name.

Streetscapes: generally consists of a paved road found in a more urban setting, and may include a series of houses that would have been built in the same time period.

Historical agricultural landscapes: generally comprises a historically rooted settlement and farming pattern that reflects a recognizable arrangement of fields within a lot and may have associated agricultural outbuildings, structures, and vegetative elements such as tree rows.

Cemeteries: land used for the burial of human remains.

Results of the desktop data collection and field review are contained in Sections 3.0, while Sections 4.0 and 5.0 contain conclusions and recommendations with respect to potential impacts of the undertaking on identified cultural heritage resources.

3.0 BUILT HERITAGE RESOURCE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT

3.1 Introduction

This section provides a brief summary of historical research and a description of identified above ground cultural heritage resources that may be affected by the proposed road improvements. A review of available primary and secondary source material was undertaken to produce a contextual overview of the study area, including a general description of Euro-Canadian settlement and land use. Historically, the study area is located in the historical Township of Markham in the following lots and concessions:

The Township of Markham, County of York • Concession IV, Lots 15 and 16 • Concession V, Lots 15 and 16 • Concession VI, Lots 15 and 16 • Concession VII, Lots 15 and 16 • Concession VIII, Lots 15 and 16 • Concession IX, Lots 15 and 16 • Concession X, Lots 15 and 16

3.2 Township Survey and Settlement

3.2.1 The Township of Markham, County of York

The land within the Township of Markham was first settled by German families from New York State, who arrived around 1790, before the township had been surveyed. At this time, York was just a hamlet and Yonge Street did not exist, although its line had been established. As more settlers began to arrive, Governor Simcoe encouraged United Empire Loyalists to take up land alongside English immigrants who

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 9 also came in increasing numbers. The Township of Markham was then partially surveyed in 1794, being the third in the county to be marked. Yonge Street became the base of the township and each concession, of which there were ten, contained 35 lots, making the Township an almost perfect square (City of Markham 2001).

Markham’s many rivers and tributaries soon supported water-powered mills, and a number of historic communities were established around these sites, including German Mills, Almira, Buttonville, Cedar Grove and Unionville. In 1851 Smith’s Canadian Gazeteer described Markham as “a considerable village, containing between eight and nine hundred inhabitants, pleasantly situated on the River Rouge. It contains two grist mills with three run of stones each, a woollen factory, oatmeal mill, barley mill and distillery, foundry, two tanneries, brewery, etc., a temperance hall, and four churches – Episcopal, Presbyterian, Congregational, and Wesleyan Methodist” (Robinson 1885:199). By 1857, the lumber industry had managed to clear most of the township of trees and the land was then under cultivation. Improved transportation routes such as Yonge Street and increased populations led to the expansion of such villages as Markham, Thornhill and Unionville, and the establishment of more specialized industries, such as tanneries, wagon works, and furniture factories (City of Markham 2001).

The arrival of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway in 1871, with stations in Unionville and Markham, brought additional growth and prosperity to the township. The Village of Markham itself, which was incorporated in 1873, had a population of 1,100 in 1891 (City of Markham 2001). Increased contact with Toronto brought about by the rail line and other transportation and communication improvements however, diminished the industrial role of the villages within the Township of Markham by the turn of the century. The township returned to its agricultural roots and relied on such industries until after World War II (City of Markham 2001).

Rapid population growth and an influx of immigrants saw the establishment of the Municipality of York by the Province of Ontario, and the incorporation of the Town of Markham in 1971. As of July 1, 2012 the Town of Markham has been re-designated as the City of Markham (CBC News 2012).

3.3 Review of Historical Mapping

3.3.1 Nineteenth Century Mapping

The 1860 Tremaine’s Map of the County of York as well as the 1878 Historical Atlas of the County of York were reviewed to determine the potential for the presence of historical resources in the study area from the nineteenth century (Figures 2-3).

Historically, the study area is located in the former Township of Markham (Lots 15 and 16, Concessions 4-10), County of York. Details of historical property owners and features are provided in Table 1. It should be noted, however, that not all features of interest were mapped systematically in the Ontario series of historical atlases given that they were financed by subscription and subscribers were given preference with regard to the level of detail provided on the maps. Moreover, not every feature of interest would have been within the scope of the atlases.

The nineteenth-century maps demonstrate no major transformations taking place within the Township of Markham in the late nineteenth century. The study area is situated in a rural agricultural context in both maps, with present day 16th Avenue clearly depicted in its extant alignment. The settlement of Buttonville is located to the south of the western portion of the study area on modern day Woodbine Avenue, the

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 10 settlement of Unionville is depicted to the south on present day Kennedy Road, and the Town of Markham is south on present day Markham Road/Main Street on both the 1860 and 1878 mapping.

Several historical roads are shown running through the study area in addition to 16th Avenue, including Woodbine Avenue, Warden Avenue, Kennedy Avenue, McCowan Road, Markham Road/ Main Street, Ninth Line, Reesor Road, and York/Durham Line. Several watercourses are also depicted, including Apple Creek, Berczy Creek, Bruce Creek, Eckhardt Creek, Robinson Creek, Mount Joy Creek, Little Rouge Creek, and Major Creek on York-Durham Line, all of which are part of the Rouge River drainage.

Table 1: Nineteenth-Century Property Owner(s) and Historical Feature(s) Con. # Lot # Property Owner(s) Property Owners Historical Feature(s) Historical Feature(s) (1860) (1878) (1860) (1878) Township of Markham IV 15 Francis Button (N) Jno. Button (N) Blacksmith Shop Farmsteads (3) John Button (SW) Wm. Wilmot (SW) Church Orchard (1) Wm. M. Button J.P. Wm. Stiver (SE) Farmstead (1) (SE) Waterway

16 Henry Brown (SW) Jonathon Calvert (S) Farmstead (1) Farmsteads (2) Thomas Frisby (NW) Thos. Frisby (NW Waterway Blacksmith Shop James Walker (NE) and SE) Thos. Frisby (SE) Jas. Walker (NE) Henry Brown (SE)

V 15 James McLean (W) Jno. Patterson (W) Farmstead (1) Farmsteads (2) Chas. McLean (E) Marshall Crosby (E) Millpond Orchards (2) Waterway Waterway Millpond

16 Robert Stiver (W) Robert Stiver (W) Sawmill Farmsteads (2) Andrew Smith (E) Jno. Francis (E) Millpond Orchards (2) Watercourse Watercourse Sawmill Millpond Unknown Structures (6)

VI 15 Mark. M. M.M. Braithwaite Farmsteads (3) Farmsteads (2) Braithwaite (W) (W) Church Orchard (1) George R. Crosby (E) H. Sharpe (E) Store Waterway H. Wismer (E) Jacob Pingle (E) Church

