1 Música: Marcas Sonoras Juvenis Nadja Vladi Cardoso

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1 Música: Marcas Sonoras Juvenis Nadja Vladi Cardoso Música: Marcas Sonoras Juvenis1 Nadja Vladi Cardoso Gumes2 Faculdade de Comunicação da Universidade Federal da Bahia RESUMO Este trabalho identifica as culturas juvenis representadas no Folhateen, suplemento jovem do jornal Folha de São Paulo, revelando como as identidades se configuram nos textos de um caderno juvenil do jornal de maior circulação do país, através dos gostos musicais. Os resultados foram alcançados com a utilização das noções de estilos de vida e cultura do consumo, instrumentos importantes para entender a rede que conecta música, meios de comunicação e juventudes. A fundamentação teórica na análise dos suplementos teve como pilar os Estudos Culturais, uma perspectiva que permitiu entender o processo comunicativo entre Folhateen, culturas juvenis e leitores. Palavras-chave: Culturas juvenis; identidades; meios de comunicação; estilos de vida; cultura do consumo A música é um elemento que desenvolve um papel central nas culturas juvenis e na formação das novas identidades. Nos anos 50, no período pós-guerra, quando a cultura juvenil tornou-se assunto preferencial nos meios de comunicação massivos, a música apresentou-se como um definidor de padrões de gostos e como um aglutinador de jovens e do seu estilo de vida. Simon Frith (1996) em seu livro Performing Rites – On the Value of Popular Music argumenta que a música é um processo social que articula e oferece uma experiência coletiva de identidade. “A música constrói nosso senso de identidade através das experiências que ela oferece do corpo, tempo, sociabilidade, experiências que nos permitem colocar nós mesmos em narrativas culturais imaginativas”.3 (FRITH, 1996, p.275). A experiência coletiva e o senso de identidade gerados pela música, que fala Frith, têm como mais contundente canal de divulgação os meios de comunicação. Eles são o palco do processo social de consolidação de identidades juvenis. Com razão, Thornton (1995) 1 Trabalho apresentado ao NP13 – Comunicação e Cultura de Minorias, do IV Encontro dos Núcleos de Pesquisa da Intercom. 2 Mestranda do programa de Pós Graduação em Cultura e Comunicação Contemporâneas da Faculdade de Comunicação da Ufba, professora de Jornalismo das Faculdades Jorge Amado, e editora do Jornal A TARDE. E- mail: [email protected] 3 Music constructs our sense of identity through the experience it offers of the body, time, and sociability, experiences which enable us to place ourselves in imaginative cultural narratives 1 argumenta a impossibilidade de pensar culturas juvenis separando-as dos meios de comunicação e do consumo, espaços legítimos de práticas culturais que são partes de uma rede poderosa para a construção de significados e identidades. “Eu argumentaria que é impossível entender as distinções de culturas juvenis sem uma investigação sistemática dos meios de comunicação que são consumidos por elas” 4. (THORNTON, 1995, p.13). Este trabalho se debruça sobre determinados gêneros musicais que permeiam o Folhateen, suplemento jovem do jornal Folha de São Paulo, com o objetivo de refletir sobre o papel do suplemento, através da música, na construção de identidades. O Folhateen desde o seu surgimento em 18.02.1991 tem na música uma das principais articulações com seu tipo de leitor. Os estilos musicais mais presente no caderno são rock (e seus subgêneros como punk, grunge, funk metal) e rap, com pequenas incursões pela música eletrônica e o heavy metal. Na análise, essa incursão nos estilos musicais é pontuada por matérias retiradas do suplemento como uma forma de entender, através dos estilos musicais, as identidades do leitor construídas no suplemento. Neste trabalho, a argumentação está centrada na historicidade dos estilos mais presentes (grunge, punk e rap) no caderno e como eles desenvolvem um papel central na criação do jovem leitor do Folhateen. Mídia, o jovem no alvo Não é um aspecto apenas do Folhateen a relação estreita e profunda entre mídia juvenil e música. O esboço de uma mídia voltada para o jovem remete aos anos 50, momento do nascimento do rock and roll e de uma cultura juvenil. No mesmo período, a imprensa começa a passar por um processo de segmentação em busca de um público mais variado com a criação da imprensa feminina e imprensa infantil, especializada em conteúdo para mulheres e crianças, respectivamente. A efervescência criada pelo rock and roll permite arriscar que está aí a gênese de uma imprensa voltada para os jovens. É possível perceber traços do que passou a ser chamado de mídia jovem em publicações e programas (rádio e TV) que enfocavam música, principalmente o rock. A popularização do rock’n’roll aconteceu em 1954 quando Bill Haley and the Comets gravaram “Rock Around the Clock”, vendendo 15 milhões de cópias nos Estados Unidos. Esse foi o início do rock como cultura de massa juvenil e tendo como primeiras estrelas Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Little Richard. “O rock foi mais do que uma música; moveu-se desde 4 “I world argue that it impossible to understand the distinctions of youth cultures without some systematic investigation of their media consumption.” 