DOCSLIB.ORG

Inorganic Materials Research Division Annual Report 1971

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inorganic Materials Research Division Annual Report 1971 LBL-425 UC-2 Genera!,Miscellaneous, and Progress Reports TID-4500 (59th Ed.) d INORGANIC MATERIALS RESEARCH DIVISION ANNUAL REPORT 1971 April 1972 -NOTICE- This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Atomic Energy Commission, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, mBkes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com­ pleteness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California MOTflWJTW* Of THIS BOCUWtMT IS OtH-WTM Work done under U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract No. W-7405-eng-48 Printed in the United States of America Available from National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22151 Price: Printed Copy $3.00; Microfiche $0.95 -iii- INORGANIC MATERIALS RESEARCH DIVISION ANNUAL REPORT. 1971* Contents GENERAL INTRODUCTION xi I. CHEMISTRY A. Inorganic Chemistry William L. Jolly, Principal Investigator 1. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 1 2. Studies of the Hydrides of Groups TV and V 2 3. Studies in Liquid Ammonia 5 4. Boron Hydride Chemistry 6 5. Sulfur-Nitrogen Chemistry 7 f. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 7 7. 1971 Publications and Reports 8 Robert E. Conniak, Prinoipal Investigator 1. Water Exchange from the First Coordination Sphere of Some Diamagnetic Ions 10 2. Oxygen-17 NMR Studies of Waters in the Second Coordination Sphere of Cr3+ ..... 10 3. Oxygen-17 NMR Study of the Rate of Water Exchange from Partially Complexed Nickel Ion 11 4. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 11 5. 1971 Publications and Reports 11 Neil Bartlett, Prinoipal Investigator 1. Noble Gas and Halogen Chemistry 12 2. Structural Investigations of High Valence Cations . 13 3. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 14 4. 1971 Publications and Reports 15 B. Solid State Chemistry and Physics Norman E. Phillips, Principal Investigator 1. Calorimetric Evidence for a Singlet Ground State in CuFe 16 2. Low Temperature Heat Capacity of Cerium 17 3. Heat Capacity of AuGd Alloys 17 4. Pressure Dependence of the Low Temperature Heat Capacity of V2O3 ...... 18 5. Temperature Measurements 18 6. Dilution Refrigerator 18 7. Low Temperature, High Pressure Calorimetry 18 8. New Adiabatic Demagnetization Cryostat and Calorimeter 19 9. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 19 10. 1971 Publications and Reports 19 George Jura, Prinoipal Investigator 1. Pressure (Up to 40 Kbar) as a Parameter in the Study of Vibrational Excition Levels and Crystalline Potentials of Molecular Crystals: Naphthalene and N-Paraffins ..... 23 2. Heat Capacity of Iron as a Function of Pressure and Temperature 21 3. Specific Heats and Heats of Transition of Bismuth as a Function of . Temperature and Pressure 21 4. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 22 5. 1971 Publications and Reports 22 Gabor A. Somorjai, Prinoipal Investigatcr 1. Low Energy Electron Diffraction Studies of Surfaces . , 24 2. Auger Electron Spectroscopy of Surfaces 26 3. Molecular Beam Scattering From Surfaces 27 4. Studies of the Vaporization Kinetics of Hydrogen Bonded Liquids 27 5. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 -• 28 6. 1971 Publications and Reports 28 Lee F. Donaghey, Principal Investigator 1. Czochralski Crystal Growth 30 2. Chemical Vapor Deposition 31 3. Chalcogenide Spinel 31 "JU' "Preceding Annual Reports: UCRL-19155, UCRL-20500 -iv- 4. Transport in Solids 31 5. Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements 31 6. Computer Simulation 32 7. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 32 8. 1971 Publications and Reports 32 C. Electrochemistry Charles W. Tobias, Principal Investigator 1. Fundamental Studies of Ionic Mass Transport 34 2. Electrolysis at High Current Densities 35 3. Electrochemistry in Nonaqueous Solvents 37 4. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 37 5. 1971 Publications and Reports 38 Rolf H. Muller, Principal Investigator 1. Optical Studies of Interfacial Phenomena 39 2. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 41 3. 