16 Fredrick Eckhart, Jacob Lemons (W) Farmstead (1) Farmsteads (4) Esq. (W) Wm. Golden (NE) Orchards (2) H. Stiver/ Henry Amos Heisey Waterway Wismer (E) (Centre) Jacob Pingle (E)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 11

Con. # Lot # Property Owner(s) Property Owners Historical Feature(s) Historical Feature(s) (1860) (1878) (1860) (1878) VII 15 David L. Wismer (W) Benj. Reesor (W) Farmsteads (2) Farmsteads (3) Asa Wismer (Centre) As. Wismer (Centre) Sawmill Orchards (2) Jacob Wismer (E) Jacob Wismer (E) Waterway Waterway Implement Factory Subdivided lots (4) with residences (2)

16 Alexander Hunter Alex Hunter (W) German Tannery Farmsteads (4) (W) Daniel Strickler (E) Pump Factory Orchards (4) Daniel Strickler (E) Jacob (surname Watercourse Pottery illegible) Schoolhouse

VIII 15 Peter Ramer Jno. Raymer Watercourse Farmstead (1) Orchard (1) Toronto and Nippissing Railway Watercourse

16 Ambr. Noble (W) Ambrose Noble (W) Watercourse Farmsteads (4) John Reesor (Centre) Jno. L. Reesor Unknown structure Orchards (3) Lutin Miller (E) (Centre) Toronto and Luton Miller (E) Nippissing Railway

IX 15 Ben. Marr Esq. (W) Hy. Marr (W) Sawmill n/a Christian Reesor Esq Christ. Reesor Esq (E) (E)

16 Peter Pike (NW) Peter Pike (NW) Farmstead (1) Farmsteads (2) Lutin Miller (SW) H. Miller (SW) Diverted Roadway Orchards (1) George Miller (E) W. Mitchell (SW) Waterway Diverted roadway George Miller (E)

X 15 Christian Reesor Chas. C. Reesor Watercourse Farmsteads (1) Esq. Orchards (1) Watercourse

16 George Miller (W) George Miller (W) Waterways (2) Farmsteads (2) John Gamble (E) Jonathon Turner (E) Orchards (1) Waterway

3.3.2 Twentieth-Century Mapping

A series of four topographical maps and aerial photographs from 1917, 1930, 1954, and 1994 illustrate the development of the study area over the course of the twentieth century (Figures 4-7). Generally, these maps demonstrate a period of minimal growth in the early twentieth century followed by a period of rapid growth and development in the late twentieth century.

The 1917 Topographical Map (Figure 4) demonstrates that the study area remained agricultural well into the twentieth century, with very sparse development depicted within or adjacent to the study area. The northern limits of the community of Buttonville are located at the western limit of the study area on

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 12

Woodbine Avenue, which is depicted to have a telephone office, several residences, a grist mill with dam and mill pond, and a blacksmith shop further to the north on 16th Avenue. 16th Avenue is depicted as crossing over Berczy Creek and Bruce Creek by means of two wooden bridges to the west of Kennedy Road. The community of Unionville to the south of the study area on Kennedy Road is depicted to have undergone considerable growth in the early twentieth century, and features a telephone and telegraph office, a hotel, school, and many other structures. The community of Quantztown is depicted immediately south of the study area on McCowan Road, although few structures are present. East of McCowan Road, 16th Avenue is shown to pass over Robinson Creek by means of a wooden bridge, immediately west of Markham Road/Main Street and the settlement of Mount Joy. Mount Joy is depicted with a telephone office, two saw mills, a school, and a post office, among other structures. Immediately east of Markham Road/Main Street is the Grand Trunk Railway, previously the Toronto and Nippissing Railway. Further east of the rail line is Little Rouge Creek, which 16thAvenue passes over by means of a wooden bridge. A second railway, the Canadian Pacific, also crosses the study area at the eastern limit directly south of the intersection of 16th Avenue and York/Durham Line.

The 1930 Topographical Map (Figure 5) and 1954 aerial photograph (Figure 6) demonstrate that the study area was located in a similar agricultural context in the mid-twentieth century as indicated in previous mapping. All major roadways continue to be depicted in a similar alignment as earlier mapping, as does the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railways. 16th Avenue is listed as an unmettalled road. The communities of Buttonville, Unionville, Quantztown and Mount Joy are all depicted to have undergone minimal growth from the preceding mapping.

There was a rapid trend of urbanization in the Township of Markham during the second half of the twentieth century. The 1994 National Topographical Survey (NTS) Map (Figure 7) demonstrates that rapid and considerable expansion had occurred by 1994, with most of the southern limit of the study area incorporated by the City of Markham. 16th Avenue is present along its extant alignment, with some minor variation noted from earlier mapping in an effort to improve traffic flow at the intersections with Warden Avenue, McCowan Road and Markham Road/Main Street. The communities of Unionville, Mount Joy, and Quantztown are depicted as being absorbed into the City of Markham as local neighbourhoods. With the exception of an area of land north of 16th Avenue, and an area south of the study area from 9th Line to York/Durham Line, the entire study area is situated in a suburban residential context.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 13

Figure 2: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study overlaid on Tremaine’s 1860 Map of Markham Base Map: Tremaine’s Map of the County of York, Canada West (Tremaine 1860)

Figure 3: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area overlaid on the 1878 Historical Atlas of Markham Base Map: Miles and Co. Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of York (1878)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 14

Figure 4: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area overlaid on topographic mapping from 1917 Base Map: Department of National Defense, NTS Sheet 58 (Markham) (1917)

Figure 5: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area overlaid on topographical mapping from 1930 Base Map: Department of Militia and Defense, NTS Sheet 58 (Markham) (1930)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 15

Figure 6: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area overlaid on the 1954 aerial photograph Base Map: Hunting Survey Corporation, Plates 437.792, 438.791, and 438.792(1954)

Figure 7: The Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area overlaid on topographic mapping from 1994 Base Map: Department of Energy, Mines and Resources NTS Sheet Markham 30 M/14 (1994)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 16

3.4 Existing Conditions

In order to make a preliminary identification of existing cultural heritage resources within the study area, the following resources were consulted:

• The City of Markham’s list of Properties Designated Under Ontario Heritage Act, Part IV which provides an inventory of cultural heritage resources that are designated under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act and an inventory of listed properties that are of cultural heritage value or interest to the city1; • Ontario Ministry of Culture’s Ontario Heritage Properties Database: available online, the database provides information on properties designated under the Ontario Heritage Act. The database was last updated in 20052; • Parks Canada’s Canada’s Historic Places website: available online, the searchable register provides information on historic places recognized for their heritage value at the local, provincial, territorial, and national levels3; • the Canadian Heritage Rivers System inventory; • the Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office (FHBRO) (these properties are recognized under the Treasury Board Policy on the Management of Real Property (TBPMRP)); and, • The City of Markham was contacted directly to gather any information on cultural heritage resources within the study area (email communication August 26, 2014).

