Handbook of Child Well-Being

Asher Ben-Arieh • Ferran Casas Ivar Frønes • Jill E. Korbin Editors

Theories, Methods and Policies in Global Perspective

With 138 Figures and 85 Tables Editors Asher Ben-Arieh Ivar Frønes Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Department of Sociology and Social Welfare Human Geography The Hebrew University of Jerusalem University of Oslo Jerusalem, Israel Oslo, Norway

Ferran Casas The Norwegian Center for Child Research Institute of Quality of Life Behavioural Development University of Girona University of Oslo Girona, Spain Oslo, Norway

Jill E. Korbin Department of Anthropology Schubert Center for Child Studies Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, USA

ISBN 978-90-481-9062-1 ISBN 978-90-481-9063-8 (eBook) ISBN 978-90-481-9064-5 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013942189

# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Acknowledgments

We express our gratitude to all who have made this project into a reality. As Asher drew us together, asking what we were doing for the next several years of our lives, we worked to bring together the multiple perspectives involved in child well-being. We thank the more than 200 authors and coauthors who contributed more than 110 state-of-the-art chapters to the Handbook. Our colleagues’ chapters reﬂect not only their expertise but also their commitment to child well-being. The chapters reﬂect international and transdisciplinary perspectives. We thank the International Society for Child Indicators that has been an intellectual home for this project and supported our editorial board meetings. We also thank our home institutions for offering us encouragement and support in time and resources. We thank our editors at Springer, Myriam Poort and Esther Otten, who believed in this project from its inception and have contributed enormously to its successful completion, and to Miranda Dijksman for her outstanding organizational and editorial skills in all aspects of the Handbook. We thank Daphna Gross-Manos, our editorial assistant. This work would not have been possible without her tireless, dedicated, and expert work. She is a scholar in her own right and also authored a chapter in the Handbook. Finally, all of us owe a debt of gratitude to the countless children and families around the world who participated in the research presented in this book. Last, but not least, we express our gratitude to our families who supported us while we traveled for editorial board meetings and read through the mounds of chapters that crossed our desks. We dedicate this Handbook to them, to our spouses and partners, to our children, and our grandchildren.

About the Editors

Professor Asher Ben-Arieh

Asher Ben-Arieh is a professor of social work at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the director of the Haruv Institute in Jerusalem. He served for 20 years as the associate director of Israel’s National Council for the Child. He has been a visiting fellow at Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago and the Institute on Family and Neighborhood Life in Clemson University. Since 1990 and until 2011, he has been the founding editor-in-chief of the annual The State of the Child in Israel. Professor Ben-Arieh is one of the leading international experts on social indicators, particularly, as they relate to child well-being. He initiated and coordinated the International Project Measuring and Monitoring Children Well-Being, was among the founding members of the International Soci- ety for Children Indicators (ISCI), and elected to be its ﬁrst co-chair. Asher has published extensively on social policy, child welfare, and indicators of children well-being. Professor Ben-Arieh is the founding editor-in-chief of the journal Child Indicators Research (CIR) and the book series Child Well Being: Indicators and Research. Ben-Arieh was born in Jerusalem; he is married and has three children.

vii viii About the Editors

Professor Ferran Casas

Ferran Casas is a senior professor of social psychology in the Faculty of Education and Psychology at the University of Girona (Spain). He leads ERIDIQV research team (Research Team of Children’s Rights and their Quality of Life), at the Research Institute on Quality of Life, University of Girona. His main topics of research are children’s and adolescents’ well-being and quality of life, children’s rights, adolescents and audiovisual media, and adolescents-parents relationships. For the last 10 years, he has been involved in 10 international research projects, 3 of them supported by the European Commission – the most recent one being the YIPPEE project (Young People from a Public care background: pathways to Education in Europe). He has been a visiting fellow at the Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, in Porto Alegre (Brazil). At present, Professor Casas partici- pates in new international projects and developing systems of subjective indicators of children’s and adolescents’ well-being, mainly for the International Survey of Children’s Well-Being (ISCWeB, Children’s Worlds). He is a member of the Boards of the International Society for Child Indicators (ISCI) and of the Interna- tional Society for Quality of Life Studies (ISQOLS). From 1990 to 1993, he was the director of the Centro de Estudios del Menor, depending of the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs, in Madrid (Spain). From 1992 to 1996, Professor Casas was the chair of the Experts Committee on Childhood Policies of the Council of Europe (Strasbourg, France). He was the first president of the Advisory Board of Childwatch International (Oslo, Norway), until 1996, and continued as a member of that Board until 2005. Casas also was the first director of the Research Institute on Quality of Life of the University of Girona (Spain), and, for 18 years, he has been the director of the journal Intervencioń Psicosocial. Professor Casas has authored and coauthored 15 books, more than 40 book chapters, and over 100 papers in scientific journals, in 9 different languages, most of them related to well-being and QOL. About the Editors ix