1971 Publications and Reports 42 John Newman, Principal Investigator 1. Diffusion in Aqueous KOH Solutions 43 2. Heat Transfer to Turbulent Gas-Solids Suspension Flow In Pipes 43 3. Mass Transfer to a Plane Below a Rotating Disk 43 4. Diffusion of a Binary Fluid Across sin Initially Sharp Boundary; Bouyancy-Driven Hydrodynamic Instability Due to Heat of Mixing 44 5. Empirical Correlation for Turbulent Couette Flow 44 6. Corrosion of Rotating Disks 44 7. Mass Transfer Coefficient in Porous Flow-Through Electrodes 45 8. Warburg Impedance of a Rotating Jisk Electrode 45 9. Fluid Flow in a Propagating Crack 45 10. Mass Transfer to a Rotating Sphere at High Schmidt Numbers 45 11. Mass Transfer in Electrochemical Systems 45 12. Research Plans foT Calendar Year 1972 46 13. 1971 Publications and Reports 46 D. Physical Chemistry Leo Brewer, Principal Investigator 1. Energies of the Electronic Configurations of the Singly, Doubly, and Triply Ionized Lanthanides and Actinides 48 2. Radiative Lifetimes of TiO and VO 48 3. Thermodynamic Properties of Solutions of Third and Fourth Group Transition Metals with Platinum Group Metals 48 4. Photochemistry of Iodine and Ultraviolet Spectrum of I2 ... 48 5. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 48 6. 1971 Publications and Reports 49 Charles B. Harris, Principal Investigator 1. Introduction 50 2. The Dynamics of Coherent Exciton Migration 50 3. The Dynamics of Coherent Triplet Exciton Trapping .... 51 4. Optica.'ly Detected Magnetic Resonance and the Measurement of Intramolecular Energy Transfer Processes in Triplets 51 5. Properties of Molecules in Excited Triplet States 52 6. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 53 7. 1971 Publications and Reports 53 Ronald R. Herm, Principal Investigator 1. Photodissociation of Nal Vapor and the Energy Dependence of the Quenching of Na*(^p 2p) by Foreign Gases 55 2. Molecular Beam Kinetics: Reactions of Mg, Ca, and Ba with CI2, Brj, and IC1 55 3. Molecular Beam Kinetics: Reactions of Ca and Ba with HI, NO2, SOj, PCI3, SnCl4, CCI4, CH3I, CH2I2, and 2-Nitropropane ,56 4. Molecular Beam Kinetics: Magnetic Deflection and Product Velocity , Analysis of the Li + Br2 Reaction : 57 5. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 1 58 6. 1971 Publications and Reports '59 -v- Harold S. Johnston, Principal Investigator 1. Introduction 60 2. Catalytic Reduction of Stratospheric Ozone 60 3. Dissociation of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules at High Temperatures .... 61 4. Molecular Modulation Spectrometry 61 5. Fluorescence of Sulfur Dioxide . 62 6. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 62 7. 1971 Publications and Reports 63 Bruce ,'!. Mohan, Principal Investigator 1. Molecular Orbital Correlation Diagrams and Ion-Molecule Reaction Dynamics 64 2. Determination of Intermolecular Potentials from Large Angle Elastic Scattering 64 3. Deconvolution of Molecular Beam Inelastic Scattering Data 65 4. Nonreactive Scattering in the Ne* - H2 and Ne+ - He Systems 65 5. Dynamics of the Reactions of O2 with H2, D2, and Iffl 66 6. Thermal Ion-Molecule Reactions in Gaseous Methane-Oxygen Mixtures 67 7. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 67 8. 1971 Publications and Reports 67 William H. Miller, Prinaival Investigator 1. The Classical S-Matrix for Rotational Excitation; Quenching of Quantum Effects in Molecular Collisions . 68 2. Collisional Quenching of Metastable Hydrogen Atoms 68 3. Molecular Ramsauer-Townsend Effect in Very Low Energy He^-He'1 Scattering 69 4. Classical Path Approximation for the Boltzmann Density Matrix 69 5. The Classical S-Matrix for Linear Reactive Collisions of H + CI2 70 6. Predissociation in the Schumann-Runge Bands of O2 71 7. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 71 8. 1971 Publications and Reports 73 Rollie J. Myers, Principal Investigator 1. Spin Relaxation in a-NiS04-6H2C' 74 2. Electron-Electron Double Resonance in Solutions 74 3. Measurement of Transition Metal Ion Relaxation in Solution 75 4. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 76 5. 1971 Publications and Reports 76 Kenneth S. Pitser, Principal Investigator 1. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 78 2. 1971 Publication 78 E. Nuclear Science Donald R. O'Umder, Principal Investigator 1. An Apparatus for Investigation of Gas-Solid Reactions by Modulated Molecular Beam Mass Spectronetiy 79 2. Reactions of Modulated Molecular Beams with Pyrolytic Graphite 79 3. The Rate of Oxidation of the Basal and Prismatic Surfaces of Pyrolytic Graphite in the Transition Regime Between Chemical and Diffusional Control 80 4. Theory of lie Gas Centrifuge 80 5. Laser Vaporization of Solids 81 6. The Viscosity of Molten Uranium Dioxide 81 1. Ressarch Plans for Calendar Year 1972 82 8. 