Based on the review of available data, there were twenty four previously identified resources within and/or adjacent to the Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area.

A field review of the study area was undertaken by John Sleath of ASI, on September 15, 2016, to document the existing conditions of the study area. The field review was preceded by a review of available, current and historical, aerial photographs and maps (including online sources such as Bing and Google maps). These large-scale maps were reviewed for any potential cultural heritage resources which may be extant in the study area. The existing conditions of the study area are described below. Identified cultural heritage resources are discussed in Section 3.4.3 and are mapped in Section 8.0 of this report.

3.4.1 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Study Area – Geography and Physiography

The study area is located within the Peel Plain physiographic region. The Peel Plain is a level-to- undulating area of clay soil which covers an area of approximately 77,700 hectares across the central portions of the Regional Municipalities of York, Peel, and Halton. The Peel Plain has a general elevation of between 500 and 750 feet above sea level with a gradual uniform slope towards Lake Ontario. The Peel Plain is sectioned by the Credit, Humber, Don, and Rouge Rivers with deep valleys as well as a number of other streams such as the Bronte, Oakville, and Etobicoke Creeks. These valleys are in places bordered by trains of sandy alluvium. The region is devoid of large undrained depressions, swamps, and bogs though nevertheless the dominant soil possesses imperfect drainage (Chapman and Putnam 1984).

1 Reviewed September 14, 2016 http://www2.markham.ca/markham/aspc/heritage/iF-browseAll.asp 2 Reviewed September 14, 2016 (http://www.hpd.mcl.gov.on.ca/scripts/hpdsearch/english/default.asp) 3 Reviewed September 14, 2016 (http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/pages/about-apropos.aspx)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 17

The study area is located within the Rouge and the Duffins Creek watersheds. Both watercourses have their headwaters on the Oak Ridges Moraine. The Rouge River and its tributaries drain an area of 336 square kilometers, of which 40% is rural, 35% is urban, and 24% is forest or wetland (TRCA n.d.). Duffins Creek drain an area of 287 square kilometers, of which 71% is rural and 29% is urban or urbanizing (TRCA n.d.).

3.4.2 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Study Area– Existing Conditions

The study area is composed of the area around the current alignment of 16th Avenue in the City of Markham between Woodbine Avenue to the west and York/Durham Line in the east. The roadway is comprised of four asphalt paved lanes with a central turning lane, wide grass-lined sidewalks, and both right and left hand turning lanes at most major intersections. The former agricultural landscape has been almost entirely transformed by late twentieth century subdivision development, commercial plazas, and low rise office towers that have been constructed along the length of 16th Avenue. Within the study area 16th Avenue is carried over several water crossings – Apple Creek, Berczy Creek, Bruce Creek, Eckhardt Creek, Robinson Creek, Mount Joy Creek, and Little Rouge Creek. All of these watercourses have been channelized beneath 16th Avenue by means of concrete box culverts or single-span concrete or steel girder bridges within the study area. 16th Avenue is also carried over a rail corridor, the Stouffville GO Line from Toronto to Uxbridge, located immediately east of Markham Road.

The 16th Avenue study area is bounded by a large commercial plaza on the northeast corner of Woodbine Avenue and 16th Avenue, and a commercial plaza and residences on the southeast corner. The study area continues east with 16th Avenue consisting of four lanes in width with the addition of a dedicated left hand turn lane in the center for both eastbound and westbound traffic, and pedestrian sidewalks on the north and south side. The study area continues east, passing through residential and commercial establishments until intersecting with Warden Avenue (Plates 1-2).

The study area at the intersection of Warden Avenue features residences on all four corners (Plate 3). 16th Avenue was modified from its original alignment immediately west of Warden Avenue to improve traffic flow. The original alignment is noted in the orientation of 16th Lane, located approximately 77 metres south of the present course of 16th Avenue (Plate 4). The study area continues east of Warden Avenue with single detached residences, recreational parks, commercial establishments, a golf course, and passing over Berczy and Bruce Creeks before intersecting with Kennedy Road (Plates 5-6).

The intersection of the study area and Kennedy Road features a school on the northwest corner, and residences on the southwest and southeast. A large residential subdivision is under construction on the northeast corner that continues east for approximately 800 metres. The southern limit of the study area, and the northern limit east of the construction zone, is entirely composed of residences until the intersection with McCowan Road. 16th Avenue consists of four lanes of east-westbound traffic with a central left turning lane, and is bordered by grass-lined sidewalks on both the north and south sides of the roadway (Plates 7-8).

The study area at the intersection of McCowan Road features a gas station on the northwest corner and residences on the southeast and southwest corners. 16th Avenue was modified from its original alignment immediately west of Warden Avenue to improve traffic flow. The original alignment is not clearly noted, but was likely located approximately 47 metres north of the present course of 16th Avenue on the east side of McCowan Road. The study area continues east of McCowan Road with single detached residences, a

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 18 recreational park with stormwater management ponds, Robinson Creek valley, and commercial establishments before intersecting with Markham Road/ Main Street (Plates 9-11).

The intersection of 16th Avenue and Markham Road/Main Street features a portion of the Markham Village Heritage Conservation District on all corners with the exception of the northeast. The study area at the intersection of Markham Road/Main Street features commercial establishments on all four corners (Plate 12). BHRs 2-5 are located on the northwest corner, with BHR 6 located to the southwest of the intersection on the south side of the former 16th Avenue alignment. 16th Avenue was modified from its original alignment immediately west of Markham Road/Main Street to improve traffic flow. The original alignment is noted in the orientation of Old 16th Avenue, located approximately 75 metres south of the present course of 16th Avenue (Plate 13). The study area continues east of Markham Road/Main Street over the Stouffville GO Line (former Toronto and Nippissing Railway) by means of an at-grade crossing and over Mount Joy Creek by means of a single-span concrete bridge (Plates 14-15). The study area continues east through residential neighbourhoods with BHR 7 on the south side, until intersecting with Ninth Line.

The intersection of Ninth Line and 16th Avenue features residences on all four sides, with the former alignment of 16th Avenue obscured, but suspected to be approximately 100 metres to the south of the present alignment on the east side of Ninth Line. Nearly the entire alignment of 16th Avenue between Ninth Line and Donald Cousens Parkway has been heavily modified from the original alignment in order to accommodate new residential developments. A small agricultural area on the north side of 16th Avenue, 850 metres west of Donald Cousens Parkway is the only section that retains the original alignment. East of this section, the study area shows a marked change from suburban residential context to a more rural agricultural one until the eastern limit of the study area (Plates 16-18).