Professor Ivar Frønes

Ivar Frønes is a professor of sociology at the University of Oslo, Norway, and senior researcher at the Norwegian Center for Child Behavioural Development. His work and international experience cover a variety of areas, with an emphasis on life course analysis; children, youth, and family sociology; well-being and social exclusion. Professor Frønes is a member of the Board of the International Society for Child Indicators. He is the founder of the journal Childhood, and among the group that initiated Childwatch International. His numerous publications cover a variations of perspectives on childhood, as illustrated by publications such as “Among Peers” (1995), “Status Zero Youth in the Welfare Society” (2007), “On theories of dialogue, self and society: Redeﬁning socialization and the acquisition of meaning in light of the inter-subjective matrix” (2007), “Theorizing indicators – On indicators, signs and trends” (2007), “Childhood: Leisure, Culture and Peers” (2009), and (with Ragnhild Brusdal) “The purchase of moral positions: an essay on the markets of concerned parenting” (2013). In Scandinavia, he has published books on digital divides, modern childhood, marginalization and risk, cultural trends, and a variety of subjects related to childhood, youth, and life course development. At present, he is working on projects on life course, childhood, and marginalization. x About the Editors

Professor Jill E. Korbin

Jill E. Korbin, Ph.D. (1978 U.C.L.A.), is associate dean, professor of anthropology, director of the Schubert Center for Child Studies, and codirector of the Childhood Studies Program in the College of Arts and Sciences at Case Western Reserve University. Her awards include the Margaret Mead Award (1986) from the American Anthropological Association and the Society for Applied Anthropology; a Congressional Science Fellowship (1985–1986 in the Office of Senator Bill Bradley) through the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Society for Research in Child Development; the Wittke Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching at Case Western Reserve University (1992); and a Fulbright Senior Specialist Award (2005). Korbin has published on child maltreatment in relationship to culture and context, and edited the first volume on culture and child maltreatment, Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspec- tives (1981, University of California Press). Korbin and Richard Krugman, M.D., are currently coediting a book series, Child Maltreatment: Contemporary Issues in Research and Policy, published by Springer. Korbin’s research interests include culture and human development; cultural, medical, and psychological anthropology; neighborhood, community, and contextual influences on children and families; child maltreatment; and child and adolescent well-being. Advisory Board

Jonathan Bradshaw University of York, York, UK Vinod Chandra Lucknow University, Lucknow, India Jaap E. Doek Vrije Universiteit, Lisse, Netherlands Howard Dubowitz University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA Jeanne Fagnani The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France James Garbarino Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, USA Scott Huebner University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA Bong Joo Lee Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Yehualashet Mekonen The African Child Policy Forum (ACPF), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Bernhard Nauck Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany Jorge Castella Sarriera Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Fiona Stanley The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia Cecilia Von Feilitzen So¨derto¨rn University, Huddinge, Sweden Thomas S. Weisner University of California, Los Angeles, USA Rita Zˇ ukauskiene˙ Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Contents

Volume 1

1 Multifaceted Concept of Child Well-Being ...... 1 Asher Ben-Arieh, Ferran Casas, Ivar Frønes, and Jill E. Korbin

Section I Multiple Perspectives on Child Well-Being ...... 29 2 History of Children’s Well-Being ...... 31 Bengt Sandin 3 Culture, Context, and Child Well-Being ...... 87 Thomas S. Weisner 4 Children, Gender, and Issues of Well-Being ...... 105 Harriet Bjerrum Nielsen and Barrie Thorne 5 Childhood and Intergenerationality: Toward an Intergenerational Perspective on Child Well-Being ...... 131 Leena Alanen

Section II Multiple Approaches to Child Well-Being ...... 161 6 Child Well-Being: A Philosophical Perspective ...... 163 Alexander Bagattini 7 Child Well-Being: Children’s Rights Perspective ...... 187 Jaap E. Doek 8 Neuroscience and Child Well-Being ...... 219 Adeline Jabe`s and Charles A. Nelson 9 Educational Science and Child Well-Being ...... 249 Sabine Andresen 10 Geographies of Children’s Well-Being: in, of, and for Place .... 279 John H. McKendrick

