Labour's First Century

Home , Roy Jenkins

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-03799-0 - Labour’s First Century Edited by Duncan Tanner, Pat Thane and Nick Tiratsoo Index More information

Index

Abel-Smith, Brian 106, 109, 111 governments of, (1945–51) 2, 3 abortion law reform 110, 209, 210, 211 and internationalism 317 academics, post-war Labour 30 and Labour mythologies 343, 354 Addison, Christopher 160, 165 and New Labour’s tradition 373, AES (Alternative Economic Strategy) 374 67–8 plans for welfare reform (1930s) aﬄuence 95–7 and the Conservatives 60–1 and the Second World War 97 and Labour’s political thought 32 on the trade union block vote 238 and New Labour’s tradition 373 austerity, and the Attlee government Africa, colonial reform programme 135 58, 207, 209 Aims for Industry 293, 294 Australian Labor Party (ALP) 311, ALP (Australian Labor Party) 311, 312, 313–14 312, 313–14 auto/biographies see mythologies Ammon, Charles 268 Amnesty International 123 Bacon, Alice 193 Anglo-American Council on Bagehot, Walter 162 Productivity 59 English Constitution 167 Anti-Apartheid Movement 123 Ball, Sidney 16, 22 appeasement 120, 127 Balogh, Thomas 36 Applegarth, Robert 224 Bank of England 332 Arab nationalism 135 Barker, Sara 269 Aristotle 16 Barnes, George 87 arts, Labour support for the 110 Beales, H. L. 283 Asquith, Herbert 153 Bebel, August 309 Attlee, Clement 26, 29, 124, 160, 185, Beer, Max 312 186, 261 Belloc, Hilaire 86 autobiography of 349–50, 351–2, 360 Benn, Anthony Wedgwood (Tony) governments (1945–51) 169, 207, 213, 234, 264, 266, and constitutional reform 161–6 297, 300, 359 and consumption 207–8 on New Labour 368 and the economy 57–60, 61 Berlin, Isaiah 378, 386 and international aﬀairs 126, Bernstein, Eduard 317 130–6, 138 Bevan, Aneurin 17, 29, 98, 101, 102 and revisionists 379 and the Bevanite left opposition and trade unions 230–1 movement (1950s) 357 and the welfare state 4, 28–9, 60, and Clause Four 381 97–103 and foreign policy 130, 134, 138, and women 198, 207–8, 209 144

398

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In Place of Fear 123 Brown, George (later Lord and internationalism 318, 324 George-Brown) 125, 131, 142, and the trade unions 231, 232, 239 354, 361 Bevanites 33 Brown, Gordon 114, 115, 386 Beveridge Report 28, 97, 99–101, 320 and New Labour’s tradition 372, Beveridge, William 4, 376 373–5 Bevin, Ernest 97 and New Liberalism 377 and foreign policy 124, 125, 127, and revisionism 384 130–1, 132–3, 134, 138 Brown, Nick 211 and the general election (1945) 361 Bullock, Alan 131, 132, 310 and internationalism 310, 317, 321 Burke, Edmund 162 and Labour mythologies 354 Burma 134 and the Labour Party membership ‘Butskellism’ 326 268 Byers, Stephen 70 and trade unions 229–30, 231, 244 Bilocca, Lil 206 Callaghan, James 66, 169, 170, 172, 211 birth control 209, 210–11, 261 and European social democracy 327 Blair, Tony 29, 115, 235, 271, 368–9 and Labour mythologies 355–6, and Clause Four 371–2 358, 359 and education 71 and revisionism 382 and European social democracy 330 and the trade unions 233, 244 on the general election (1945) 361 Campaign for Labour Party and New Labour’s tradition 372, Democracy 265 373–5 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and New Liberalism 377–8 see CND and Roy Jenkins 379 Campaign for Social Democracy and the Third Way 383, 385–6 (CDS) 380–1 and ‘timeless values’ 386–7 capital, British export of 47 see also New Labour capital punishment, abolition of 3, 110 Blunkett, David 384 capitalism Boer War 120, 121, 126 criticism of by rank-and-ﬁle Boland, Rose 206 members 259–60, 263 Bondﬁeld, Margaret 153, 193, 198, 202 and evolutionary socialism 12–13 Brailsford, H. N. 262 international 27 Brandt, Willy 190, 326 and liberal socialism 332 Bretton Woods system 59, 62, 65 the Webbs on 18 British Commonwealth 132, 134, 144, Carpenter, Edward 209 311 Carrington, Peter, Lord 169 British empire see colonialism and the Caryll, Leon 212 British empire Castle, Barbara 110, 111–12, 193, 198 British Institute of Management 58 and feminism 200–1 British Socialist Party 156 and Gaitskell 358 Brockway, Fenner 125, 324 and In Place of Strife 326, 359 and Labour mythologies 350, and the SDP 356 352–3, 358 and the trade unions 232–3

399

Index

CDS (Campaign for Social and constitutional reform 152, 159, Democracy) 380–1 160, 163 Chamberlain, Joseph 47 Cole, Margaret 199, 320 Chamberlain, Neville 92 Makers of the Labour Movement child benefit 111–12 348–9 Christian socialism, and property colonialism and the British empire 27 rights 19 and anti-colonialism 121–3, 138–9 Christianity, and Labour’s historical colonial policies 128 roots 9, 312 and women MPs 193 Churchill, Winston 21, 22, 97, 285 and decolonisation 120, 122–3, 134, and constitutional reform 162, 165 135–6, 141 Citizen newspaper 263 and economic development 135 Citrine, Walter 127, 159, 229, 268, freedom movements 5 269, 353 and southern Africa 141–2 Clarion movement 312 and ‘third force’ advocates 137 class Common Market see European and feminism 200, 205–6 Community and the Foreign Office 130–1 Commonwealth 132, 134, 144, 311 and Labour Party membership 192, communism 262, 263 and the British constitution 152 and Labour’s ideas on equality 31–2 and the electorate 290 and New Labour 368, 386 and Labour’s political thought 26, and popular conceptions of politics 33 288–90 and rank-and-file Labour activists and post-war welfare reforms 28 262 and sexuality issues 210 social-democratic alliances with and welfare issues 86–7 319 see also middle class; working class comprehensive education 4, 97 Clause Four (of Labour’s Comtean positivism 12 Constitution) 13, 51–2, 70, 72, conferences (Labour Party) 326, 370–1 delegates revision (1995) 38, 235, 331, 356, (1940) 188 371–2, 372–3, 386 (1983) 189 and revisionism 379–80, 381 and the National Policy Forum 240 Clynes, J. R. 348 and the trade-union block vote 169, CND (Campaign for Nuclear 236–41, 271 Disarmament) 121, 138, 143, Conservative governments 266, 321 (1951–64) 60–1, 103, 283–4 Co-operative Women’s Guild 194 (1970–74) 65 Cobb, Richard 288 see also Thatcher, Margaret Cockett, Richard 292 Conservative Party Cold War 29, 33, 137, 143, 321 and the 1997 general election 301 and the Attlee government 130, 134 central income 291 Cole, G. D. H. 13, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, and Crossland’s The Future of 33, 38, 52, 57, 320, 324 Socialism 35