1971 Publications and Reports 82 METALLURGY A. Crystal Imperfections Jack Washburn, Principal Investigator 1. Field Ion Electron Microscope Observations on Peritectoid Growth of Ni4W 83 2. Transmission Electron Microscopic Studies on Magnesium Oxide 84 3. Atom Probe Field Ion Microscope 86 4. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 86 5. 1971 Publications and Reports 87 -vi- B. Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation John E. Dorn (deceased Sept. 24, 1971) and John W. Morris, Jr., Principal Investigators 1. Research on Mechanisms of Dislocation Glide 88 2. Research on Plastic Deformation 88 3. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 90 1. 1971 Publications and Reports 90 C. Thermodynamics of Inhomogeneous Materials John W. Morris, Jr., Principal Investigator 1. Research Plans for Calendar Year 1972 92 2. 1971 Publications and Reports 92 D. Relation of Structure to Properties Gareth Thomte, Principal Investigator Steels 93 1. The Enhancement of Strengthening Dislocated Martensite 94 2. Structure and Mechanical Properties of Fe-Cr-C-Co Steels 95 3. Orientation Dependence on Deformation Induced z and a Martensite in Fe-Ni-Cr Single Crystals 95 Phase Transformations 96 4. Early Stages of Ordering in NijMo 96 5. Field Ion Microscopic Study of Antiparallel Twins in Ni,)Mo 97 6.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of Bulk Tin Telluride: Synergistic Effect of Calcium and Indium Co-Doping
    Materials Today Physics 4 (2018) 12e18 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Today Physics journal homepage: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/ materials-today-physics Enhanced thermoelectric performance of bulk tin telluride: Synergistic effect of calcium and indium co-doping * ** D. Krishna Bhat a, , U. Sandhya Shenoy b, a Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, India b Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, Srinivas University, Mukka, Mangalore 574146, India article info abstract Article history: SnTe based materials are considered recently as a lead-free replacement of the well-known PbTe based Received 27 January 2018 thermoelectric (TE) materials in addressing the energy crisis worldwide. Herein we report both exper- Received in revised form imental and theoretical study on the effect of co-doping of calcium and indium on electronic structure 4 February 2018 and TE properties of SnTe. We show that the resonant levels introduced by indium and band gap opening Accepted 12 February 2018 caused by calcium, valence band convergence induced by both calcium and indium, synergistically in- creases the Seebeck coefficient for a wide range of temperatures. The co-doped SnTe with a high ZT of À À ~1.65 at 840 K and record high power factor of ~47 mWcm 1K 2 for SnTe based materials make it a Keywords: Thermoelectric promising material for TE applications. © Band degeneracy 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Resonant levels Tin telluride Introduction similar crystal and electronic structure. Though safer than PbTe, SnTe suffers a drawback of low ZT due to high carrier concentration Exhaustion of non-renewable fossil fuel resources caused due to resulting out of inherent Sn vacancies, smaller band gap (~0.18 eV) its abuse has resulted in ever increasing energy crisis [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 26 RSC Advances
    RSC Advances This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading. Using this free service, authors can make their results available to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited article. This Accepted Manuscript will be replaced by the edited, formatted and paginated article as soon as this is available. You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the Information for Authors. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. www.rsc.org/advances Page 1 of 26 RSC Advances The ternary amide KLi 3(NH 2)4: an important intermediate in the potassium compounds-added Li –N–H systems Bao-Xia Dong, Liang Song, Jun Ge, Yun-Lei Teng*, Shi-Yang Zhang College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China. In this paper, the KH-added LiH–NH 3, KH-added LiH–LiNH 2, KH-added LiNH 2, and KNH 2-added LiNH 2 systems were systematically investigated. It was found that the ternary amide KLi 3(NH 2)4 was an important intermediate that was inclined to be formed in the dehydrogenation and hydrogenation processes of the potassium compounds-added Li–N–H system.