xiii xiv Contents

11 Child Healthcare and Child Well-Being: From the Past to the Future ...... 301 Christopher Greeley and Howard Dubowitz 12 Public Health Aspects of Child Well-Being ...... 317 Sally Brinkman and Fiona Stanley 13 Well-Being of Children: A Criminologic Perspective ...... 351 Mimi Ajzenstadt 14 Economics of Child Well-Being ...... 363 Gabriella Conti and James J. Heckman 15 Social Work and Child Well-Being ...... 403 Sheila B. Kamerman and Shirley Gatenio-Gabel 16 Children’s Well-Being and Politics ...... 415 Jo Moran-Ellis, Anna Bandt, and Heinz Sunker€ 17 Mediated Well-Being from the Perspective of Media and Communication Studies ...... 437 Divina Frau-Meigs 18 Child Well-Being: Anthropological Perspectives ...... 485 Edward G. J. Stevenson and Carol M. Worthman 19 Social Psychology and Child Well-Being ...... 513 Ferran Casas, Mo`nica Gonza´lez, and Dolors Navarro 20 Psychology of Child Well-Being ...... 555 Arne Holte, Margaret M. Barry, Mona Bekkhus, Anne Inger Helmen Borge, Lucy Bowes, Ferran Casas, Oddgeir Friborg, Bjørn Grinde, Bruce Headey, Thomas Jozeﬁak, Ratib Lekhal, Nic Marks, Ruud Muffels, Ragnhild Bang Nes, Espen Røysamb, Jens C. Thimm, Svenn Torgersen, Gisela Trommsdorff, Ruut Veenhoven, Joar Vittersø, Trine Waaktaar, Gert G. Wagner, Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson Wang, Bente Wold, and Henrik Daae Zachrisson

Volume 2

Section III Theoretical Approaches to Child Well-Being ...... 633 21 Understanding the Well-Being of Children and Adolescents Through Homeostatic Theory ...... 635 Robert A. Cummins 22 Sociology: Societal Structure, Development of Childhood, and the Well-Being of Children ...... 663 Jens Qvortrup Contents xv

23 Children’s Well-Being and Interpretive Reproduction ...... 709 William A. Corsaro 24 Capability Approach as a Framework for Research on Children’s Well-Being ...... 739 Susann Fegter and Martina Richter

25 Socialization and Childhood in Sociological Theorizing ...... 759 Lourdes Gaita´n

Section IV Children’s Activities and Well-Being ...... 795 26 Schooling and Children’s Subjective Well-Being ...... 797 E. Scott Huebner, Kimberly J. Hills, Xu Jiang, Rachel F. Long, Ryan Kelly, and Michael D. Lyons 27 Children’s Work ...... 821 Michael Bourdillon

28 After-School Activities and Leisure Education ...... 863 Jaume Trilla, Ana Ayuste, and Ingrid Agud

29 Play and Well-Being in Children’s Life ...... 895 Jan Van Gils 30 Sport, Children, and Well-Being ...... 911 Yngvar Ommundsen, Knut Løndal, and Sigmund Loland 31 Artistic Activity and Child Well-Being in Early Schooling: Revisiting the Narratives ...... 941 Jolyn Blank 32 Civic Engagement and Child and Adolescent Well-Being ...... 957 Daniel Hart, Kyle Matsuba, and Robert Atkins 33 State of the Field: Youth Community Service in the USA ...... 977 Edward Metz 34 Time Use, Inequality, and Child Well-Being ...... 999 Sara Raley

Section V Arts, Creativity and Child Well-Being ...... 1033 35 Images of Child Well-Being in the Arts ...... 1035 Ellen Handler Spitz 36 Role of Art and Creativity in Child Culture and Socialization ...... 1053 Khin Yee Lo and Koji Matsunobu xvi Contents

37 Imagination, Play, and the Role of Performing Arts in the Well-Being of Children ...... 1079 Philip E. Silvey

Section VI Spirituality and Religion ...... 1099 38 Relation of Spiritual Development to Youth Health and Well-Being: Evidence from a Global Study ...... 1101 Peter C. Scales, Amy K. Syvertsen, Peter L. Benson, Eugene C. Roehlkepartain, and Arturo Sesma, Jr. 39 Religion and Child Well-Being ...... 1137 George W. Holden and Paul Alan Williamson 40 Religion, Spirituality, and Child Well-Being ...... 1171 Kurt Bangert 41 Islamic Education and Youth Well-Being in Muslim Countries, with a Speciﬁc Reference to Algeria ...... 1209 Habib Tiliouine

Volume 3

Section VII An Ecological Perspective on Child Well-Being ..... 1227 42 Family and Child Well-Being ...... 1229 Cigdem Kagitcibasi 43 Effects of School on the Well-Being of Children and Adolescents ...... 1251 Francisco Juan Garcı´a Bacete, Ghislaine Marande Perrin, Barry H. Schneider, and Celine Blanchard 44 Community and Place-Based Understanding of Child Well-Being ...... 1307 Claudia J. Coulton and James C. Spilsbury 45 Children’s Social Networks and Well-Being ...... 1335 Deborah Belle and Joyce Benenson 46 Ecological Perspective on Child Well-Being ...... 1365 James Garbarino