The intersection of Reesor Road features farmscapes on the northwest, northeast, and southwest corners, and Little Rouge Creek and valley on the northeast and southeast. 16th Avenue is carried over Little Rouge Creek by a recently-constructed three-span steel girder and concrete bridge. The study area is bound by agricultural fields and farmsteads from the west of Reesor Road to the eastern limit of the study area at York/Durham Line through what is now Rouge National Urban Park (Plates 19-22).

The study area terminates at the intersection of York/Durham Line, which is a T-intersection featuring active farmscapes on all sides, with a low-lying and wet creek valley on the northwest corner. 16th Avenue is composed of two lanes of east-west traffic with very narrow shoulders leading to ditches on both the north and south, and terminates at the intersection of York/Durham Line (Plates 23-24).

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 19

Plate 1: Western limit of the study area at Woodbine Plate 2: Study area east of Woodbine Avenue, Avenue, looking southwest. showing wide grass median between the roadway and sidewalk, looking east.

Plate 3: Study area east of Warden Avenue, looking Plate 4: Original alignment of 16th Avenue, currently east. 16th Lane south of present alignment, looking east.

Plate 5: Concrete bridge carrying 16th Avenue over Plate 6: Study area crossing Bruce Creek, looking Berczy Creek, looking west. west.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 20

Plate 7: Intersection of 16th Avenue and Kennedy Plate 8: Construction on the northeast corner of Road, facing southeast. Kennedy Road and 16th Avenue, looking northeast.

Plate 9: 16th Avenue west of McCowan Road, with gas Plate 10: Intersection of 16th Avenue and McCowan station at right and residences at left, looking west. Road, with the former alignment at left, looking east.

Plate 11: Recreational area and stormwater Plate 12: Intersection of 16th Avenue and Markham management pond, looking west. Road/Main Street North, looking southwest.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 21

Plate 13: Original alignment of 16th Avenue at center, Plate 14: Concrete bridge carrying 16th Avenue over with extant alignment at left, looking east towards Mount Joy Creek, looking west towards Markham Markham Road/Main Street North. Road/Main Street North.

Plate 15: CN Rail Line east of Markham Road/Main Plate 16: Study area at the intersection of Ninth Line Street North, looking southeast. and 16th Avenue, looking west

Plate 17: Heavily altered alignment of 16th Avenue at Plate 18: Active agricultural field west of Donald Burr Oak Avenue, looking west. Cousens Parkway, looking west.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 22

Plate 19: Intersection of 16th Avenue and Reesor Road, Plate 20: Little Rouge Creek and wooded valley, with farmscapes on all corners, looking south. looking south from 16th Avenue bridge.

Plate 21: Steel girder and concrete pier bridge Plate 22: Agricultural fields south of 16th Avenue west carrying 16th Avenue over Little Rouge Creek, looking of York/Durham Line, looking southwest in Rouge east. National Urban Park.

Plate 23: Narrow gravel shoulders and ditches on the Plate 24: Intersection of 16th Avenue and eastern portion of the study area, looking east. York/Durham Line at the eastern limit of the study area, looking northeast.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 23

3.4.3 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line– Identified Cultural Heritage Resources

Based on the results of the background research and field review, twenty four cultural heritage resources (CHR) were identified within and/or adjacent to 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area (see Figure 3). Previous ASI reports of the study area (ASI 2006, ASI 2008) were consulted in concert with the other primary and secondary source review in order to determine what, if any, changes occurred within the study area between the completion of those reports and the present. However, after a re-assessment of the previously identified resources, some of the CHLs identified in the previous reports were omitted. The twenty-four cultural heritage resources include sixteen built heritage resources (BHRs) and eight cultural heritage landscape (CHL) (Table 2). A detailed inventory of these cultural heritage resources within the study area is presented in Section 7.0 and mapping of these features is provided in Section 8.0 of this report.

Table 2: Summary of Built Heritage Resources (BHR) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHL) in the Study Area Feature Location Type Recognition Location on Mapping Sheets BHR 1 4031 16th Ave. Homestead Designated, Part IV Sheet 2 BHR 2 5928 16th Ave. Homestead Designated, Part IV Sheet 5 BHR 3 5930 16th Ave. Homestead Designated, Part IV Sheet 5 BHR 4 5970 16th Ave. Homestead Designated, Part V, Sheet 5 Markham Village BHR 5 5990 16th Ave. Homestead Designated, Part V, Sheet 5 Markham Village BHR 6 5999 16th Ave. Homestead Designated, Part V, Sheet 5 Markham Village BHR 7 6145 16th Ave. Homestead Designated, Part V, Sheet 5 Markham Village BHR 8 9231 Woodbine Ave. Homestead Designated, Part IV Sheet 1 BHR 9 9286 Kennedy Rd. Homestead Designated, Part IV Sheet 3 BHR 10 9221 Woodbine Ave. Homestead Designated, Part IV Sheet 1 BHR 11 5815 16th Ave Homestead Listed Sheet 5 BHR 12 6007 16th Ave Homestead Listed Sheet 5 BHR 13 6330 16th Ave Homestead Listed Sheet 6 BHR 14 380 Main St. N Modern Infill Designated, Part V, Sheet 5 Markham Village BHR 15 381 Main St. N Modern Designated, Part V, Sheet 5 commercial Markham Village BHR 16 9211 Woodbine Ave Homestead Listed Sheet 1 CHL 1 Markham Village HCD HCD Designated, Part V Sheet 5 CHL 2 9529 Reesor Road Farmscape Designated, Part IV Sheet 7, 8 CHL 3 7797 16th Ave Farmscape Listed Sheet 8 CHL 4 7484 16th Ave Farmscape Listed Sheet 7 CHL 5 7982 16th Ave Farmscape Listed Sheet 8 CHL 6 8156 16th Ave Remnant Listed Sheet 8 Farmscape CHL 7 9350 Markham Rd School and Listed Sheet 5 Museum CHL 8 9318 Reesor Rd Farmscape Listed Sheet 7

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 24

3.5 Screening for Potential Impacts

To assess the potential impacts of the undertaking, identified cultural heritage resources are considered against a range of possible impacts as outlined in the document entitled Screening for Impacts to Built Heritage and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (MTCS) which include:

• Destruction, removal or relocation of any, or part of any, significant heritage attribute or feature (III.1). • Alteration which means a change in any manner and includes restoration, renovation, repair or disturbance (III.2). • Shadows created that alter the appearance of a heritage attribute or change the exposure or visibility of a natural feature or plantings, such as a garden (III.3). • Isolation of a heritage attribute from its surrounding environment, context, or a significant relationship (III.4). • Direct or indirect obstruction of significant views or vistas from, within, or to a built or natural heritage feature (III.5). • A change in land use such as rezoning a battlefield from open space to residential use, allowing new development or site alteration to fill in the formerly open spaces (III.6). • Soil disturbance such as a change in grade, or an alteration of the drainage pattern, or excavation, etc (III.7)

A number of additional factors are also considered when evaluating potential impacts on identified cultural heritage resources. These are outlined in a document set out by the Ministry of Culture and Communications (now Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport) and the Ministry of the Environment entitled Guideline for Preparing the Cultural Heritage Resource Component of Environmental Assessments (October 1992) and include:

• Magnitude: the amount of physical alteration or destruction which can be expected; • Severity: the irreversibility or reversibility of an impact; • Duration: the length of time an adverse impact persists; • Frequency: the number of times an impact can be expected; • Range: the spatial distribution, widespread or site specific, of an adverse impact; and • Diversity: the number of different kinds of activities to affect a heritage resource.