    [Show full text]
  • Richards2019.Pdf
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Exploring Metal-base Catalysis in Indole C2 Selective Mannich and Alkylnitrile Conjugate Addition Reactions Jonathan Richards A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2018 Declaration I, Jonathan Richards, hereby declare that, except where reference has been to other sources that the work contained within this thesis is my original work as part of my PhD degree program. This program of study was commenced August 2014. The thesis has been composed by myself and has not been submitted, in whole or in part, towards any other degree, diploma or qualification. Signed: Date: Acknowledgements I would like to thank Alan Steven and the rest of the Raw group at Astra Zeneca for the welcome atmosphere and great guidance during my time at Macclesfield and for funding the research.
    [Show full text]
  • Kohn Et Al. [45] Sept. 25, 1973
    “9-25-73 i'XR 367616718. _ , UnIted States Patent 1191 ~ _ 1111 3,761,718 Kohn et al. [45] Sept. 25, 1973 [54] DETECTOR APPARATUS USING 2,949,498 8/1960 Jackson ........................ .. 250/212 x SEMICONDUCTOR LAMINAE 3,324,298 6/1967 Waer . _ . .. 250/211 ‘3,191,045 6/1965 c61man..... 250/211 [75] Inventors: Alan N- Kohn. Brookline; Jack K. 3,473,214 11/1969 Dillman ............................ .. 250/211 Lennard, Framingham', Jay ,1. ' ' Schlickman, Lexington; Robert A. FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS weagan" Chelmsford, 3“ of Mass- 629,924 10/1961 Canada ............................. .. 250/226 [73] Assignee: Honeywell Inc“ Minneapolis’ Minn. 1,043,662 4/l959 Germany .... .................... .. 250/226 [22] Filed: Sept- 7. 1972 OTHER PUBLICATIONS [21] Appl' No'i 287’l94 Marinace; IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin; Vol. 1 1; Related US. Application Data No. 4; 9/68; p. 398. [63] Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 855,9l8, Sept. 8, 1969' abandoned‘ Primary Examiner-Walter Stolwein AtI0rney—Charles J. Ungemach et al. [521 U.s.c1 ........ ..250/211R,250/226,3l7/235 N, ‘ 356/99, 350/316 [51] Int. Cl. ............................................ ..G0lj3/34 , [581FieldofSearch ................... ..250/211J,211R, [571 ABSTRAQT 250/212’ 226; 317/235 N; 350/316; 356/99’ ‘00 A new multi-layer semiconductor photo detector ar rangement, and scienti?c instruments embodying the [56] References Cited underlying novel principle. UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,896,086 7/1959 Wunderman ..................... .. 250/211 14 Claims, 10 Drawing Figures 3,761,718 1 2 DETECTOR APPARATUS USING similarly illuminated, the output may appear as at B in SEMICONDUCTOR LAMINAE FIG. 2. _ If such a lamina 20 is overlaid with another identical ' BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION lamina 23,‘ as shown in FIG.
    [Show full text]
  • Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List
    School Emergency Response Plan and Management Guide Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List PROHIBITED AND RESTRICTED CHEMICAL LIST Introduction After incidents of laboratory chemical contamination at several schools, DCPS, The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and DC Fire and Emergency Management Services developed an aggressive program for chemical control to eliminate student and staff exposure to potential hazardous chemicals. Based upon this program, all principals are required to conduct a complete yearly inventory of all chemicals located at each school building to identify for the removal and disposal of any prohibited/banned chemicals. Prohibited chemicals are those that pose an inherent, immediate, and potentially life- threatening risk, injury, or impairment due to toxicity or other chemical properties to students, staff, or other occupants of the school. These chemicals are prohibited from use and/or storage at the school, and the school is prohibited from purchasing or accepting donations of such chemicals. Restricted chemicals are chemicals that are restricted by use and/or quantities. If restricted chemicals are present at the school, each storage location must be addressed in the school's written emergency plan. Also, plan maps must clearly denote the storage locations of these chemicals. Restricted chemicals—demonstration use only are a subclass in the Restricted chemicals list that are limited to instructor demonstration. Students may not participate in handling or preparation of restricted chemicals as part of a demonstration. If Restricted chemicals—demonstration use only are present at the school, each storage location must be addressed in the school's written emergency plan. Section 7: Appendices – October 2009 37 School Emergency Response Plan and Management Guide Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List Following is a table of chemicals that are Prohibited—banned, Restricted—academic curriculum use, and Restricted—demonstration use only.