Section VIII Economy/Material Well-Being ...... 1385 47 Poverty and Social Exclusion ...... 1387 Gerry Redmond Contents xvii

48 Well-Being and Children in a Consumer Society ...... 1427 Ragnhild Brusdal and Ivar Frønes 49 Children’s Material Living Standards in Rich Countries ...... 1445 Gill Main and Kirsten Besemer 50 Child Costs ...... 1483 Bruce Bradbury 51 Child Labor and Children’s Economic Contributions ...... 1509 Scott Lyon and Furio Camillo Rosati 52 Childhood and Inequalities: Generational Distributive Justice and Disparities ...... 1523 Helmut Wintersberger 53 Economics of Child Well-Being: Measuring Effects of Child Welfare Interventions ...... 1563 Anna Aizer and Joseph J. Doyle, Jr.

Section IX Life Course and Child Well-Being ...... 1603 54 Infancy and Well-Being ...... 1605 Heidi Keller 55 Early Childhood: Dimensions and Contexts of Development and Well-Being ...... 1629 Elizabeth Fernandez 56 Developmental Assets and the Promotion of Well-Being in Middle Childhood ...... 1649 Peter C. Scales

57 Child Well-Being and the Life Course ...... 1679 Richard A. Settersten, Jr., Megan M. McClelland, and Alicia Miao

58 Adolescence and Well-Being ...... 1713 Rita Zˇ ukauskiene˙ 59 Monitoring the Health and Well-Being of Developing Children in Changing Contexts: A Framework for Action ..... 1739 Bonnie Leadbeater, Wayne Mitic, and Michael Egilson

60 Transition to Adulthood ...... 1763 Janel Benson xviii Contents

Section X Interpersonal Relations ...... 1785 61 Allomothers and Child Well-Being ...... 1787 Courtney L. Meehan

62 Sibling Relationships and Children’s Social Well-Being ...... 1817 K. Ripoll-Nu´n˜ez and Sonia Carrillo 63 The Role of Peers in Children’s Lives and Their Contribution to Child Well-Being: Theory and Research ...... 1843 Daphna Gross-Manos 64 Children’s Social and Emotional Relationships and Well-Being: From the Perspective of the Child ...... 1865 Colette McAuley and Wendy Rose 65 Children as Caregivers ...... 1893 Ruth Evans 66 Why Are Relationships Important to Children’s Well-Being? ...... 1917 Ross A. Thompson

Volume 4

Section XI Media and Communication and Child Well-Being .... 1955 67 Analysis of Children’s Television Characters and Media Policies ...... 1957 Andre´ H. Caron and Jennie M. Hwang 68 News Media and Child Well-Being ...... 1979 Cynthia Carter 69 Conﬂict, Media, and Child Well-Being ...... 2013 Dafna Lemish and Maya Gotz€ 70 Advertising and Child Well-Being ...... 2031 Agnes Nairn 71 Media Literacy and Well-Being of Young People ...... 2057 Manisha Pathak-Shelat 72 Internet and Child Well-Being ...... 2093 Veronika Kalmus, Andra Siibak, and Lukas Blinka 73 Children’s Well-Being and Communication ...... 2135 Florencia Enghel Contents xix

Section XII Well-Being and the Family ...... 2151 74 Conciliating Parents’ Labor and Family Life ...... 2153 Anna Escobedo 75 Parenting Styles and Child Well-Being ...... 2173 Marı´a Jose´ Rodrigo, Sonia Byrne, and Beatriz Rodrı´guez 76 Does Family Matter? The Well-Being of Children Growing Up in Institutions, Foster Care and Adoption ...... 2197 Christie Schoenmaker, Femmie Juffer, Marinus H. van IJzendoorn, and Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg 77 Family-Related Factors Inﬂuencing Child Well-Being ...... 2229 Lluı´s Flaquer

Section XIII Health and Child Well-Being ...... 2257 78 Health and Child Well-Being ...... 2259 Tim Moore and Frank Oberklaid 79 Infant Rearing in the Context of Contemporary Neuroscience ...... 2281 Penelope Leach

80 Illness and Child Well-Being ...... 2319 Noboru Kobayashi, Yoichi Sakakihara, Kengo Nishimaki, Hideo Mimuro, Junko Shimizu, Akira Matsui, Nobuaki Kobayashi, and Yuichiro Yamashiro

81 HIV and AIDS and Its Impact on Child Well-Being ...... 2355 Eddy J. Walakira, Ismael Ddumba-Nyanzi, and David Kaawa-Mafigiri 82 Cultural Roots of Well-Being and Resilience in Child Mental Health ...... 2379 Mońica Ruiz-Casares, Jaswant Guzder, Cećile Rousseau, and Laurence J. Kirmayer