For the purposes of evaluating potential impacts of development and site alteration, MTC (2010) defines “adjacent” as: “contiguous properties as well as properties that are separated from a heritage property by narrow strip of land used as a public or private road, highway, street, lane, trail, right-of-way, walkway, green space, park, and/or easement or as otherwise defined in the municipal official plan.”

Where any above-ground cultural heritage resources are identified, which may be affected by direct or indirect impacts, appropriate mitigation measures should be developed. This may include completing a heritage impact assessment or documentation report, or employing suitable measures such as landscaping, buffering or other forms of mitigation, where appropriate. In this regard, provincial guidelines should be consulted for advice and further heritage assessment work should be undertaken as necessary.

Figures 8-16 show identified cultural heritage resources in relation to the proposed 16th Avenue Municipal Class EA from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area. Site plans for the undertaking are located in Appendix B below. The cultural heritage resources identified within and/or adjacent to the on-

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 25 site study area were evaluated against the above criteria and Table 3 provides a summary of impact screening results for the preferred design.

Table 3: 16th Avenue EA Study Area – Potential Impacts to Identified Cultural Heritage Resources Resource Addresss Impacts BHR 1 4031 16th Ave. No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 2 5928 16th Ave. No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 3 5930 16th Ave. No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 4 5970 16th Ave. No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 5 5990 16th Ave. No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 6 5999 16th Ave. No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 7 6145 16th Ave. No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 8 9231 Woodbine Ave. No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 9 9286 Kennedy Rd. No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 10 9221 Woodbine Ave. No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 11 5815 16th Ave (46 Moderate impacts include the expansion of the ROW onto the subject Timbermill Crescent) property, and removal of landscape elements such as a fence and established treeline. BHR 12 6007 16th Ave No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 13 6330 16th Ave No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 14 380 Main St. N Limited impacts due to the minor expansion of the ROW into the subject property. No impacts to identified heritage attributes. BHR 15 381 Main St. N No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. BHR 16 9211 Woodbine Ave No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. CHL 1 Markham Village HCD No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. CHL 2 9529 Reesor Road Limited impacts due to the minor expansion of the ROW into the subject property. No impacts to identified heritage attributes. CHL 3 7797 16th Ave Limited impacts due to the minor expansion of the ROW into the subject property. No impacts to identified heritage attributes. CHL 4 7484 16th Ave No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. CHL 5 7982 16th Ave Limited impacts due to the minor expansion of the ROW into the subject property. No impacts to identified heritage attributes. CHL 6 8156 16th Ave Limited impacts due to the minor expansion of the ROW into the subject property. No impacts to identified heritage attributes. CHL 7 9350 Markham Rd No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW. CHL 8 9318 Reesor Rd No direct impacts anticipated as impacts are limited to existing ROW.

The proposed undertaking will result in no impacts to 18 identified cultural heritage resources (BHRs 1- 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, and CHLs 1, 4, 7, and 8), limited impacts through encroachment of the ROW in five identified cultural heritage resources (BHR 14, CHLs 2, 3, 5, and 6), and moderate impacts with the removal of heritage landscape attributes in one identified cultural heritage resource (BHR 11).

The proposed undertaking is anticipated to result in minor encroachment of landscape features in five cultural heritage resources. These impacts could be suitably mitigated with post-construction landscape rehabilitation, including vegetative plantings sympathetic with the historical setting wherever tree- removals are anticipated. Construction and staging activities should be planned as far from the identified heritage attributes as feasible to mitigate the scope and magnitude of impacts.

Moderate impacts are anticipated to the landscape elements associated with the residence at 46 Timbermill Crescent (formerly 5815 16th Avenue). As the proposed undertaking involves the expansion

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 26 of the existing ROW and the removal landscape features including a fence and mature trees. Where possible, the proposed alternative should be altered to retain the existing fence and established trees. If the retention of the fence and treeline in BHR 11 is deemed infeasible, a resource–specific cultural heritage impact assessment report should be prepared in advance of construction activities. BHR 11 should be subject to photographic documentation and compilation of a resource-specific cultural heritage impact assessment report by a qualified heritage consultant.

4.0 CONCLUSIONS

The results of background historic research and a review of secondary source material, including historical mapping, revealed that the study area was originally located within rural landscape dating back to the late eighteenth century, with major roadways connecting various settlements in the area and several creeks and smaller tributaries throughout. The area has been subject to considerable urban and suburban development. Also, substantial roadway improvement due to residential development both north and south of 16th Avenue has significantly impacted the width of the roadway and caused intersecting watercourses to be channelized through concrete and metal culverts. The following provides a summary of the assessment results:

Key Findings

• A field review of the study area confirmed that there are 24 cultural heritage resources consisting of 16 built heritage resources (BHRs) and eight cultural heritage landscapes (CHLs) within or immediately adjacent to the refined study area.

• Of these, six are designated under Part IV of the OHA (BHRs 1-3, 8, 9, and CHL 2), seven are designated under Part V of the OHA (BHRs 4-7, 14, 15, and CHL 1), and 11 are listed by the City of Markham (BHRs 10-13, 16, and CHLs 3-8);

• The 24 identified CHRs consist of 11 homesteads (BHRs 1-3, 7-13, and 16), six farmscapes (CHLs 2-6, and 8), five modern infill structures in Markham Village HCD (BHRs 4-6, and 14- 15), the Markham Village HCD (CHL 1), an early twentieth-century school and museum (CHL 7), and a remnant farmscape (CHL 6);

• Identified cultural heritage resources are historically, architecturally, and contextually associated with late-eighteenth to mid-twentieth century land use patterns in the City of Markham.

• The proposed undertaking will result in no impacts to 18 identified cultural heritage resources, limited impacts with through encroachment of the ROW in five identified cultural heritage resources, and moderate impacts with the removal of heritage landscape attributes in one identified cultural heritage resource (BHR 14).

5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 27

Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area. Based on the results of the assessment, the following recommendations have been developed:

1. Construction activities and staging should be suitably planned and undertaken to avoid impacts to identified cultural heritage resources.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 28

6.0 REFERENCES

Armstrong, Frederick H. 1985 Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology. Toronto: Dundurn Press.