2 o início com um impulso de contracultura5 que se espalhou pela vida cotidiana”. (SARLO, 2000, p.34). O rock passou a ser a trilha sonora da juventude dos anos 50. O ritmo, a sensualidade e a agressividade provocados por essa nova sonoridade criou, em torno dessa música, estilos de vida juvenis como os teddy boys6 e rockers7. O rock tornou-se a tradução exata para a insatisfação dos jovens norte-americanos em uma sociedade que os obrigava a seguir normas rígidas: escola, família e trabalho. Janotti (2003) explica: [...] O fato mais proeminente dessa ruptura tinha sido a rejeição daquilo que era considerado comportamento adequado e dedicação ao trabalho. A rápida assimilação desse descontentamento por parte de vários segmentos da juventude em todo o mundo demonstrava que o rock poderia ser visto como uma resposta juvenil às pressões do modelo hegemônico. O rock criou modos de expressão que estavam longe do alcance da autoridade do mundo adulto. [...] Em todos os pontos do planeta o rock acabou provocando uma reformulação não só da geografia cultural como dos valores que balizavam a musicalidade de um modo geral. (JANOTTI, 2003, pp. 30 e 31). O novo som embalava jovens em busca de um estilo diferente do imposto pelos adultos. Esse desejo criou um senso de identidade de grupo que colocou os fãs do rock’n’roll como o primeiro estilo de vida juvenil unido por uma música e uma atitude. O rock’n’roll evidenciava o jovem como um grupo de consumo, um público alvo em potencial. No intuito de compreender melhor como as culturas juvenis são representadas no Folhateen, formatando determinadas identidades de leitores jovens para uma mídia juvenil, uma preocupação que atravessa este trabalho é perceber os bens materiais como comunicadores que operam na formação dos estilos de vida e das identidades. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta análise é lançar um olhar sobre os meios de comunicação como espaços privilegiados onde os produtos são consumidos, mas também reconfigurados pelos consumidores. Vivemos em um mundo de profusão de imagens e informações, tornando impossível a tarefa de entender e perceber culturas fora dos ambientes dos meios de comunicação e da ‘cultura do consumo’. Na perspectiva apresentada por Featherstone (1995) as “mercadorias” são usadas de forma a criar vínculos, estabelecer dimensões sociais. Usar a expressão ‘cultura de consumo’ significa enfatizar que o mundo das mercadorias e seus princípios de estruturação são centrais para a compreensão da sociedade contemporânea. Isso envolve [...], 5 Theodore Roszak conceitua o termo contracultura como o interesse de jovens pelo misticismo oriental, drogas psicodélicas e experiências comunitárias e uma constelação cultural que divergia dos valores que constituíam a sociedade ocidental desde a revolução científica do século XVII. 6 [...] “Originalmente um fenômeno britânico, apareceu em meados dos anos 1950. Essencialmente sem instrução profissional, os teds foram excluídos da abundância desfrutada pelos jovens. [...] As preferências musicais dos teds incluíam o início do rock’n’roll e o rockabilly”. (SHUKER, 1999, p. 248). 7 “Os rockers vestiam jaquetas de couro preto, calça jeans e botas, passavam brilhantina no cabelo e dirigiam motocicletas. [...] A liberdade era o principal valor dos rockers e sua preferência musical era o rock’n’n’roll dos anos de 1950”. (SHUKER, 1999, p. 248). 3 na dimensão cultural da economia, a simbolização e o uso de bens materiais como ‘comunicadores’, não apenas como utilidades. (FEATHERSTONE, 1995, p.121). O consumo produz sonhos, desejos, prazeres. Neste contexto a juventude vai formatando múltiplas identidades fomentadas pela cultura do consumo que faz uma oferta substancial de bens simbólicos principalmente através da música. Bennett (2000) analisa o consumo como uma posição de poder para o jovem. Para o autor: [...] o apelo ao consumismo posiciona o poder que dá ao jovem construir estilos de vida alternativos que poderiam ser vividos fora ou em torno da tradicional base de classes sociais e instituições como família, escola e lugar de trabalho8. (BENNETT, 2000, p.26). Tem razão o autor, afinal a condição juvenil de força motora para as mudanças é sempre a mesma, o que muda são os estilos de vida apresentados por essa juventude e os novos significados sociais que ela recria, modelando mercadorias e criando novos públicos consumidores, novas significações. A sociedade contemporânea é atravessada por diversas culturas e informações múltiplas o que coloca em cena sujeitos com identidades fragmentadas. Nesse ambiente a análise da concepção de identidade do sujeito pós-moderno de Stuart Hall dá pistas sobre a juventude que consome os estilos musicais do Folhateen. O sujeito assume identidades diferentes em diferentes momentos, identidades que não são unificadas ao redor de um ‘eu’ coerente. [...] A identidade plenamente unificada, completa, segura e coerente é uma fantasia. Ao invés disso, à medida que os sistemas de significação e representação cultural se multiplicam, somos confrontados por uma multiplicidade desconcertante e cambiante de identidades possíveis, com cada uma das quais poderíamos nos identificar – ao menos temporariamente.
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