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and the electorate 281, 285, 289, 104–5, 106, 123 290, 291–5, 329–30 on Labour Party membership 257 and the family 209–10 and revisionism 379, 380, 383, 384 mythologies 342 Crossman, Richard 36, 103, 111, 138, and New Labour’s tradition 374 152, 161 and trade unions 226, 227 and constitutional reform 166–71, and women voters 207 173 constituencies movement 268–9 on Labour campaigning 297 Constitution of the Labour Party on the Soviet Union 319 (1918) 156 Crowther-Hunt, Norman 170 reforms (1990s) 240–1 and women 195–6 Dahrendorf, Ralf 331 see also Clause Four (of Labour’s Dallas, George 320 Constitution) Dalton, Hugh 103, 132, 134, 262, 269 constitutional reform 151–73 and constitutional reform 160, 166 and Crossman 166–71, 173 on the general election (1945) 360 and devolution 171–3 and international aﬀairs 124, 125, and Edwardian Labour 152–6 131 in the inter-war years 156–61 Practical Socialism for Britain 56 Labour’s social and political on Swedish social democracy 320 thought on 14–18 Darwin, Charles 12 the Morrisonian revolution decolonisation 120, 122–3, 134–5 (1945–51) 161–6, 170, 173 democracy and New Labour 151, 173 parliamentary, and the politics of consumerism 73 planning 25–6 consumption, and gender 199, 206–9 representative 385 Cook, Robin 125, 144–5 democratic socialism Cooper, Selina 202 contribution to the twentieth Cousins, Frank 232 century 1–2 Cox, Lucy (later Middleton) 193 and Labour’s historical roots 9 CPAG (Child Poverty Action Group) see also European social democracy 109, 111, 112 Denning, Lord 299–300 craft unions 222–3 devaluation 70 Cripps, Sir Staﬀord 24, 120–1, 134, 262 devolution 171–3 and constitutional reform 159, 160, Dewar, Donald 113 161, 162 Disablement Income Group 109 expulsion from the party 269 discrimination, Labour’s attempts to and internationalism 318 outlaw 4 criticisms of the Labour Party 1–2 divorce law reforms 110, 200, 211 Crooks, Will 83, 85 domestic violence, reform of the law Crosland, C. A. R. 61, 103, 108, 110, on 112 211 Duncan, Charles 87 and constitutional reform 167, 171 Durbin, Evan 24, 27, 38, 107–8, 320 and European social democracy 322 The Politics of Democratic Socialism The Future of Socialism 33–6, 39, 26

401

Index

Eagle, Angela 211 see also Fabian Society Eastern Europe 33, 311 Eichler, Willi 323 economic growth, and welfare 104, electoral reform 106, 380 and the Attlee government 165–6 Economic League 293, 294 and Edwardian Labour 154–6 economy 46–74 and New Labour 377 in the 1950s 60–1 electorate 3, 281–302, 393 in the 1960s 61, 62–3, 108–9 and the Conservative Party 281, in the 1970s 63–8, 111 285, 289, 290, 291–5 in the 1980s 68–70 and Labour campaigning 295–301 economic decline 47, 63–9, 72 Labour’s electoral record (to 1992) and Edwardian Labour 47–50 281, 282–6 and European social democracy and New Labour 282, 301–2 327–8 and popular conceptions of politics and the First World War 50–1 286–90 in the inter-war years 53–7 reasons for Labour’s electoral modernisation 58–9, 61–3, 72 decline 329–30 national economic management 47, and voting behaviour 207, 285 49–50, 57–60, 68 see also general elections and New Labour 38, 70–2, 374 Ellis, Havelock 209 see also market economy Emergency Powers 159, 161 Ede, James Chuter 165 employment see full employment; Edmonds, John 234 unemployment; work education Ennals, David 326 and Crossland’s The Future of environmentalism, and liberal Socialism 34 socialism 333 and Labour’s political thought equal pay 99, 195, 200, 201, 205, 206 31–2, 39 equality and New Labour 71–2, 114, 384 and Labour’s political thought 31–6 post-war reforms 59, 97, 98 political and social thought on 31–6 Ramsay MacDonald on 88 and revisionism 382 and welfare 90 ethical foreign policy, and New and the Wilson government 108 Labour 144–5 see also schools ethical socialism Education Act (1944) 32, 97 and free trade 48 Edwardian Labour and nationalisation 51 and the constitution 152–6 and New Labour 72 and the economy 47–50 and work 73 and New Labour 39 ethnic minorities, and Labour Party and socialist internationalism membership 259, 270 312–15 European Charter on Human Rights and welfare 80–2 151 women activists 193–4 European Community/Union 61, and the women’s suﬀrage movement 68–9, 122, 131, 324, 324–5 201–2 British entry into the 140, 325