ASI 2005 16th Avenue from Yonge Street to McCowan Road Class Environmental Assessment, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. Report on file at ASI. 2008 16th Avenue Class Environmental Assessment between Donald Cousens Parkway and York/Durham Line Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. Report on file at ASI.

Boulton, D’Arcy 1805 Sketch of His Majesty’s Province of Upper Canada. London: C. Rickaby (reprinted in Toronto by the Baxter Publishing Company, 1961). CBC News 2012 Markham to Change from Town to City. no author. [online]. Available at: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2012/05/30/toronto-markham-city.html [Accessed 25 August 2014]

Champion, I . (ed.) 1979 Markham 1793-1900. Markham Historical Society, Markham.

Chapman, L.J., and F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Vol. 2. Ontario Geologic Survey, Special Volume.

City of Markham 2014 City of Markham Official Plan, 2017 Consolidation. [online]. . 1991 The Markham Village Heritage Conservation District, Design Guidelines and Implementation Process. [Online] Accessed 20 September, 2016, at https://www.markham.ca/wps/wcm/connect/markhampublic/81542830-2113-455f-b735- 282a261a8a43/mvDP_guidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&useDefaultText=0&useDefault Desc=0 2001 A History of the Town of Markham. [online]. Available at: http://www.city.markham.on.ca/heritage/parta.htm [Accessed 25 August 2014] 2013 Markham Register of Property of Cultural Heritage Value or Interest. [online]. Accessed 12 September 2016, at: http://www2.markham.ca/markham/aspc/heritage/iF- browseAll.asp

Crossby, P.A. 1873 Lovell’s Gazetteer of British North America. Montreal: John Lovell.

Department of Energy, Mines and Resources 1992 National Topographic Survey (NTS) Sheet 30 M/14 (Markham)

Department of Militia and Defence 1917 National Topographic Survey (NTS) Sheet 30 M/14 (Markham).

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 29

Miles and Co. 1878 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the Country of York. Toronto.

Ministry of Culture, Ontario 1981 Guidelines on the Man-Made Heritage Component of Environmental Assessments 1992 Guidelines for Preparing the Cultural Heritage Resource Component of Environmental Assessments 2005 Ontario Heritage Act

Ministry of Environment, Ontario 2006 Environmental Assessment Act

Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, Ontario 2005 Ontario Planning Act 2005 Provincial Policy Statement

Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Ontario 2005 Ontario Heritage Act. 2006 Ontario Heritage Tool Kit 2010 Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Provincial Heritage Properties. 2010 Check Sheet for Environmental Assessments: Screening for Impacts to Built Heritage Resources and Cultural Heritage Landscapes

Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport 2005 Ontario Heritage Act. 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Cultural Programs Branch, Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Toronto.

Ministry of Transportation 2002 Environmental Reference for Highway Design 2006 Cultural Heritage – Built Heritage and Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Technical Requirements for Environmental Impact Study and Environmental Protection/Mitigation. 2007 Environmental Guide for Built Heritage and Cultural Heritage Landscapes

Robinson, C.B. 1885 History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario. C.B. Robinson, Toronto.

Smith, W.H. 1846 Smith’s Canadian Gazetteer. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell.

TRCA (Toronto and Region Conservation Authority) n.d. The Rouge River Watershed [online] Accessed 21 September, 2016, at https://trca.ca/conservation/watershed-management/rouge-river/ n.d. The Duffins Creek Watershed [online] Accessed 21 September, 2016, at https://trca.ca/wp- content/uploads/2016/04/2173_WatershedReportCards_Duffins_rev11_forWeb.pdf/

Tremaine G.R and Tremaine, G.M. 1860 Tremaine’s Map of the County of York, Canada West

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 30

7.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE INVENTORY

Table 4: Inventory of Cultural heritage resources (CHR) in the study area Resource Type Address/Location Recognition Description Photos BHR 1 Residence 4031 16th Avenue Designated, Historical: Part IV, OHA, -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham by-law 211- -Known as the Briarwood Farm, was constructed c. 1842 by a wealthy Scottish immigrant. 79 Design: - One and one-half storey red brick-clad Georgian Cottage residence with a low pitch end gable roof. -Covered front porch, six-over-six sash windows with louvered shutters on the north elevation. -There are two chimney stacks at either end of the roof, and an addition to the rear. -Accessed by established entrance drive off 16th Avenue, property features many mature trees.

Context: th -Located on the south side of 16 Avenue, an early transportation route -Reflects the nineteenth-century settlement along 16th Avenue through its style, scale/massing, set back and Satellite image of west and north elevation of the residence landscape features with entrance drive at forground, looking southeast -Currently obscured from view from 16th Avenue by mature trees. (Google Earth)

BHR 2 Residence 5928 16th Avenue Designated, Historical: Part IV, OHA, -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham by law 2003- -Known as the John D. Hess House 116 -Constructed in 1876 in Gothic Revival style

Design: - One and one-half storey polychromatic brick-clad house with an intersecting gable roof. -Residence features bargeboard, segmental arch windows, oriel window, and louvered shutters. -A one-storey roofed verandah is featured on the east elevation.

Context: -Located on the north side of 16th Avenue, an early transportation route -Forms part of a retirement community along with relocated Christian Ramer House (BRH 3)

South and east elevation of the residence

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 31

Resource Type Address/Location Recognition Description Photos BHR 3 Residence 5930 16th Avenue Designated, Historical: Part IV, OHA, -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham by-law -Known as the Christian Ramer House was constructed in 1876 2003-116 Design: - One and one-half storey Georgian Tradition residence with an intersecting gable roof. -T shaped in plan, with a large addition on the north elevation apparently reduced in size when the residence was relocated. -Covered front porch on the north elevation, oriel window on west elevation. -There are two chimney stacks at either end of the roof.

Context: -Located on the south side of 16th Avenue, an early transportation route -Relocated twice, most recently in 2003 adjacent to the Hess House (BHR 2) as part of a retirement community.

South elevation, looking north. Note the City of Markham commemorative plaque right of the doorway.

BHR 4 Modern 5970 16th Avenue Designated, Historical: Commercial Part V, OHA, -Modern commercial structure located within Markham Village Heritage Conservation District. infill Markham Village HCD Design: -One and one-half storey frame structure clad in red brick -Modern commercial strip mall with sidewalks and parking lots. -Designed to be sympathetic with historical setting of structure.

Context: -Located on the south side of 16th Avenue, an early transportation route -Located within Markham Village Heritage Conservation District.

South elevation of modern commercial structure, looking north.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 32

Resource Type Address/Location Recognition Description Photos BHR 5 Modern 5990 16th Avenue Designated, Historical: Commercial Part V, OHA, -Modern commercial structure located within Markham Village Heritage Conservation District. infill Markham Village HCD Design: -One and one-half storey frame structure clad in red brick -Modern commercial strip mall with sidewalks and parking lots. -Designed to be sympathetic with historical setting of structure.

