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Modernising Agriculture to Reduce Poverty

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Modernising Agriculture to Reduce Poverty REVUE GHANA 2 gravure - 224P OK:REVUE GHANA 2 gravure - 224P 12/04/10 9:03 Page 141 GHANA Agriculture: Modernising Agriculture to Reduce Poverty Introduction Annual rainfall varies between using rudimentary technology Agriculture is the backbone 800mm and 2,400mm, gener- to produce about 80% of the of the Ghanaian economy ally decreasing from south to total output. The production and a major foreign exchange north and from west to east. is primarily rain-fed. earner. It contributes about 35% to GDP, employs 55% of The agriculture sector is Performance the population on a formal made up of five major sub of the sector and informal basis and con- sectors – food crops, livestock, In spite of its importance, tributes about 45% of all fisheries, cocoa and forestry. growth has lagged behind export earnings. The aim of the sector is to other sectors of the economy ensure food security and and has been unpredictable, With a land area of some facilitate the production of as most farming is reliant 240,000 square kilometres, agricultural raw materials upon rainwater. Ghana produces a variety of for industry and agricultural crops in its three climatic commodities for export. Agricultural sector growth zones, which range from dry has averaged some 4.6 % savannah in the north through Agriculture is predomi- between 2000 and 2007. It transitional to wet forest, nantly practised on small- grew by 5.1 % in 2008 and which run in east-west bands. holder, family-operated farms posted a remarkable growth 141 GHANA NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR UNESCO REVUE GHANA 2 gravure - 224P OK:REVUE GHANA 2 gravure - 224P 12/04/10 9:03 Page 142 GHANA of 6.2 % in 2009, driven maize, 115% for plantain, include cotton, oil palm, rub- largely on account of good 117% for cocoyam, 214% for ber, coconut and sugarcane. rainfall patterns, good growth cassava to 350 % for yam. in the cocoa sub-sector and by As part of the government’s extension of the land under The main food crops grown export diversification program, cultivation, suggesting that the in the country include cassava, non-traditional export crops sector can indeed be a driver yams, plantains, maize, rice, have been heavily promoted of growth when the conditions peanuts, millet and sorghum, in Ghana. Pineapple, paw- are right. The forestry and among others. Ghana’s main paw, mango and cashew in logging sub-sector grew by export commodities are cocoa particular have received a lot 3.5 % while the fishing sub- and cocoa products, timber of attention under the export sector grew by 5.0%. and wood products, fish and diversification program. These efforts have resulted in an increase in the production and export of the fruits and pineapples in particular. Cocoa Cocoa production is one of the cornerstones of Ghana’s economy. After gold, cocoa is the second largest foreign exchange earner. The country also prides itself as the second biggest producer of the com- The sector also witnessed fish products, shea nuts and modity after its western neigh- a marked improvement in coffee. Other industrial crops bour, Côte d’Ivoire. food production in 2009 as a result of various initiatives pursued by the government to revamp the sector. On top of the achievements were a 20 % increase in rice produc- tion and 5 % increase in maize production, while sorghum and millet production went up by 20 % each. Groundnuts and cowpea also recorded a 3 % growth rate each. However, lack of techno- logical change and poor basic infrastructure impede a rapid growth of the sector. Production Ghana’s agricultural pro- duction meets only 50% of do- mestic cereal and meat needs, 60% of domestic fish con- sumption and less than 30% of the raw materials needed for agro-based industries. The level of self-sufficiency in food items varies from about 30% for rice to 92% for 142 GHANA NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR UNESCO REVUE GHANA 2 gravure - 224P OK:REVUE GHANA 2 gravure - 224P 12/04/10 9:03 Page 143 GHANA There are about 250,000 tonnes within the next three clear picture of the situation, cocoa farmers, each with years. To this end, interven- the opportunities and con- about five acres of land. In tions such as clearing of weeds, straints and provide some all, about 800,000 people are free supply of fertilizer and recommendations on the involved in the cocoa industry. free spraying of cocoa farms preliminary conditions nec- will be intensified to enable essary to revamp the cotton Cocoa production occurs farmers increase their yield industry. in the forested areas of the to meet the target. country where rainfall is The Government’s objec- 1,000 - 1,500 millimeters per The current installed tives in the medium term are year. The crop year begins in domestic processing capacity to increase the availability October, when purchases of is around 343,000 metric of improved planting mate- the main crop begin, while tonnes. This is in line