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Production and Characterization of Exopolysaccharides by Geobacillus Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides by Geobacillus thermodenitrificans ArzA-6 and Geobacillus toebii ArzA-8 strains isolated from an Armenian geothermal spring Hovik Panosyan, Paola Di Donato, Annarita Poli & Barbara Nicolaus Extremophiles Microbial Life Under Extreme Conditions ISSN 1431-0651 Volume 22 Number 5 Extremophiles (2018) 22:725-737 DOI 10.1007/s00792-018-1032-9 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Extremophiles (2018) 22:725–737 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-018-1032-9 ORIGINAL PAPER Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides by Geobacillus thermodenitrifcans ArzA‑6 and Geobacillus toebii ArzA‑8 strains isolated from an Armenian geothermal spring Hovik Panosyan1 · Paola Di Donato2,3 · Annarita Poli2 · Barbara Nicolaus2 Received: 5 April 2018 / Accepted: 13 May 2018 / Published online: 19 May 2018 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract The thermal ecosystems, including geothermal springs, are proving to be source of thermophiles able to produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs). Among the sixteen thermophilic bacilli isolated from sediment sampled from Arzakan geothermal spring, Armenia, two best EPSs producer strains were identifed based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and pheno- typic characteristics, and designated as Geobacillus thermodenitrifcans ArzA-6 and Geobacillus toebii ArzA-8 strains. EPSs production was investigated under diferent time, temperature and culture media’s composition. The highest specifc EPSs production yield (0.27 g g−1 dry cells and 0.22 g g−1 dry cells for strains G. thermodenitrifcans ArzA-6 and G. toebii ArzA-8, respectively) was observed after 24 h when fructose was used as sole carbon source at 65 °C and pH 7.0. Purifed EPSs displayed a high molecular mass: 5 × 105 Da for G. thermodenitrifcans ArzA-6 and 6 × 105 Da for G. toebii ArzA-8. Chemical composition and structure of the biopolymers, determined by GC–MS, HPAE-PAD and NMR, showed that both 25 °C the two EPSs are heteropolymers composed by mannose as major monomer unit. Optical rotation values [α]D of the two −1 EPSs (2 mg ml ­H2O) were − 142,135 and − 128,645 for G. thermodenitrifcans ArzA-6 and G. toebii ArzA-8, respectively. Keywords Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) · Thermophiles · 16S rRNA gene sequence · Geobacillus · Chemical analysis Introduction and chemical structure are very varied: they are homo- or heteropolysaccharides containing also diferent organic and High molecular mass extracellular carbohydrate polymers, inorganic substituents (Sutherland 1997; Mishra and Jha exopolysaccharides (EPS), constitute part of the outer enve- 2013). In addition to their structural function, EPSs also lope of many prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms participate in the process of adhesion to both biological and (Sutherland 1997; Pal and Paul 2008; Nwodo et al. 2012; inert surfaces, in cell-to-cell aggregation processes and in Nicolaus et al. 2013; Finore et al. 2016). Their composition bioflm formation (Nwodo et al. 2012; Mishra and Jha 2013). Moreover, they serve as efcient protective barrier against adverse physical and chemical factors (Nichols et al. 2005; Communicated by A. Oren. Wolfaardt et al. 1999; Nwodo et al. 2012) and play a role in the protection against desiccation, predation by protozoans * Hovik Panosyan [email protected] and viruses and in the survival in nutrient-starved environ- ments (Kumar et al. 2007). 1 Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology The EPSs produced by prokaryotes display a wide struc- and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, Alex tural diversity and, therefore, have found a wide range of Manoogian 1, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia 2 applications in diferent industrial sectors due to their physi- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Council cal, rheological and some other unique properties (Freitas of Research (C.N.R.), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy et al. 2011; Mishra and Jha 2013). EPSs possible commer- cial applications range from pharmaceutical to food pro- 3 Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Naples, cessing, but can also be extended to the detoxifcation and Italy bioremediation processes, to the production of paints, in the Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 