    [Show full text]
  • Peroxides and Peroxide- Forming Compounds
    FEATURE Peroxides and peroxide- forming compounds By Donald E. Clark Bretherick5 included a discussion of nated. However, concentrated hydro- organic peroxide5 in a chapter on gen peroxide (Ͼ30%), in contact with norganic and organic peroxides, highly reactive and unstable com- ordinary combustible materials (e.g., because of their exceptional reac- pounds and used “oxygen balance” to fabric, oil, wood, or some resins) Itivity and oxidative potential are predict the stability of individual com- poses significant fire or explosion haz- widely used in research laboratories. pounds and to assess the hazard po- ards. Peroxides of alkali metals are not This review is intended to serve as a tential of an oxidative reaction. Jack- particularly shock sensitive, but can 6 guide to the hazards and safety issues son et al. addressed the use of decompose slowly in the presence of associated with the laboratory use, peroxidizable chemicals in the re- moisture and may react violently with handling, and storage of inorganic and search laboratory and published rec- a variety of substances, including wa- organic peroxy-compounds and per- ommendations for maximum storage ter. Thus, the standard iodide test for oxide-forming compounds. time for common peroxide-forming peroxides must not be used with these The relatively weak oxygen-oxygen laboratory solvents. Several solvents, water-reactive compounds.1 linkage (bond-dissociation energy of (e.g., diethyl ether) commonly used in Inorganic peroxides are used as ox- 20 to 50 kcal moleϪ1) is the character- the laboratory can form explosive re- idizing agents for digestion of organic istic structure of organic and inor- action products through a relatively samples and in the synthesis of or- ganic peroxide molecules, and is the slow oxidation process in the pres- ganic peroxides.
    [Show full text]
  • Alfa Laval Black and Grey List, Rev 14.Pdf 2021-02-17 1678 Kb
    Alfa Laval Group Black and Grey List M-0710-075E (Revision 14) Black and Grey list – Chemical substances which are subject to restrictions First edition date. 2007-10-29 Revision date 2021-02-10 1. Introduction The Alfa Laval Black and Grey List is divided into three different categories: Banned, Restricted and Substances of Concern. It provides information about restrictions on the use of Chemical substances in Alfa Laval Group’s production processes, materials and parts of our products as well as packaging. Unless stated otherwise, the restrictions on a substance in this list affect the use of the substance in pure form, mixtures and purchased articles. - Banned substances are substances which are prohibited1. - Restricted substances are prohibited in certain applications relevant to the Alfa Laval group. A restricted substance may be used if the application is unmistakably outside the scope of the legislation in question. - Substances of Concern are substances of which the use shall be monitored. This includes substances currently being evaluated for regulations applicable to the Banned or Restricted categories, or substances with legal demands for monitoring. Product owners shall be aware of the risks associated with the continued use of a Substance of Concern. 2. Legislation in the Black and Grey List Alfa Laval Group’s Black and Grey list is based on EU legislations and global agreements. The black and grey list does not correspond to national laws. For more information about chemical regulation please visit: • REACH Candidate list, Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) • REACH Authorisation list, SVHCs subject to authorization • Protocol on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) o Aarhus protocol o Stockholm convention • Euratom • IMO adopted 2015 GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INVENTORY OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS” (MEPC 269 (68)) • The Hong Kong Convention • Conflict minerals: Dodd-Frank Act 1 Prohibited to use, or put on the market, regardless of application.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermoelectric Properties of Tin Telluride Quasi Crystal Grown by Vertical Bridgman Method