with rial, enhance adoption of the smaller mid-crop cycle the target of processing 50 % improved agronomic prac- starts in July. of cocoa beans locally by the tices, promote large scale year 2010/2011 as a medium commercial farming and Ghana’s full season 2008/ term policy. rehabilitate irrigation dams. 09 cocoa harvest hit 710,638 tonnes, marking a 4.5% rise Industrial crops Irrigation over the previous season and The major industrial crops Although irrigation is the third best performance such as cotton, coconut, oil crucial to boosting agricul- since 1965. This was achieved palm and rubber are con- ture, less than 1% of arable as a result of implementation strained by unavailability land is under irrigation and of good policies such as remu- of high yielding planting the poor management of nerative producer prices (about material, poor agronomic existing systems further limits 70% of the net fob value) and practices and cultivation of their effectiveness. Formal payment of bonuses, effec- small holdings. public irrigation schemes are operating at about one-third of their design and capacity with low yielding and low cropping intensity because of poor operation and main- tenance of irrigation facil- ities, the latter partly due to inadequate cost recovery. It is therefore no surprise that irrigation has not as yet impacted significantly on Ghana’s food production. The current area under cultivation is 11,000 ha whereas the potential area, including inland valleys, that could be developed for irrigation is estimated at tive diseases and pest con- In the case of cotton pro- 500,000 ha. trol exercise, and improving duction, government and the the agronomic practices on key players are facing serious Recognising the impor- cocoa farms. difficulties. The French Devel- tance of irrigation in the eco- opment Agency, Agence Fran- nomic development of Ghana, Ghana Cocoa Board, the çaise de Développement (AFD), Government in 2009 made state-owned company that has accepted to support the efforts to develop and improve purchases and exports cocoa, sector. AFD and the Ministry on existing irrigation facil- has projected to increase the of Food and Agriculture have ities, including the rehabili- country’s annual cocoa pro- agreed to conduct a diagnos- tation of 72 breached dams/ duction to one million metric tic study in order to have a dugouts which are now at 143 GHANA NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR UNESCO REVUE GHANA 2 gravure - 224P OK:REVUE GHANA 2 gravure - 224P 12/04/10 9:03 Page 144 GHANA aggregate level of 30% to 80% by the year 2015 and contribute to the reduction of the incidence of poverty among farmers, who are also livestock farmers, from 59% to 30% by the year 2015. The key strategies are to: focus in improving animal health (using community ani- mal health workers); improve access to quality feed and various stages of completion. duction of meat is insuffi- water; enhance performance Government has also con- cient to meet the growing of indigenous breeds through tracted a grant to finance a local demand. a programme of selection; feasibility study of the Accra develop commercial poultry Plains Irrigation Project. The challenges facing the as the priority for improving Detailed designs of 5,000 ha livestock sub-sector include meat supply in the short term; for the first phase of the devel- low genetic material of live- improve access of operators to opment of the project have stock species, poor manage- technology and appropriate been concluded and the imple- ment practices, inadequate financial instruments; advo- mentation will commence availability of quality feed, low cate fair trade; and advocate during 2010. The project when application of good agricul- an enabling environment for completed will be used to cul- tural practices in production, intensive urban and peri- tivate crops such as banana, handling and transportation urban livestock farming. soya bean, rice, pineapple, of livestock/livestock products mango, maize, groundnut and and poor quality of data and As part of the revitaliza- cowpea. This will help boost monitoring system. tion effort, the government agricultural production and contribute to the satisfaction of growing domestic demand for food and raw materials for agro-based industries in the country. Livestock Livestock farming is main- ly in northern parts of the country (Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions) and the Accra plains. Cattle, sheep and goats, pigs, and poultry constitute the major types of livestock produced in Ghana. Of these, the poultry industry is the largest and most successful. It is estimated that the live- stock population in Ghana is about 30 million heads. National Livestock Policy undertook to rehabilitate and The goals of the livestock restock the six cattle stations Commercial production policy are increasing the at Pong-Tamale, Ejura, Babile, of farm animals has grown supply of meat, animal and Kintampo, Amrahia and significantly over the past dairy products from domestic Nungua, but these efforts five years.
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