402

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referendum on Britain’s family allowances 92, 97, 99, 109, 201, membership 172 204–5 European Exchange Rate Mechanism family planning see birth control 70 fascism European integration and the British constitution 152 Labour opposition to 139, 143 and feminism 200 Labour’s support for 132 and Labour’s foreign policy 129–30 European Parliament, elections to the and rank-and-file radicals 262, 263 151 Fawcett, Millicent 202 European social democracy 310–11, feminism 3, 191, 199–206 314–33 and family allowances 203–5 and Edwardian Labour 314–15 feminist critics of the Labour Party and the First World War 315–16 1–2 in the inter-war years 317–20 and Labour Party membership and liberal socialism 331–3 200–1, 270 and New Labour 330, 386 and liberal socialism 333 and New Liberalism 377 and New Labour 38 in the post-war period 321–30 ‘second wave’ 205–6 and the Second World War 320–1, and socialism 199–200 323 and the women’s suffrage movement European Union see European 201–3 Community/Union Field, Frank 109 evolutionary socialism 11–14, 16 fiftieth anniversary of the Labour and the economy 48–9 Party 367–8 Exchange Rate Mechanism 70 finances (Labour Party) and campaigning 296–7 Fabian Society 312, 372 central income 291 and constitutional reform 158, 162 and parliamentary candidates 253–4 and the economy 51 and trade unions 225–8, 237 and evolutionary socialism 11, 13 First World War and ‘home rule’ 14 and constitutional reform 156 and international affairs 119, 120, and the economy 50–1 121, 124, 126–7 and the ILP 120 and New Labour 38 and Labour conceptions of the state and personal liberty 22 16, 17 and pre-war activists 260–1 myths around anti-war socialists and the role of the state 16 346–7 and trade 48 and New Liberalism 376 and welfare issues 89 and the politics of planning 23 women members 192, 193 and trade unions 228 Women’s Group 85, 208 and welfare issues 88–9 and women’s suffrage 202 and West European socialist see also New Fabians internationalism 315–16 Falklands War 122, 143 Flanders, Alan 323 families, and welfare 81–2, 89 focus groups 39

403

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Foot, Dingle 170 (1929) 282 Foot, Michael 144, 170, 234, 286, 325 (1931) 286, 318 and Labour mythologies 355, 358 (1935) 283, 293–4 For Socialism and Peace 56, 162 (1945) 27, 29, 97, 283, 285, 289, 367 ‘Foreign Legion’ 124–5 and Labour mythologies 344, foreign policy see international affairs 348–9, 360–1 Fox, Tom 315 (1951) 290, 300, 368 France (1959) 283–4, 380 Popular Front government 319 (1964) 284, 361 social democracy in 327, 328, 330, (1966) 3, 285 331, 332 (1970) 284 franchise reform (1974) 171, 284 and Edwardian Labour 153–4 (1983) 234, 325 in the inter-war years 157 (1992) 294–5 and Labour women 192 (1997) 3, 5, 215, 222, 235, 301–2, 368 and local government elections 164 General Strike (1926) 16–17, 95, 196, and the Wilson government 168–9 205, 206, 226, 289 women’s suffrage movement 201–3 George, Henry 312 free trade 47–8, 54, 56, 68, 121 George V, King 159 freedom see liberty Germany Freedom of Information Act 151 Green Party 329 friendly societies 83, 100 and liberal socialism 331, 332 full employment Social Democratic Party (SPD) 314, and the Attlee government 59–60, 315, 317, 319, 322–4, 326, 327, 98–9, 230, 370 328, 329, 330 goal of 50, 74 Social Democrats in Imperial and New Labour 370 Germany 14 and the trade unions 235, 241, 242 Giddens, Anthony, The Third Way 333 and welfare 104 Gillies, William 124, 310, 317, 319 Gingerbread 109 Gaitskell, Hugh 24, 26, 61, 103, 134, Glasier, Katherine 209 232, 320, 324 globalisation, and New Labour 71, and Clause Four 371, 379–80, 381 144, 145, 385 and international affairs 139, 311 gold standard 54, 56 and Labour mythologies 357–9 Gompers, Sam 312 and New Labour 383 Gotthelf, Herta 323 and the remodelling of the Labour Gould, Philip 372, 375, 377, 383, 386 Party 325–6 Grayson, Victor 153 and Roy Jenkins 379 Green, T. H. 23 Gaulle, Charles de 140 Greenwood, Arthur 210, 261 gender 191–215 Griffiths, Jim 213, 254 and consumption 199, 206–9 Gulf War 122, 143 and sexuality 199, 209–11 see also men; women Haddow, Martin 347–8 general elections 393 Hall, George 126

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Hall, Leonard 153 Horne, John 316 Hamilton, Mary Agnes 193, 347, 348 House of Commons, and ‘hard left’ activists 265 constitutional reform 168 Hardcastle, William 166 House of Lords Hardie, James Keir 19, 82, 84, 86, 87, Attlee government reforms 161, 262, 312, 313 164–5 and international aﬀairs 127 and Edwardian Labour 153 myths around 344–5, 346, 347, 348 Labour plans for abolition 156 and the trade unions 224 and Labour’s constitutionalism 14, and women 202, 213 16 Harrison, Royden 370 New Labour plans for reform 151 Hart, Judith 193, 198 Wilson government reforms 168, Hatch, John 124 169–70 Hattersley, Roy 266, 368, 383, 384 Housewives’ League 207 Choose Freedom 123 housing Hayek, Friedrich August von 30 allocation practices 299 Healey, Denis 66, 124, 125, 142, 233, and the Attlee government 98 234, 310, 323, 324 in the inter-war years 90–1, 94–5 and Labour mythologies 355, 358, and Labour women activists 194 359 privatisation of council housing and revisionism 383 329 Heath, Edward 167, 233 and the Wilson governments 107–8, Heﬀer, Eric 266, 356, 358–9 110 Henderson, Arthur 124, 128, 129, Housing Act (1930) 94 153–4, 156, 157 Howell, Denis 355 on Australia 313–14 Hughes, Alderman 254 and electoral support for Labour human rights, and New Labour 144–5 282 Hyndman, Henry 314 and internationalism 314, 315, 316–17 ILP (Independent Labour Party) 312, myths around 348 351 on ‘sex antagonism’ 202–3 and constitutional reform 152–3, and trade unions 228, 229, 231 155, 156–7 Hilferding, Rudolf 317 and evolutionary socialism 11, 13 Hinden, Rita 124, 193, 323 and the First World War 120 Hinton, James 143 and free trade 48 Hobhouse, Leonard 375, 376, 378, ‘Living Wage’ proposals (1926) 24 383 membership 250 Hobson, J. A. 19, 24, 25, 49, 262 and radical Liberals 261 Hoggart, Richard 211, 214, 289 and representations of women 213 Holland, Stuart, The Socialist and welfare issues 89 Challenge 64 IMF (International Monetary Fund) homosexuality 59–60, 66 legalisation of 110, 211 imperialism see colonialism and the and Section 28 211 British empire

405

Index

In Place of Strife 63, 232, 326, 359 Labour Party membership 250–6 Independent Labour Party see ILP and Labour’s conception of the India, independence from Britain state 17–18 134 and Labour’s electoral record 282–3 inflation local government 4, 92–3, 157, in the 1970s 65, 66, 67 158–9 and the Wilson governments 63 women’s representation in 197 international affairs 119–45 political thought in the 26–7 after the Cold War 142–5 and trade unions 228–9 and the Attlee government 126, and unemployment 53, 55 130–6 and welfare issues 89–97 British withdrawal from east of ‘Investors’ Britain’ 113–14 Suez 140–1 Iraq 143 and the Colonial Secretaryship 127 Ireland critics of Labour’s policies 136–9 and Labour’s constitutionalism 14, and the Fabian Society 119, 120, 15 121, 124, 126–7 Northern Ireland 122, 138–9, 144 and the Foreign Secretaryship 126 and Labour women MPs 193 Jackson, Peter 170 and ‘Little England’ attitudes 142, Jay, Douglas 26, 31, 64, 115, 380 143, 309–10 Change and Fortune 143 and New Labour 144–5 The Socialist Case 56 policy-making in 126, 127–30 Jeger, Lena 193 principles in 119, 120–3 Jenkins Commission 151 and trade unions 229 Jenkins, Edwin 348 and the Wilson governments 135, Jenkins, Roy 103, 105–6, 109, 110, 139–42 211, 319, 355, 357 International Bureau 126–7 and New Labour 377, 379 international capitalism, and socialist and revisionism 380, 382 policies 27 Jennings, Ivor 152 International Council of Social Jewson, Dorothy 210 Democratic Women 193 Jones, Arthur Creech 126 International Department of the Jones, Gareth Stedman 341 Labour Party 317 Jones, Jack 233 International Monetary Fund (IMF) Jowett, Fred 153 59–60, 66 Jowitt, William 164–5 internationalism 120–1 inter-war years 2, 3, 4 Kautsky, Karl 314 and birth control 210–11 Keep Left 137 and constitutional reform 156–61 ‘Keep-Left’ movement 33 and the economy 53–7 Kellner, Peter 301 and European social democracy Kendall, Walter 309 317–20 Kenya 135, 136 and international affairs 124–5 Keynes, John Maynard 4, 25, 376 and Labour campaigning 295–6 economic policies 56–7, 65, 66, 67

406

and European social democracy and internationalism 318 318, 327 and New Labour 38, 39 and Labour’s political thought and New Liberalism 377 26–7, 33 Latham, Charles 163, 171 and New Labour 332 Lawrence, F. W. Pethick 320 Khrushchev, N. 137 Lawrence, Susan 192, 193 Kinnock, Neil 142, 145, 234, 266, 271, LCC (Labour Co-ordinating 330, 357, 369, 379 Committee) 265, 266 Kirkwood, David 345 LCC (London County Council) 93, Kitschelt, Herbert 331 163, 197 Kok, Wim 332 League of Nations 121, 128, 229 Korean War 134 Lee, Jennie 110, 192, 193, 198, 201, 203 Kreisky, Bruno 326 and Labour mythologies 349, 352, 357, 358 Labour Believes in Britain 103 Lee Kuan Yew 140 Labour governments Lee-Smith, Hastings 158 (1924) 3, 54, 90–2, 183 Left Book Club 256 (1929–31) 3, 54–5, 94–5 Leon, Daniel de 312 (1974–79) 65–7, 110–12 Let Us Face the Future (1945 election see also Attlee, Clement; manifesto) 164, 230, 367 MacDonald, Ramsay; Wilson, Liberal Democrats 377–8, 379 Harold liberal socialism 331–3, 375 ‘Labour inside the gate’ (cartoon) 181 Liberal–SDP Alliance 234, 291, 325, Labour Left Brieﬁng 368 356, 379 Labour and the New Social Order 9, Liberals 156, 228 attacks on the Labour Party 1 Labour Organiser 283, 286, 296 and constitutional reform 153–4, Labour Party News 271 155–6 Labour Representation Committee see and the debate on liberty 21–2 LRC (Labour Representation and the electorate 282, 291 Committee) and free trade 48 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste 12 and the ILP 261 Lanarkshire Women’s Advisory and Labour’s political and social Council 182 thought 10, 16 Lansbury, George 14, 19, 22, 129, 262 and pre-war Labour Party members and constitutional reform 155–6 260 myths around 346 and property rights 19, 20 and welfare issues 81, 83, 86 and Roy Jenkins 379 and women’s suﬀrage 202 and trade unions 224, 225, 227 Laski, Harold 17, 20, 22, 23, 26, 27, and the welfare state 4 28, 30, 33, 36, 152 see also neo-liberalism; New and constitutional reform 157, 158, Liberalism 159, 161 liberty and Crossland’s The Future of and Crossland’s The Future of Socialism 34 Socialism 36

407 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-03799-0 - Labour’s First Century Edited by Duncan Tanner, Pat Thane and Nick Tiratsoo Index More information

Index

liberty (cont.) and internationalism 315, 316–17, negative and positive 21–3, 378 318 and New Labour 38 and Labour mythologies 343, 344, personal and economic 31 346–7, 348, 351, 352, 353, 354, Liddle, Roger 383 356, 357 ‘Little England’ attitudes 142, 143, and the Labour Party membership 309–10 267–8 living standards 3, 73, 74 and the National government 282 Lloyd George, David 85, 347 on national insurance 85–6 local government and nationalisation 51 elections 283, 284 and New Labour 39 and Enterprise Boards 69 and New Liberalism 376, 377 in the inter-war years 4, 92–3, 157, and perception of ‘national interest’ 158–9, 197 23 and New Labour 302 and property rights 19, 20 and the nineteenth-century Labour on socialism after the First World Party 84 War 88–9 ratepayers’ associations 292, 294 Socialism and Government 154–5, 157 reform 157, 158–9, 163–4, 171, 173 and the state 16 Local Government Act (1929) 92 and trade unions 229, 231 Local Government Act (1972) 171 and unemployment beneﬁts 95 London on welfare and work 80–2 Conservatism in 292 and women 198, 202, 214 Labour Party membership in 251–2 Mackintosh, John 152, 167, 382 London School of Economics 30 Macmillan, Harold 105 lone parents, and poverty 109 Macmillan, Margaret 193 Lowe, Eveline 197 Maddison, Fred 86–7 LRC (Labour Representation Major, John 294, 374 Committee) 3, 8–9, 11, 14, 47, Malaya 133, 135, 136 313 Mandelson, Peter 215, 384, 385 and constitutional reform 152 The Blair Revolution 383 and the trade unions 224, 237 Mann, Jean 193 and welfare issues 84 Manning, Leah 193 manufacturing economy, collapse of 3 Macarthur, Mary 193 market economy MacDonald, Margaret 193, 208, 214, and the Attlee government 60 315 and Edwardian Labour 48 MacDonald, Ramsay 26, 29 Labour’s hostility to 53 compared with Attlee 96 and New Labour 38, 72 and constitutional reform 152, 153, market socialism 72 154–5, 156, 159, 169, 170 Marquand, David 142–3, 170, 382, and evolutionary socialism 12, 13 383–4, 386 government of (1929–31) 55 Marshall Plan 130, 321 and international aﬀairs 124, 125, Marshall, T. H. 32 127–8, 129 Marx, Karl 12

408

Index

Marxism youth movement 255, 256 attacks on the Labour Party 1 men and Crossland’s The Future of male breadwinner idea 73–4, 204 Socialism 34 male manual workers 191, 207, 212 and the economy 48, 49 and representations of masculinity and international affairs 119, 120, 211–13 121, 136–7 Michael, Alun 272 and Labour’s social and political middle class thought 9, 10 and the 1997 general election and the Second World War 129–30 301–2 and the Wilson government 36 activists 299, 329 maternity benefit 86 culture and lifestyle 31, 32 maternity leave 112 electorate Mayhew, Christopher 382 and Labour campaigning 296 Mays, John Barron 288 and popular conceptions of means-tested benefits 100–1 politics 288–9, 290 Meet the Challenge, Make the Change and Labour MPs 244–5 172 and Labour Party membership 262, Meir, Golda 190 264, 270 membership (Labour Party) 248–73, ‘progressives’ 341 394–7 and support for Labour 57 activists 249, 259–66, 270 and the welfare state 102 and campaigning 297–300 women campaigns in the 1990s 271–2 and consumption 207 figures 249, 250, 256, 257–8, 285 and feminism 203, 205, 206 in the inter-war years 250–6 as Labour Party members 192 Labour clubs 255 Middle East, Labour’s foreign policy and the Labour left 270–1 in the 132, 133, 134–5, 138, leaders and members 267–73 139 and New Labour 266, 271–3 ‘Middle England’, and New Labour and one member, one vote (OMOV) 368 266 Middleton, James 159 and parliamentary candidates Mikardo, Ian 170, 358 253–4, 270 Militant Tendency 120, 265, 356 post-war patterns of 256–9 military affairs 124, 140–1 regional variations in 251, 252–3, miners’ strikes 206, 289 256–7 Mitchell, Hannah 349 social composition of 259 Mitchell, Isaac 313 and the trade unions 240, 249–50, modernisation, Labour and the 253, 259, 384, 395 economy 58–9, 61–3 values and ideas of party members Montefiore, Dora 315 post-war 263–6 morality, public enforcement of pre-war 259–63 private 22 and women 192, 196, 248, 250–1, Morgan, Ken 310 255–6, 258, 259, 261, 262 Morgan, Rhodri 272

409

Index

Morris, William 12 Labour’s proposals for, in the 1930s Morrison, Herbert 24, 57, 58, 95, 97, 95 102, 103, 322 and the post-war economy 59 and birth control 211 post-war legislation and and constitutional reform 161–6, expenditure 98, 100–1 170, 173 prescription charges 107, 108–9 and Crossman 167 national insurance 84, 85–6, 91–2 on the general election (1945) 360 and the Attlee government 99 and international aﬀairs 125, 132 national interests, and foreign-policy and Labour mythologies 350–1, decisions 122 352, 353–4 national minimum 49, 51, 74 and Labour women 193, 197 and the Attlee government 60, 100, and the London Labour Party 251, 102 315 National Policy Forum 240, 244 and ‘practical socialism’ 262 national superannuation 106–7, 109 on working-class housewives 203 nationalisation Mosley, Oswald 254 and the Attlee government 57–8, 60, Mosley, Cynthia 192 96, 164, 165 motherhood and the electorate 297 single mothers 86, 109, 214 and European social democracy support for 203–4 316, 322 working mothers 114, 115 Labour and the economy 49, 51–3, and the working-class ‘Mam’ 214 54, 72–3 MPs (Labour) and Labour’s political thought 26, social background 244–5 28, 32, 33 women 192–3, 197–9, 200–1 and pre-war party members 259 Muirhead, Roland 157 and revisionism 379–80, 381 Must Labour Lose? 284 nationalism 121 Myrdal, Gunnar 320 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty mythologies 341–61 Organisation) 122, 131, 321 of ‘betrayal’ and nuclear weapons 140 (1931) 44, 348, 351–4 neo-liberalism 37 the ‘gang of four’ 354–7 economic policies 327–8 of division 357–9 and liberal socialism 331 foundation myths 344–51, 359 New Clarion newspaper 268 and the general election (1945) 344, New Fabians 348–9 and the Labour Party membership and New Labour 356–7 268 of ‘triumph’ 359–61 and the politics of planning 24, 25–6 National Enterprise Board (NEB) and Scandinavian social democracy proposals 64, 67 320 National government (1931) 95, 282, New Labour 341 351–2 and the ‘break-up of Britain’ 144 national health service 4 and constitutional reform 151, 173

410

Index

criticisms of 368 nuclear weapons, Britain’s and the economy 38, 70–2, 374 commitment to 134, 140, 142 and education 71–2, 114, 384 NUSEC (National Union of Societies and the electorate 282, 301–2 for Equal Citizenship) 199–200 and European social democracy 330–3, 386 Oakeshott, M. 30 and international affairs 144–5 occupational pensions 101, 111 and Labour mythologies 356–7, 361 O’Farrell, John 265 and the Labour Party membership Offe, Claus 329 266, 271–3 oil price rises (1970s) 65, 111 and liberal socialism 331–3, 375 The Old World and the New Society and memories of old Labour 368–9, 162 383 old-age pensions 84–5, 92, 100 and New Liberalism 331, 375–9, Olivier, Sidney 124 383 Open University 108 and political and social thought oral tradition 342 38–9 Orwell, George 370 and revisionism 383–4 Osborne, W. V. 225 and sexuality 211 Owen, David 355, 383 and social justice 113–15 Oxfam 123 and ‘timeless’ values 384–7 Oxford Institute of Statistics 30 and the trade unions 235, 241, 368 and tradition 372–5 pacifism 121, 129 and welfare 113–15, 384 Pakistan 134 and women 215, 302 Palestine 135 New Leader 262 Palme, Olof 326 New Left 341 Palmerston, Lord 133 and European social democracy 328 Pankhurst, Sylvia 203 New Liberalism 375–6 Parker, John 293–4 and New Labour 331, 376–9, 383 parliamentary democracy, and the and property rights 19 politics of planning 25–6 and welfare 84–8 parliamentary sovereignty, and New Towns 108 Labour’s constitutionalism 15 newspapers, and the Conservatives Parry, Bob 357 293, 294–5 Paton, John 290 Nicaragua 5 Peace Pledge Union 256 1932 Club 268 ‘peaceful picketing’ 21 Noel-Buxton, Lucy 193 Pease, Edward 202 non-aligned movement 137 Pedersen, Susan 204 Nonconformism, and Labour’s pensions historical roots 9, 312 old-age 84–5, 92, 100 Northern Ireland 122, 138–9, 144 widow’s 92, 107 nuclear disarmament 3, 32, 121, 123, Phillips, Marion 184, 193, 203, 296 127, 137–8, 144 Phillips, Morgan 283 unilateral 142, 266 Picton-Turbervill, Edith 193

411

Index

Place, Francis 223–4 women in 83, 92 planning work and wages as defences against and the Attlee government 57–8, 60 81–2, 83 and Crossland’s The Future of and working families 109 Socialism 34 ‘poverty trap’ 112, 114 and nationalisation 53 Powell, Enoch 110 politics of 23–6 ‘practical socialism’ 262–3 and welfare issues 95–6 Prescott, John 370 and the Wilson government Preston Labour Party, and women (1964–70) 62–3 194–5, 202 Plant, Raymond 172 private property 18–21 pluralism and evolutionary socialism 13 and New Labour 38, 39 property rights 18–21 and trade unions 221–2 proportional representation 154–5, Pole, Major Graham 253–4 156, 157 political and social thought 8–39 prostitutes 211 broad spectrum of 9–10 protectionism 47–8, 68 constitutionalism, law and the state public corporation model of common 14–18 ownership 24 on equality and affluence 31–6 public ownership see nationalisation and evolutionary socialism 11–14, public spending 16 in 1900 47 and ‘interests’ 9, 15 in the 1950s 105–6 on negative and positive liberty in the 1970s 65, 66 21–3 and the Attlee government 60, 98 neo-liberal 37 on defence 134, 141 and New Labour 38–9 on welfare 134 and planning 23–6 and the Wilson government 36 on private and public property Purity movement 22 18–21 and the Second World War 27–8, quality of life 29–30 and Attlee’s plans for Labour 96 Poor Law 83, 85, 89, 90, 92 political and social thought on poor relief, right to 81 104–5, 106 Popular Front movement 262, 263 post-war Labour Party 2, 28–31 Race Relations Acts 108, 110 Postgate, Raymond 320 racial discrimination, Labour’s poverty attempts to outlaw 4 in the 1950s 103–4, 105, 106 radical republicanism, and Labour’s and the Attlee government 60 historical roots 9 and Crossland’s The Future of radicalism, rank-and-file 259–64 Socialism 34 Rashdall, Hastings 19 and the debate on property 21, 202 Rathbone, Eleanor 203–5 fear of 286–7 Realpolitik 29 and New Labour 115, 384 and international affairs 120

412

Index

rearmament 120, 127, 134, 231 Schröder, Gerhard 331, 333 Redcliﬀe-Maud Commission on local Schumacher, Kurt 323, 324 government 167, 170, 171 Scotland regional devolution in England 151 and constitutional reform 156, 157, regional government, and the Wilson 159, 166, 171 government reforms 171 Labour Party membership in 251 Reid, John 385 local government and Labour Representation of the People Acts women 197 (1918) 16, 152 and New Labour 144, 151, 173 (1945) 164 Scottish Constitutional Convention (1948) 165 172 (1969) 169–70 SDF (Social Democratic Federation) revisionism 379–82 12, 312 and Crossland’s The Future of SDP (Social Democratic Party) 198, Socialism 34 234, 264, 284, 325 and New Labour 383–4 myths around the formation of 344, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) 141 354–7 Right to Work 49–50, 73, 80–1, 85, 91, and revisionism 379, 382, 383 115 Second International 120, 314, 317, rivalries in the Labour Party 10 323 Roberts, Robert 211 Second World War Robinson, Kenneth 109 and the electorate 289 Rodgers, Bill 355 and European social democracy Rolph, C. H. 290 320–1, 323 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 13 and feminism 200 Ruskin, John 12–13, 19, 21 and the Labour Party 2 and Labour’s international thinking Salter, Alfred 350 129–30 Sankey, Lord 351 and Labour’s political thought Sassoon, Donald 144, 309 27–8, 29–30 Saville, John 131 and the trade unions 229–30, 239 Sawyer, Tom 244, 271 and welfare issues 97 Scandinavian social democracy SERPS (state earnings related pension 317–18, 319–20, 322, 325 scheme) 111 Scanlon, John 345 sex discrimination Scargill, Arthur 137 and all-women shortlists 199 Schiller, Karl 331 and feminism 200 Schmidt, Helmut 327, 328, 329, 330, Labour’s attempts to outlaw 4 331 legislation 112 schools Sexton, James 346, 347, 353 comprehensive 4, 97 sexuality 199, 209–11 free school meals 84, 87 Seyd, Patrick and Whiteley, Paul, medical inspection in 84 Labour’s Grass Roots 123 school-leaving age 89, 95, 96, 98, 108 Shaw, George Bernard 12, 38 see also education Shelter 109

413

Index

Shinwell, Emmanuel 160, 367 Soviet Union Shore, Peter 359 and the economy 56 Short, Claire 37 and the Labour left 136–7, 138, Short, Renee 286 318–19, 321 Signposts for the Sixties 61, 326 and Labour’s political thought 24, Singapore 140 25, 28, 33, 36 Skidelsky, Lord 284 Spanish Civil War 5, 193, 254, 319 Slesser, H. H. 157 Spencer, Herbert 12 Smith, Chris 211, 373 Sri Lanka 134 Smith, Ian 141 Stacey, Margaret 289 Smith, John 113, 198, 271, 355 Stalin, Joseph 137 Snell, Henry 286, 353 the state Snowden, Philip and the economy 50 and constitutional reform 153, 156, Labour attitudes to state control 169 22–3 and the economy 51, 53, 54, 55, 86 Labour conceptions of 14–18 and internationalism 317 and social and economic reform 82 and Labour mythologies 346, 351, Steedman, Carolyn 209 352, 353 Stevas, Norman St John 170 and the Labour Party membership Stewart, Michael 125 267 Storey, Edward 294 and welfare 86, 91, 92, 95 Strachey, John 299 and women 202, 213–14 Straw, Jack 211, 377 SNP (Scottish Nationalist Party) 171 Stutchbury, Oliver 295 social class see class Suez crisis (1956) 133, 136 Social Contract (Labour Party and the Summerskill, Edith 193, 200, 210 TUC) 64, 233 Sweden Social Democratic Federation (SDF) social democracy in 317–18, 319–20, 12, 312 322, 327, 333 Social Justice Commission 113 women’s rights in 204 social welfare see welfare Socialist Commentary 379 Taﬀ Vale decision of the House of socialist internationalism 27, 120–1, Lords 14 128, 312–18, 322, 326 tariﬀ reform campaign 47 Socialist League 312 Tawney, R. H. 20–1, 26, 30, 31, 32, and constitutional reform 159 33, 261 and internationalism 318 Equality 22–3 and the Labour Party membership and internationalism 318 268 Labour and the Nation 94 and New Labour 38 taxation and the politics of planning 24, 25, and the Attlee government 98 26 and debates about property 20 socialist societies, and trade unions Labour Party policies on 3 224–5 and New Labour 386 South Africa 141–2 and revisionism 382, 383

414

Index

and social welfare 84, 106, 111 funds 83 working families tax credit 114 and international affairs 127 Temperance movement 22 and Labour MPs 244–5 Temple, Archbishop William 19 and Labour Party membership 240, Tenfelde, Klaus 310 249–50, 253, 259, 394, 395 Thatcher, Margaret 201 and Labour Party policy governments of (1900–50) 228–31 and electoral support for Labour (1950–2000) 231–6 284, 293, 373 and New Labour 235, 241, 368 and European social democracy and New Liberalism 376 329 and the ‘new realism’ 234–5 and the Labour left 266 in the nineteenth century 83 and New Labour 374 and the origins of the Labour Party and the press 294 222–5 and the SDP 382 and party finances 225–8, 237 and trade unions 233–5, 236, 242 and personal liberty 21 and Labour economic policy 69 and pluralism 221–2 and public spending 66 and the politics of planning 24 ‘third force’ advocates 137 and the post-war economic boom Thomas, George 214 221 Thomas, Jimmy 126, 130–1, 158, 351, and the role of the state 17, 22 352 and state control 22 Titmuss, Richard 104, 106 and the Thatcher governments Tomlinson, Jim 102 233–5, 236 Toole, Joe 345–6, 347 and welfare 83, 87–8, 100 town planning 108 and the Wilson government 63, Townsend, Peter 109 232–3 Toynbee, Polly 376–7 and women 196, 198 trade see also TUC (Trades Union and the AES 68 Congress) free trade 54, 56, 68, 121 tradition versus protection 47–8 Labour Party 369–72 Trade Boards Act (1909) 85 and New Labour 273–5 Trade Disputes Act (1927) 17, 226 Tribune group 33 Trade Union Act (1913) 226 TUC (Trades Union Congress) 224, trade unions 3, 14, 221–45 225 in the 1970s 64, 67 and the 1932 Club 268 block votes at the Labour Party affiliated organisations 241 conferences 236–41, 269, 271 and international affairs 127 constructing a governing and Labour Party finances 226, 227 partnership with Labour and party policy 229–30, 233 241–5 and the ‘Social Contract’ 64, 233 and European social democracy 328–9, 333 UDC (Union of Democratic Control) and evolutionary socialism 9, 13 125, 128, 138

415

Index

unemployment Labour Party membership in 251, in the 1970s 65 252–3, 258, 272 beneﬁts 91, 95 and New Labour 144, 151 and the electorate 329 Walker, Patrick Gordon 108, 268 in the inter-war years 53, 55, 89–90, Watkins, Alan 269 91, 95 WCG (Women’s Co-operative Guild) and New Labour 114, 235 83, 84, 88 and revisionism 382 weaknesses of the Labour Party 4 and the Right to Work 49–50, 73, wealth production, and property 80–1, 91 rights 19 and the trade unions 241, 243 Webb, Beatrice 21, 316 and the TUC 229 Webb, Beatrice and Sidney 29, 260 Unemployment Insurance Act (1930) Constitution for the Socialist 94 Commonwealth of Great Britain United Nations 121, 122 17–18 United States of America and constitutional reform 157–8 and anti-Americanism 321 and Crossland’s The Future of Britain’s relationship with 133, 140 Socialism 34 Roosevelt’s New Deal 24, 229 The Decay of Capitalist Civilization and socialism 312–13 13, 18 and ‘third force’ advocates 137 and the economy 52 United States of Europe idea 132 and evolutionary socialism 12, 13 and the ‘housekeeping state’ 15, 16 Victory for Socialism 265, 269 and national insurance 85 Vietnam War 140 and the Soviet Union 18, 318 voting systems Webb, Sidney 8, 11–12, 30, 33 majority (ﬁrst-past-the-post) 171, and constitutional reform 158, 159 329 Labour and the New Social Order 13, proportional representation 154–5, 50–1, 89–90 156, 157 and personal liberty 21 see also electoral reform welfare 80–115 in the 1950s 103–7, 287 wages the Attlee government and the equal pay 99, 195, 200, 201, 205, welfare state 4, 28–9, 60, 206 97–103 family wage 204 expenditure cuts 134 minimum wage 114 family allowances 92, 97, 99, 109, social wage 201 201, 204–5 and the Trade Boards Act (1909) and the First World War 88–9 85 in the inter-war years 89–97 and welfare issues 81–2, 85, 89, 91 and Labour women activists 193–5 Wainwright, Hilary 205–6 and New Labour 113–15, 384 Wales and New Liberalism 84–8 and constitutional reform 156, 159, nineteenth-century campaigns 166, 171 around 83–4

416

Index

and political thought 28–9 Wilson, Woodrow 128 and revisionism 381–2 Winkler, Henry 128–9 and the Right to Work 80–2 ‘winter of discontent’ 233, 243, 327 and the Second World War 97 Wise, E. F. 261 and the Wilson governments 107–12 WLL (Women’s Labour League) 83, and women 93–4, 96, 99, 112, 88, 192, 193, 194, 202, 208–9, 113–14, 208 214 ‘Welfare to Work’ 73, 384 women 191–215 Wells, H. G. 38, 202 and the Attlee government 99 Wertheimer, Egon 314 and the Conservative Party 294, 295 WEWNC (War Emergency Workers’ and domestic violence 112 National Committee) 88 and equal pay 99, 195, 200, 201, Wheatley, John 90, 345 205, 206 White, Eirene 193 housewives 203, 207, 208–9 Whitelaw, William 167 Labour activists 192–9, 200–1, 210, widow’s pensions 92, 107 215, 261 Wigforss, Ernst 320 and Labour campaigning 296, Wilkinson, Ellen 192, 193, 198 298–9 Wilkinson, Helen 302 Labour MPs 192–3, 197–9, 200–1 Williams, Francis 367 Labour Party members 192, 196, Williams, Shirley 167, 198, 200, 355, 261 356 and Labour Party membership 192, Wilson, Harold 15, 59, 190, 296 196, 248, 250–1, 255–6, 258, 259 and the electorate 284, 285 and local government 84, 93 and George Brown 142 and maternity leave 112 governments of middle-class 192, 203, 205, 206, 207 and constitutional reform 167–71 and national insurance 86 and the economy 61, 62–3, 108–9 and New Labour 215, 302 and the EEC 324–5 and old-age pensions 85 and equal pay 195 and pensions 111 and international aﬀairs 135, in poverty 83, 92 139–42 and sex discrimination legislation and Labour Party membership 112 257 and suﬀrage reform 157 and Labour’s political thought and the Trade Boards Act (1909) 85 36–7 and unemployment 91 and revisionism 381–2 and welfare 93–4, 96, 99, 112, and social democracy 326–7 113–14, 208 and technology 61, 212, 326 women’s sections in the Labour and trade unions 63, 232–3 Party 93–4, 192, 194, 195, 251, and welfare issues 107–12 262 and women 198 working-class and Labour mythologies 359 and birth control 210–11 and Roy Jenkins 379 and feminism 205–6 Wilson Report (1955) 257 housewives 203, 208

417

Index

women (cont.) and Labour Party membership 255 working class (cont.) male manual workers 191, 207, 212 Labour Party members 192, 206 popular culture 209, 260 representations of 213–15 and sexuality 211 and welfare 204–5 women younger women 214 and birth control 210–11 see also feminism; motherhood; sex and feminism 205–6 discrimination housewives 203, 208 Women’s Labour League see WLL Labour Party members 192, 206 (Women’s Labour League) representations of 213–15 Women’s Trade Union League 85 and welfare 194, 204–5 Woolf, Leonard 124 working families tax credit 114 work workmen’s compensation 84 attitudes of pre-war party members Wright, Tony 373 259 Wrigley, Chris 314 and employment legislation 200 WS (women’s sections in the Labour Labour’s emphasis on 73–4 Party) 93–4, 192, 194, 195, 251, Right to Work 49–50, 73, 80–1, 85, 262 91, 115 and welfare 80–2, 96, 112, 114, 115 Young, Michael 103 working-class Young, Sir Robert 162 and the deproletarianisation of Yugoslavia (former), conﬂicts in 121, Western Europe 325 122, 143 electorate 285, 286, 329–30 and popular conceptions of Zweig, Ferdinand 289–90 politics 286–8

418