    materials Letter Thermoelectric Properties of Tin Telluride Quasi Crystal Grown by Vertical Bridgman Method 1, 1, 2, 1 1 1, Yue-Xing Chen y, Fu Li y, Delong Li *, Zhuanghao Zheng , Jingting Luo and Ping Fan * 1 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; [email protected] (Y.-X.C.); [email protected] (F.L.); [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (J.L.) 2 College of chemistry and environmental engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (P.F.) These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 23 August 2019; Accepted: 12 September 2019; Published: 16 September 2019 Abstract: Tin telluride (SnTe), with the same rock salt structure and similar band structure of PbTe alloys, was developed as a good thermoelectric material. In this work, SnTe quasi crystal was grown by vertical Bridgman method, with texturing degree achieved at 0.98. Two sets of samples, perpendicular and parallel to the growth direction, were cut to investigate thermoelectric properties. As a result, a carrier concentration (p ) of ~9.5 1020 cm 3 was obtained, which may have originated from fully H × − generated Sn vacancies during the long term crystal growth. The relatively high Seebeck coefficient 1 1 of ~30 µVK− and ~40 µVK− along the two directions was higher than most pristine SnTe reported in the literature, which leads to the room temperature (PF) for SnTe_IP and SnTe_OP achieved at 1 2 1 2 ~14.0 µWcm− K− and ~7.0 µWcm− K− , respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • The Handbook on Optical Constants of Semiconductors : In
    THE HANDBOOK ON OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF SEMICONDUCTORS In Tables and Figures Sadao Adachi Gunma University, Japan World Scientific NEW • • • JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI CHENNA Contents Preface v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Classification of Semiconductors: Grimm-Sommerfeld Rule 1 1.2 Crystal Structure 4 1.2.1 Atomic Bond 4 1.2.2 Crystal Structure 7 1.3 Dielectric Function: Tensor Representation 7 1.4 Optical Dispersion Relations 10 1.5 Optical Sum Rules 12 1.5.1 Inertial Sum Rule 12 1.5.2 dc-Conductivity Sum Rule 12 1.5.3 /-Sum Rule 13 1.6 Optical Spectra 16 1.6.1 Classification into Several Regions 16 1.6.2 The Reststrahlen Region 17 1.6.3 The Transparent and Interband Transition Regions 19 (a) Critical point 19 (b) The transparent region 21 (c) The interband transition region 24 References 28 vii viii Contents 2 Elemental Semiconductors 31 2.1 Group-IV Elemental Semiconductors 31 2.1.1 Diamond (C) 32 References 38 2.1.2 Silicon (Si) 38 References 45 2.1.3 Germanium (Ge) 45 References 54 2.1.4 Gray Tin (oc-Sn) 54 References 60 2.2 Group-VI Elemental Semiconductors 60 2.2.1 Selenium (Se) 61 References 68 2.2.2 Tellurium (Te) 68 References 76 3 Valence Binary Semiconductors I 77 3.1 IV-IV Binary Semiconductors 77 3.1.1 Cubic Silicon Carbide (3C-SiC) 78 References 85 3.1.2 Hexagonal Silicon Carbides (4H- and 6H-SiC) 85 References 94 3.1.3 Rhombohedral Silicon Carbide (15R-SiC) 95 References 95 3.2 III-V Binary Semiconductors 95 3.2.1 Cubic Boron Nitride (c-BN) 97 References 102 3.2.2 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN)
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancement of Thermoelectric Properties of Layered
    Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 2020; 59:371–398 Review Article Manal M. Alsalama*, Hicham Hamoudi, Ahmed Abdala, Zafar K. Ghouri, and Khaled M. Youssef Enhancement of Thermoelectric Properties of Layered Chalcogenide Materials https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2020-0023 Received Dec 24, 2019; accepted Apr 27, 2020 1 Introduction Abstract: Thermoelectric materials have long been proven The demand for clean and sustainable energy sources is a to be effective in converting heat energy into electricity growing global concern as the cost of energy is rapidly in- and vice versa. Since semiconductors have been used in creasing; fossil fuel sources have been shown to affect the the thermoelectric field, much work has been done to im- environment. Considering that a large amount of our uti- prove their efficiency. The interrelation between their ther- lized energy is in the form of heat and that a large amount moelectric physical parameters (Seebeck coefficient, elec- of other forms of utilized energy is wasted as heat, the trical conductivity, and thermal conductivity) required spe- search for a suitable technology to recover this wasted cial tailoring in order to get the maximum improvement heat and limit its harmful effects is essential. Among sev- in their performance. Various approaches have been re- eral technologies used to meet these demands, thermoelec- ported in the research for developing thermoelectric per- tric energy is considered to be of the most interest due to formance, including doping and alloying, nanostructur- its unique capabilities. Thermoelectric generators can con- ing, and nanocompositing. Among different types of ther- vert wasted heat into electrical energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Valparaiso University Laboratory Safety Manual