83 Body Image and Child Well-Being ...... 2409 Kristina Holmqvist Gattario, Ann Frise´n, and Eileen Anderson-Fye

Section XIV Well-Being and Children’s Rights ...... 2437 84 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and Child Well-Being ...... 2439 Laura Lundy xx Contents

85 Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and Its Effect on Child Well-Being ...... 2463 Yehualashet Mekonen and Melhiku Tiruneh

86 Child Participation, Constituent of Community Well-Being . . . . 2503 Alejandro Cusiianovich Villarań and Marta Martıńez Munõz 87 Children’s Perspectives on Nurturance and Self-Determination Rights: Implications for Development and Well-Being ...... 2537 Martin D. Ruck, Michele Peterson-Badali, and Charles C. Helwig 88 “Because It’s the Right (or Wrong) Thing to Do”: When Children’s Well-Being Is the Wrong Outcome ...... 2561 Gary B. Melton

Volume 5

Section XV Risk and Vulnerability ...... 2575 89 Complex Roots and Branches of Antisocial Behavior ...... 2577 Terje Ogden 90 Plight of Victims of School Bullying: The Opposite of Well-Being ...... 2593 Dan Olweus and Kyrre Breivik 91 Crime Victimization and Child Well-Being ...... 2617 Tali Gal 92 Children at Risk: The Case of Latin American Street Youth . . . 2653 Marcela Raffaelli, Normanda Araujo de Morais, and Silvia H. Koller 93 Maltreated Children ...... 2669 Ignacia Arruabarrena

Section XVI Methods, Measures and Indicators ...... 2697 94 Objective or Subjective Well-Being? ...... 2699 Nick Axford, David Jodrell, and Tim Hobbs 95 Methodologies Used in the Construction of Composite Child Well-Being Indices ...... 2739 Vicki L. Lamb and Kenneth C. Land 96 Researching Children: Research on, with, and by Children . . . . 2757 Jan Mason and Elizabeth Watson 97 Mapping Domains and Indicators of Children’s Well-Being . . . 2797 Bong Joo Lee Contents xxi

98 Indices of Child Well-Being and Developmental Contexts ..... 2807 Kristin Anderson Moore, David Murphey, Tawana Bandy, and Elizabeth Lawner 99 Positive and Protective Factors in Adolescent Well-Being ..... 2823 Laura H. Lippman, Renee Ryberg, Mary Terzian, Kristin A. Moore, Jill Humble, and Hugh McIntosh 100 Different Sources of Information ...... 2867 Robert M. Goerge 101 Mixed Methods in Research on Child Well-Being ...... 2879 M. Clara Barata and Hirokazu Yoshikawa

102 Ethics of Researching Children’s Well-Being ...... 2895 Virginia Morrow and Jo Boyden

Section XVII Interventions and Policies that Promote Child Well-Being ...... 2919 103 Overview: Social Policies and Child Well-Being ...... 2921 Jonathan Bradshaw

104 Children in State Care ...... 2945 Jorge F. del Valle 105 Child Protection and Child Well-Being ...... 2965 Lawrence M. Berger and Kristen Shook Slack 106 Key Elements and Strategies of Effective Early Childhood Education Programs: Lessons from the Field ...... 2993 C. Momoko Hayakawa and Arthur J. Reynolds 107 Advancing Child and Adolescent Well-Being Through Positive Youth Development and Prevention Programs ...... 3025 Laura Ferrer-Wreder 108 Data-Based Child Advocacy ...... 3043 William P. O’Hare

Section XVIII Global Issues in Child Well-Being ...... 3069 109 Reﬂections on the Well-Being of Child Soldiers ...... 3071 David M. Rosen 110 Migration and Child Well-Being ...... 3101 Chadi Abdul-Rida and Bernhard Nauck

111 Well-Being of Asylum-Seeking and Refugee Children ...... 3143 Charles Watters xxii Contents

112 Child Well-Being and Ethnic Diversity in Afﬂuent Societies . . . . 3159 Donald J. Hernandez

113 Globalization and Children’s Welfare ...... 3193 Peter N. Stearns 114 International Comparisons of Child Well-Being ...... 3219 Dominic Richardson Index ...... 3249 Contributors