Author's personal copy 726 Extremophiles (2018) 22:725–737 feld of bionanotechnology and in the petrochemicals’ pol- In this paper, we described two thermophilic EPSs pro- lution removal (Sutherland 1997; Sun et al. 2011; Mishra ducer strains isolated from an Armenian geothermal spring. and Jha 2013). In recent years, increasing attention has been The best production conditions and the chemical–physical paid to their biological activities as antioxidant (Raveen- features of the relative EPSs were also investigated. dran et al. 2015) anticoagulant and angiogenic (Matou et al. 2005), antiviral (Arena et al. 2009; Ghosh et al. 2009; Gug- liandolo et al. 2015), immunomodulatory (Lin et al. 2011; Materials and methods Gugliandolo et al. 2014), antitumor (Ruiz–Ruiz et al. 2011), anti-infammatory, antithrombotic, antiatherosclerotic, anti- Strains’ isolation and phenotypic characterization metastatic and complement-inhibiting molecules (Molina et al. 2013). Thermophilic bacilli strains were isolated in sediment sam- Many species of bacteria possess the ability to synthe- ples from Arzakan (Armenia) geothermal spring which is size and excrete extracellular polysaccharides (Donot et al. located at 40° 27′ 36.10′′N, 44° 36′ 17.76′′E, at 1490 m 2012). EPSs producing microbes have been isolated from above sea level. At the sampling site of the thermal fuid, the diferent natural sources including extreme niches such as temperature was 44 °C, the pH was 7.2 and the conductivity geothermal springs, cold environments, salt lakes and salt- was 4378.3 µS sm−1. erns (Poli et al. 2010, 2017; Nicolaus et al. 2013; Molina To enrich aerobic endospore-forming thermophilic bacte- et al. 2013). Extreme environments are a precious source ria, sediment samples (1 g) were suspended in 10 ml of ster- of EPSs producer extremophilic microbes that ofer a great ile water and mixed for 1 min. Supernatants were transferred diversity in the chemical and physical properties of their to a glass tube with a screw cup and pasteurized at 80 °C for exopolymers. Among the extremophiles, thermophilic EPSs 10 min in order to isolate only endospore-forming bacilli. producing microbes have found numerous applications in 1.0 ml aliquots were inoculated in nutrient broth (Difco) various industrial felds (Molina et al. 2013) thanks to the and incubated overnight at 65 °C with shaking at 150 rpm. unique chemical composition and properties of their extra- Then, 0.5 ml aliquots of appropriate dilution were placed cellular polysaccharides. The main advantages achievable on the same medium supplemented with agar (1.5%, w v −1) using thermophilic producers include short fermentation and incubated overnight at 65 °C. Cultures showing difer- process, better mass transfer and decreased viscosity of the ent colony morphology were picked and further purifed by fermentation broth. In addition, unlike mesophilic analo- streaking on the same medium at least three times. gous, thermophilic EPSs producers provide no-pathogenic The screening for EPSs production was carried out by products, appropriated for application in food industry, phar- incubation shake fasks at 65 °C and pH 7.0, in a liquid macy and cosmetics (Nicolaus et al. 2013). medium A containing (g l−1) glucose, 6; yeast extract, 0.2; Among the various thermal ecosystems, marine hydro- peptone, 0.1; MgSO 4, 0.1; KCl, 0.2. The mucous consist- thermal vents and geothermal springs are proving to be ency of the colonies on the same solidifed medium was used source of thermophiles that are able to produce interesting as indicator of potential EPSs production. The cell morphol- biopolymers, including EPSs. Over the past 20 years, an ogy and sizes, endospore forms and location, motility were increasing number of EPSs producing thermophilic genera determined by phase-contrast microscopy (Nikon; Eclipse and species belonging both Bacteria and Archaea domains E400 microscope) of freshly prepared wet cells. Tests for have been isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents and catalase and oxidase, anaerobic growth, Voges–Proskauer terrestrial geothermal springs (Guezennec 2002; Poli et al. reaction, hydrolysis of casein, starch and Tween 80, cit- 2010; Mishra and Jha 2013; Nicolaus et al. 2013). rate and propionate utilization, nitrate reduction, H2S and Thermophilic bacilli, due to their very fast growth in indole production were performed according to the methods comparatively simple media with cheap carbon and nitro- described by Smibert and Krieg (1981). The
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