    VALPARAISO UNIVERSITY LABORATORY SAFETY MANUAL 36 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 RESPONSIBILITIES 3 INFORMATION AND TRAINING 5 Training 5 Medical Program 6 Emergency Procedures 7 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES 9 Personal Safety and Responsibility 9 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 11 Chemical Specific Procedures 12 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Liquids 14 Exposure Determination 17 LABORATORY CONTROLS 17 Chemical Fume Hoods 17 General Laboratory Ventilation 18 Fire Alarm System 19 Emergency Eyewashes and Safety Showers 19 CHEMICAL PROCUREMENT AND STORAGE PROCEDURES 19 Chemical Procurement 19 Chemical Storage 20 Peroxide Testing 21 Hazard Identification 22 ENVIRONMENTAL AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 24 Protection of the Air 24 Protection of the Water 24 Hazardous Waste Management 25 APPENDIX Appendix 1: Schedule of Events 29 36 Appendix 2: Laboratory Chemical Hood Preventative Maintenance 30 Appendix 3: Peroxide Testing Process 33 INTRODUCTION Valparaiso University is dedicated to protecting the health and safety of its laboratory users through compliance with applicable local, state, and federal regulations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) established 29 CFR 1910.1450, Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, on Jan. 31, 1990, to provide guidelines for the safe use of chemicals in laboratories. This standard applies in locations where laboratory use of hazardous chemicals occurs and there is a risk of exposure. Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals entails the handling or use of chemicals in containers that can easily and safely be manipulated by one person or where multiple chemicals or chemical procedures are used. The purpose of this Laboratory Safety Manual is to provide all laboratory workers and students a plan to avoid unnecessary chemical exposures and to address basic standard operating procedures (emergency procedures, chemical procurement, maintenance, etc.) that are used at Valparaiso University and to provide the necessary framework for compliance with the OSHA Lab Standard.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Compatibility Storage Group
    CHEMICAL SEGREGATION Chemicals are to be segregated into 11 different categories depending on the compatibility of that chemical with other chemicals The Storage Groups are as follows: Group A – Compatible Organic Acids Group B – Compatible Pyrophoric & Water Reactive Materials Group C – Compatible Inorganic Bases Group D – Compatible Organic Acids Group E – Compatible Oxidizers including Peroxides Group F– Compatible Inorganic Acids not including Oxidizers or Combustible Group G – Not Intrinsically Reactive or Flammable or Combustible Group J* – Poison Compressed Gases Group K* – Compatible Explosive or other highly Unstable Material Group L – Non-Reactive Flammable and Combustible, including solvents Group X* – Incompatible with ALL other storage groups The following is a list of chemicals and their compatibility storage codes. This is not a complete list of chemicals, but is provided to give examples of each storage group: Storage Group A 94‐75‐7 2,4‐D (2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 94‐82‐6 2,4‐DB 609-99-4 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid 64‐19‐7 Acetic acid (Flammable liquid @ 102°F avoid alcohols, Amines, ox agents see SDS) 631-61-8 Acetic acid, Ammonium salt (Ammonium acetate) 108-24-7 Acetic anhydride (Flammable liquid @102°F avoid alcohols see SDS) 79‐10‐7 Acrylic acid Peroxide Former 65‐85‐0 Benzoic acid 98‐07‐7 Benzotrichloride 98‐88‐4 Benzoyl chloride 107-92-6 Butyric Acid 115‐28‐6 Chlorendic acid 79‐11‐8 Chloroacetic acid 627‐11‐2 Chloroethyl chloroformate 77‐92‐9 Citric acid 5949-29-1 Citric acid monohydrate 57-00-1 Creatine 20624-25-3
    [Show full text]