Context: -Located on the south side of 16th Avenue, an early transportation route -Located within Markham Village Heritage Conservation District.

South elevation of modern commercial structure, looking northeast.

BHR 6 Modern 5999 16th Avenue Designated, Historical: Residential Part V, OHA, -Modern residence located within Markham Village Heritage Conservation District. infill Markham Village HCD Design: -One storey frame structure clad in red brick -Established driveway and mature trees south of Old 16th Avenue.

Context: -Located on the south side of Old 16th Avenue, the original alignment of 16th Avenue, an early transportation route -Located within Markham Village Heritage Conservation District.

North elevation of modern residence, looking south. (Google Earth)

BHR 7 Residence 6145 16th Avenue Designated, Historical: Part V, OHA, -Ontario Vernacular residence located within Markham Village Heritage Conservation District. Markham -Known as the Reverend Peter Cober House, built in 1899. Village HCD Design: -Two storey frame structure clad in modern siding. -Decorative wrap around front and side verandah with bargeboard.

Context: -Located on the south side of 16th Avenue, an early transportation route -Constructed for Reverend Peter Cober, a local Tunker (River Brethren) Minister on land owned by the Ramer family

North elevation showing decorative verandah, looking south.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 33

Resource Type Address/Location Recognition Description Photos BHR 8 Residence 9231 Woodbine Designated, Historical: Avenue Part IV, OHA, -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham by law 2006- -Known as the James Bliss House 258 -Constructed in 1869 by carpenter and wagon maker James Bliss

Design: -One and one-half storey Georgian Tradition house with gable roof. -L-shaped plan with stucco-clad exterior.

Context: -Formerly the site of a wagon shop and residence, with the wagon shop demolished. -Restored in 1995 and Integrated with modern Royal Bank development to the immediate north. North elevation of modern addition, looking south

BHR 9 Residence 9286 Kennedy Designated, Historical: Road Part IV, OHA, -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham by law 14-96 -Known as the George Hunter House -Constructed in 1860 in Gothic Revival/vernacular style

Design: -One and one-half storey frame house clad in vertical tongue and groove siding with an intersecting gable roof. -L-shaped in plan with single storey addition on the west elevation. -Structure is currently boarded up and in a poor state of repair.

Context: -Located on the west side of Kennedy Road, north of 16th Avenue, both early transportation routes -Forms part of a school grounds, structure does not appear to be in use.

South and east elevation of the residence

BHR 10 Residence 9221 Woodbine Designated, Historical: Avenue Part IV, OHA, -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham and the settlement of Buttonville. by law 2003- -Known as the Francis Button House 11 -Constructed in 1872 in Gothic Revival/ Ontario Classic style

Design: -One and one-half storey polychromatic brick-clad house with an intersecting gable roof. -Residence features segmental arch windows on the main floor, lancet window on the second floor on the west elevation. -A two-storey addition was constructed on the east elevation in the 1970s, replacing an earlier kitchen addition.

Context: -Located in the historic community of Buttonville, on the southeast corner of 16th Avenue and Woodbine Avenue, both early transportation routes. -Constructed by James Bliss as the retirement home for his father-in-law, Francis Button, a founder of the community of Buttonville. West elevation of the residence, looking east

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 34

Resource Type Address/Location Recognition Description Photos BHR 11 Residence 46 Timbermill Listed on Historical: Crescent (formerly Markham -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham 5815 16th Avenue) Register of -Constructed in 1840 in Classic Revival style Properties of Cultural Design: Heritage -Two storey frame structure with an end gable roof. Value or -Residence features a covered porch, symmetrical fenestration on the north elevation, and an external chimney on Interest the west elevation.

Context: -Located on the south side of 16th Avenue, an early transportation route -Obscured from view from 16th Avenue by mature vegetation. -As of November 2017, the driveway was relocated to the south on Timbermill Crescent and the address was changed to 46 Timbermill Crescent.

North elevation of the residence (Markham Register of Properties of Cultural Heritage Value or Interest).

BHR 12 Residence 6007 16th Avenue Listed on Historical: Markham -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham Register of -Constructed in 1907 in Edwardian Classical style Properties of Cultural Design: Heritage -Two storey stucco-clad house with rectangular massing and a pyramidal roof. Value or -Residence features a three bay north elevation with symmetrical fenestration, and an external chimney on the west Interest elevation.

Context: -Located on the south side of 16th Avenue, east of Main Street, both of which are early transportation routes. -Currently the site of a commercial renovation company.

North and west elevation of the residence (Markham Register of Properties of Cultural Heritage Value or Interest)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 35

Resource Type Address/Location Recognition Description Photos BHR 13 Residence 6330 16th Avenue Listed on Historical: Markham -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham Register of -Known as the John L. Reesor House Properties of -Constructed in 1840 in Classic Revival style Cultural Heritage Design: Value or -Two storey red brick-clad house with an end gable roof. Interest -Residence features covered verandah and asymmetrical fenestration on south elevation. -An addition of unknown construction date is featured on the west elevation.

Context: -Located on the north side of 16th Avenue, an early transportation route -Joseph Reesor, father of John L., laid out first subdivision for Markham Village, originally named Reesorville.

South elevation of the residence, looking north. Note construction activities around house.

BHR 14 Modern Infill 380 Main Street Designated, Historical: (gas station) North Part V, OHA, -Modern Esso gas station located within Markham Village Heritage Conservation District. Markham -Constructed in 1995. Village HCD Design: -Modern gas station with covered fuel pumps, convenience store, and parking facilities.

Context: -Located on the southwest corner of 16th Avenue and Main Street North, part of historical Markham Village. -Located within Markham Village Heritage Conservation District.

North elevation showing, looking southwest.

BHR 15 Modern 381 Main Street Designated, Historical: Commercial North Part V, OHA, -Modern commercial structure located within Markham Village Heritage Conservation District. Infill Markham -Constructed in 1985. Village HCD Design: -One storey Post-Modern style frame structure clad in brick.

Context: -Located on the southeast corner of 16th Avenue and Main Street North, part of historical Markham Village -Located within Markham Village Heritage Conservation District.

North elevation of structure, looking south.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 36

Resource Type Address/Location Recognition Description Photos BHR 16 Residence 9211 Woodbine Listed on Historical: Avenue Markham -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham Register of -Constructed in 1840 in Classic Revival style Properties of Cultural Design: Heritage -One-and-a-half storey frame structure with a hipped roof. Value or -Residence features a covered entranceway and four gabled dormers on the west elevation. Interest Context: -Located on the east side of Woodbine Avenue, an early transportation route -Current site of Trinity Montessori School

West elevation of the Trinity Montessori School (Google Earth).