Chadi Abdul-Rida Department of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technol- ogy, Chemnitz, Germany Ingrid Agud Department of Theory and History of Education, University of Barcelona, Mundet, Campus Mundet, Llevant, Barcelona, Spain Anna Aizer Department of Economics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Mimi Ajzenstadt Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law and the Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Leena Alanen Department of Education, University of Jyv€askyl€a, Jyv€askyl€a, Finland Eileen Anderson-Fye Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Sabine Andresen Faculty of Educational Science, IDeA Research Center on Adaptive Education and Indivdual Development on Children at Risk, Goethe- University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Ignacia Arruabarrena Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastia´n, Spain Robert Atkins Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA Nick Axford The Social Research Unit, Lower Hood Barn, Dartington, UK Ana Ayuste Department of Theory and History of Education, University of Barcelona, Mundet, Campus Mundet, Llevant, Barcelona, Spain Alexander Bagattini Philosophisches Institut, Universit€at Dusseldorf,€ Dusseldorf,€ Germany Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands Anna Bandt Center for International Studies in Social Policy and Social Services, Bergische Universit€at Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

xxiii xxiv Contributors

Tawana Bandy Child Trends, Bethesda, MD, USA Kurt Bangert World Vision Institute for Research and Innovation, Friedrichsdorf, Germany M. Clara Barata Instituto Universita´rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal Margaret M. Barry Health Promotion Research Centre, Galway, Ireland Discipline of Health Promotion, School of Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Mona Bekkhus Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Deborah Belle Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA Asher Ben-Arieh Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Joyce Benenson Emmanuel College, Boston, MA, USA Janel Benson Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA Peter L. Benson Minneapolis, MN, USA Lawrence M. Berger School of Social Work and Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA Kirsten Besemer Institute of Housing, Urban and Real Estate Research, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland Celine Blanchard School of Psychology, Ottawa University, Ontario, Canada Jolyn Blank Department of Childhood Education & Literacy Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Lukas Blinka Institute of Journalism and Communication, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Anne Inger Helmen Borge Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Michael Bourdillon Department of Sociology, University of Zimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe Lucy Bowes Centre for Mental Health, Addiction and Suicide Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Jo Boyden Young Lives Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Contributors xxv

Bruce Bradbury Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Jonathan Bradshaw Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, Heslington, York, UK Kyrre Breivik Uni Health, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway Sally Brinkman Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia Ragnhild Brusdal SIFO (National Institute for Consumer Research), Nydalen, Oslo, Norway Sonia Byrne University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain Andre´ H. Caron De´partement de communication, Universite´ de Montreál, Montreál, Canada Sonia Carrillo Universidad de los Andes, Bogota´, Colombia Cynthia Carter Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK Ferran Casas Faculty of Education and Psychology, Research Institute of Quality of Life, University of Girona, Girona, Spain Gabriella Conti Harris School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA William A. Corsaro Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Claudia J. Coulton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Robert A. Cummins School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Alejandro Cusiianovich Villarań Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos – Instituto de Formacioń para Educadores de Jo´venes, Adolescentes y Ninõs Trabajadores de Ame´rica Latina y el Caribe (UNMSM-IFEJANT), Lince, Peru Ismael Ddumba-Nyanzi Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Center for the Study of the African Child and Center for Social Science Research on AIDS, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Jaap E. Doek Family and Juvenile Law, Vrije Universiteit, Lisse, The Netherlands Joseph J. Doyle, Jr. MIT Sloan School of Management E62-515, Cambridge, MA, USA xxvi Contributors

Howard Dubowitz Division of Child Protection & Center for Families, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Michael Egilson Child Health Indicators Project Lead, British Columbia Ministry of Health, Victoria, BC, Canada

Florencia Enghel Media and Communication Studies, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden

Anna Escobedo Department of Sociology and Organisational Analysis, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Ruth Evans Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK

Susann Fegter Faculty of Educational Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Elizabeth Fernandez School of Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Laura Ferrer-Wreder Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Lluı´s Flaquer Department of Sociology, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain

Divina Frau-Meigs Media Sociology and English Department, University Sorbonne Nouvelle, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cite´, Paris, France

Oddgeir Friborg Departement of Psychology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway

Ann Frise´n Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Ivar Frønes Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioural Development, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Lourdes Gaita´n Grupo de Sociologı´a de la Infancia y la Adolescencia, Las Matas, Madrid, Spain

Tali Gal School of Criminology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

James Garbarino Psychology Department, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Contributors xxvii

Francisco Juan Garcı´a Bacete Departamento de Psicologia Evolutiva, Educativa, Social i Metodologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain

Shirley Gatenio-Gabel Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA

Robert M. Goerge Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Mo`nica Gonza´lez Faculty of Education and Psychology, Research Institute on Quality of Life, University of Girona, Girona, Spain

Christopher Greeley Department of Pediatrics, Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Bjørn Grinde Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Daphna Gross-Manos Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Maya Gotz€ International Center Institute for Youth and Educational Television (IZI), Bavarian Broadcasting Corporation, Munich, Germany

Jaswant Guzder Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill Univer- sity, Montreal, QC, Canada Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada

Daniel Hart Institute for Effective Education, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA

C. Momoko Hayakawa University of Minnesota, Institute of Child Development, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Bruce Headey Melbourne Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

James J. Heckman Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland American Bar Foundation, Chicago, IL, USA

Charles C. Helwig University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Donald J. Hernandez Department of Sociology, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA xxviii Contributors

Kimberly J. Hills Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA Tim Hobbs The Social Research Unit, Lower Hood Barn, Dartington, UK George W. Holden Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA Kristina Holmqvist Gattario Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Arne Holte Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway E. Scott Huebner Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA Jill Humble Child Trends, Bethesda, MD, USA Jennie M. Hwang De´partement de communication, Universite´ de Montreál, Montreál, Canada Marinus H. van IJzendoorn Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands Adeline Jabe`s Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Develop- mental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Xu Jiang Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA David Jodrell The Social Research Unit, Lower Hood Barn, Dartington, UK Thomas Jozefiak Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav’s Hospital–Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Femmie Juffer Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands David Kaawa-Mafigiri Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Center for the Study of the African Child and Center for Social Science Research on AIDS, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Cigdem Kagitcibasi Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey Veronika Kalmus Institute of Journalism and Communication, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Sheila B. Kamerman Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA Heidi Keller Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Osnabruck,€ Osnabrueck, Germany Contributors xxix

Ryan Kelly Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA Laurence J. Kirmayer Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Culture & Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community & Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada Nobuaki Kobayashi The Supporting Network for Chronic Sick Children of Japan, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Noboru Kobayashi Child Research Net c/o Benesse Corporation, Tokyo, Japan Silvia H. Koller Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Nonoai, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Jill E. Korbin Department of Anthropology, Schubert Center for Child Studies, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Vicki L. Lamb Department of Sociology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA Kenneth C. Land Department of Sociology and Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Elizabeth Lawner Child Trends, Bethesda, MD, USA Penelope Leach Institute for the Study of Children, Families & Social Issues, Birkbeck. University of London, Lewes, East Sussex, UK Bonnie Leadbeater Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Bong Joo Lee Department of Social Welfare, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Ratib Lekhal Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway Dafna Lemish College of Mass Communication & Media Arts, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA Laura H. Lippman Child Trends, Bethesda, MD, USA Knut Løndal Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway Khin Yee Lo Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Sigmund Loland The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ulleva˚l Stadion, Oslo, Norway Rachel F. Long Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA xxx Contributors

Laura Lundy Centre for Children’s Rights, Queen’s University School of Education, Belfast, Northern Ireland Scott Lyon UCW program, Rome, Italy Michael D. Lyons Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA Gill Main Department of Social Policy and Social Work, The University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK Ghislaine Marande Perrin Departamento de Psicologia Evolutiva, Educativa, Social i Metodologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain Nic Marks Centre of Well-being, New Economics Foundation, London, UK Marta Martı´nez Mun˜oz Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Jan Mason School of Social Sciences & Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Penrith South DC, NSW, Australia Kyle Matsuba Kwantlen University, Richmond, Canada Akira Matsui National Center for Child Health and Development, Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan Koji Matsunobu School of Music, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia Colette McAuley School of Social and International Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, England, UK Megan M. McClelland Hallie Ford Center for Healthy Children and Families, Oregon State University College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Corvallis, OR, USA Hugh McIntosh Child Trends, Bethesda, MD, USA John H. McKendrick School of Law and Social Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK Courtney L. Meehan Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA Yehualashet Mekonen The African Child Policy Forum (ACPF), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Gary B. Melton The Kempe Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA Edward Metz US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, Washington, DC, USA Contributors xxxi

Alicia Miao Human Development and Family Sciences, Oregon State University College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Corvallis, OR, USA Hideo Mimuro Tokyo Metropolitan Komei Special Needs Education School for the Physically Challenged, Tokyo, Japan Wayne Mitic Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Kristin Anderson Moore Child Trends, Bethesda, MD, USA Tim Moore Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Araujo Normanda de Morais Programa de Po´s Graduaçaõ em Psicologia, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceara´, Brazil Jo Moran-Ellis Department of Sociology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK Virginia Morrow Young Lives Oxford Department of International Develop- ment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Ruud Muffels School of Social and Behavioral Sciences and Reflect, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands David Murphey Child Trends, Bethesda, MD, USA Agnes Nairn UPR Marches et Innovation, EM-Lyon Business School, Ecully, France Bernhard Nauck Department of Sociology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany Dolors Navarro Faculty of Education and Psychology, Research Institute on Quality of Life, University of Girona, Girona, Spain Charles A. Nelson Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Ragnhild Bang Nes Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway Harriet Bjerrum Nielsen Centre for Gender Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Kengo Nishimaki National Institute of Special Needs Education, Nobi, Yokosuk, Kanagawa, Japan Frank Oberklaid Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia xxxii Contributors