CHL 1 Heritage Markham Village Designated, Historical: Conservation HCD Part V, OHA, -Identified as an area with unique cultural heritage value in 1988 study, with the HCD officially taking effect in 1991 District Markham -Centered around the core of the historical settlements of Markham Village (formerly Reesorville), Vinegar Hill, and Village HCD Mount Joy.

Design: -Centered on Main Street North, with a small portion extending to the northwest of 16th Avenue. -Structures features a number of architectural styles including Ontario Vernacular, High Victorian, and Queen Anne, with additional features that display elements of Italianate, Neo-Classical, Georgian, and Regency. Context: -Forms a collection of three sub-districts of Vinegar Hill, Mount Joy, and Markham Village. -Each sub-district features similarly-styled structures that were identified as being contributing elements to the historical setting of the communities of Markham Village, Vinegar Hill, and Mount Joy.

Markham Village HCD Map (City of Markham 1991)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 37

Resource Type Address/Location Recognition Description Photos CHL 2 Farmscape 9529 Reesor Road Designated, Historical: Part IV, OHA, -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham by-law -Known as the Samuel Irving House, was constructed 1876 by Samuel Irving 2004-105 Design: -One and one-half storey house with intersecting gable roof, built in Gothic Revival Style. -The exterior wall material consists of yellow brick with additions consisting of siding. -Active farmscape also features a gable roof barn, several outbuildings, established circulation routes, mature plantings, active agricultural fields, and treed field dividers.

Context: -Located on the northeast corner of 16th Avenue and Reesor Road, both of which are early transportation routes. -Reflects the nineteenth-century settlement along 16th Avenue through its style, scale/massing, set back and landscape features.

Residence in farmscape, looking east from Reesor Road

CHL 3 Farmscape 7797 16th Avenue Listed on Historical: Markham -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham Register of -Constructed 1876 Properties of Cultural Design: Heritage -One and one-half storey polychromatic brick structure with intersecting gable roof, built in Gothic Revival Value or Style. Interest -Active farmscape also features a gambrel roof barn, several outbuildings, established circulation routes, mature plantings, active agricultural fields, and treed field dividers.

Context: -Located on south side of 16th Avenue, an early transportation route. -Reflects the nineteenth-century settlement along 16th Avenue through its style, scale/massing, set back and landscape features. North elevation of farmhouse, looking south from 16th Avenue (Markham Register of Properties of Cultural Heritage Value or Interest)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 38

Resource Type Address/Location Recognition Description Photos CHL 4 Farmscape 7484 16th Avenue Listed on Historical: Markham -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham Register of -Known as the Pearse House, was constructed 1934 by Reuben R. Pearse. Properties of Cultural Design: Heritage -One and one-half storey red brick-clad house with gable roof and central dormer, built in Arts and Crafts Value or Style. Interest -Active farmscape also features a gambrel roof barn, several outbuildings, established circulation routes, mature plantings, active agricultural fields, fenced pastures, and treed field dividers.

Context: -Located on the northwest corner of 16th Avenue and Reesor Road, both of which are early transportation routes. -Reflects the nineteenth-century settlement along 16th Avenue through its style, scale/massing, set back and landscape features.

Gambrel roof barn, outbuildings, and fenced pastures, looking northeast from Donald Cousens Parkway.

CHL 5 Farmscape 7982 16th Avenue Listed on Historical: Markham -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham Register of -Constructed 1851. Properties of Cultural Design: Heritage -One and one-half storey house with intersecting gable roof, built in Gothic Revival/ Ontario Classic Style. Value or -Active farmscape also features a gambrel roof barn, several outbuildings, established circulation routes, Interest mature plantings, active agricultural fields, and treed field dividers.

Context: -Located on the northwest corner of 16th Avenue and York/Durham Line, both of which are early transportation routes. -Reflects the nineteenth-century settlement along 16th Avenue through its style, scale/massing, set back and landscape features.

Gambrel roof barn, outbuildings, and fenced pastures, looking northwest from 16th Avenue.

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 39

Resource Type Address/Location Recognition Description Photos CHL 6 Remnant 8156 16th Avenue Listed on Historical: Farmscape Markham -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham Register of -Residence constructed in 1851 (no longer present). Properties of Cultural Design: Heritage -Originally features a one and one-half storey house with end gable roof, built in Georgian Tradition style Value or (City of Markham Register of Properties of Cultural Heritage Value or Interest). Interest Context: -Located on the northwest corner of 16th Avenue and York/Durham Line, both of which are early transportation routes. -Structure appears to have been demolished between 2009 and 2012 based on a review of satellite imagery. -Immediate area is entirely overgrown and no structure or significant landscape features were visible.

Location of CHL 6, overgrown and lacking a visible structure, looking north from 16th Avenue.

CHL 7 School and 9350 Markham Listed on Historical: Museum Road Markham -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham Register of -School Section No. 15, Mount Joy School, constructed in 1900. Properties of Cultural Design: Heritage -Two storey red brick schoolhouse with a hipped roof and a three storey tower. Value or Interest Context: -Located on the northwest corner of 16th Avenue and Markham Road, both of which were early transportation routes -Reflects the nineteenth-century settlement along 16th Avenue through its style, scale/massing, set back and landscape features -Originally located at 9372 Markham Road, it was relocated to 9350 Markham Road after it was obtained by the Markham Museum.

East elevation of Mount Joy School, looking west from 16th Avenue (Markham Register of Properties of Cultural Heritage Value or Interest)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 40

Resource Type Address/Location Recognition Description Photos CHL 8 Farmscape 9318 Reesor Road Markham Historical: Register of -Associated with the historical development of the Township of Markham Properties of -Known as the George Miller House, was constructed 1839 by George Miller. Cultural Heritage Design: Value or -Two storey red brick house with a low pitch end gable roof. Interest -Part of an active farmscape also features several outbuildings, established circulation routes, mature plantings, active agricultural fields, and treed field dividers.

Context: -Located on the northwest corner of 16th Avenue and Reesor, both of which are early transportation routes. -Reflects the nineteenth-century settlement along 16th Avenue through its style, scale/massing, set back and landscape features. -Obscured from view by large, mature trees. -Likely associated with adjacent CHL 4 located at 7484 16th Avenue.

East elevation, looking west from 16th Avenue, with views of structure obscured by vegetation

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 41

8.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE LOCATION MAPPING

Figure 8: 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Key Map of study area

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 42

Figure 9: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 43

Figure 10: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 44

Figure 11: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 45

Figure 12: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 46

Figure 13: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 47

Figure 14: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 48

Figure 15: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs)

ASI Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Municipal Class EA City of Markham, York Region Page 49

Figure 16: Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line- Location of Built Heritage Resources (BHRs) and Cultural Heritage Landscapes (CHLs)

ASI