Terje Ogden Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, Unirand, University of Oslo, Majorstuen, Oslo, Norway William P. O’Hare O’Hare Data and Demographic Services, LLC, Ellicott City, MD, USA Dan Olweus Uni Health, Uni Research and University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Yngvar Ommundsen The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ulleva˚l Stadion, Oslo, Norway Manisha Pathak-Shelat School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Michele Peterson-Badali University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Jens Qvortrup Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Marcela Raffaelli Department of Human & Community Development, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA Sara Raley Department of Sociology, McDaniel College, Westminster, MD, USA Gerry Redmond School of Social and Policy Studies, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Arthur J. Reynolds University of Minnesota, Institute of Child Development, Minneapolis, MN, USA Dominic Richardson Social Policy Division, Department of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (DELSA), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France Martina Richter Institute of Social Work, Education and Sports Science, Univer- sity of Vechta, Vechta, Germany Karen Ripoll-Nu´n˜ez Universidad de los Andes, Bogota´, Colombia Beatriz Rodrı´guez University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain Marı´a Jose´ Rodrigo University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain Eugene C. Roehlkepartain Search Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA Furio Camillo Rosati Faculty of Economics, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy Wendy Rose School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK David M. Rosen Department of Social Sciences and History, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, NJ, USA Contributors xxxiii

Ce´cile Rousseau Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill Univer- sity, Montreal, QC, Canada Espen Røysamb Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Martin D. Ruck The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA Mo´nica Ruiz-Casares Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Centre for Research on Children and Families, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Renee Ryberg Child Trends, Bethesda, MD, USA Yoichi Sakakihara Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan Bengt Sandin Department of Thematic Studies/Child Studies, University of Linkoping,€ Linkoping,€ Sweden Peter C. Scales Search Institute, Manchester, MO, USA Barry H. Schneider School of Psychology, Ottawa University, Ontario, Canada Christie Schoenmaker Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands Arturo Sesma, Jr. St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN, USA Richard A. Settersten, Jr. Hallie Ford Center for Healthy Children and Families, Oregon State University College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Corvallis, OR, USA Junko Shimizu Tokyo Metropolitan Komei Special Needs Education School for the Physically Challenged, Tokyo, Japan Andra Siibak Institute of Journalism and Communication, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Philip E. Silvey Eastman School of Music, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Kristen Shook Slack School of Social Work and Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA James C. Spilsbury Center for Clinical Investigation, Case School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA Ellen Handler Spitz Honors College and the Department of Visual Arts, Univer- sity of Maryland (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA xxxiv Contributors

Fiona Stanley Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia Peter N. Stearns George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Edward G. J. Stevenson Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK Heinz Sunker€ Center for International Studies in Social Policy and Social Services, Bergische Universit€at Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany Amy K. Syvertsen Search Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA Mary Terzian Child Trends, Bethesda, MD, USA Jens C. Thimm Departement of Psychology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway Ross A. Thompson Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA Barrie Thorne Departments of Sociology and of Gender and Women’s Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Habib Tiliouine Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Laboratory of Educational Processes & Social Context (Labo-PECS), University of Oran, Oran, Algeria Melhiku Tiruneh The African Child Information Hub, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Svenn Torgersen Centre for Child and Adolescence Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway Jaume Trilla Department of Theory and History of Education, University of Barcelona, Mundet, Campus Mundet, Llevant, Barcelona, Spain Gisela Trommsdorff Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany Jorge F. del Valle Child and Family Research Group, Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain Jan Van Gils International Council for Children’s Play, Mechelen, Belgium Ruut Veenhoven Erasmus Happiness Economics Research Organization, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands North–West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Joar Vittersø Departement of Psychology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway Trine Waaktaar Centre for Child and Adolescence Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway Contributors xxxv

Gert G. Wagner DIW (German Institute for Economic Research), Berlin, Germany Eddy J. Walakira Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Center for the Study of the African Child and Center for Social Science Research on AIDS, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson Wang Departement of Psychology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway Elizabeth Watson School of Social Sciences & Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Penrith South DC, NSW, Australia Charles Watters Department of Childhood Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, USA Thomas S. Weisner Departments of Psychiatry (Semel Institute, Center for Culture & Health) & Anthropology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA Paul Alan Williamson Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist Univer- sity, Dallas, TX, USA Helmut Wintersberger Vienna, Austria Bente Wold Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Carol M. Worthman Laboratory for Comparative Human Biology, Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Yuichiro Yamashiro Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Hirokazu Yoshikawa Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA Henrik Daae Zachrisson Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, Oslo, Norway Rita Zˇ ukauskiene˙ Department of Psychology, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania