DOCSLIB.ORG

European Public Law

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
European Public Law EUROPEAN PUBLIC LAW Volume 15 March 2009 Number 1 Rapports BELGIUM The Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde Question: A Linguistic Trap Patrick Peeters, Jens Mosselmans 5 ISRAEL The Governmental Commission of Inquiry for the Second Lebanon War, 2007 Suzie Navot 17 SCOTLAND Scotland’s Constitutional Future Tom Mullen 33 Scrutiny Beyond Participation: Administrative-Law Type Mechanisms in Global Environmental Governance. Toward a New Basis of Legitimacy? Francesca Spagnuolo 49 Articles Evidence and National Security: ‘Belief Evidence’ in the Irish Special Criminal Court Liz Heffernan 65 A New Status for the ECHR in Italy Silvia Mirate 89 ‘Free Speech is not Valued if only Valued Speech is Free’: Connolly, Consistency and some Article 10 Concerns Paul Wragg 111 Book Reviews 133 Published by: Kluwer Law International PO Box 316 2400 AH Alphen aan den Rijn The Netherlands Website: www.kluwerlaw.com Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle Frederick, MD 21704 United States of America Email: [email protected] Sold and distributed in all other countries by: Turpin Distribution Services Ltd. Stratton Business Park Pegasus Drive, Biggleswade Bedfordshire SG18 8TQ United Kingdom Email: [email protected] European Public Law is published quarterly (March, June, September and December). Subscription rates, including postage (2009): EUR 424/USD 565/GBP 312. European Public Law is indexed/abstracted in the European Legal Journals Index. Printed on acid-free paper. ISSN 1354-3725 © 2009 Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Permission to use this content must be obtained from the copyright owner. Please apply to: Permissions Department, Wolters Kluwer Legal, 76 Ninth Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10011- 5201, USA. Email: [email protected] Periodicals postage paid by Rahway, NJ, USPS No. 017-382. POSTMASTER please send all corrections to European Public Law, c/o Mercury Airfreight International Ltd, 365 Blair Rd, NJ 07001, USA. Printed in Great Britain. Professor John Usher It is with deep regret that the journal announces the untimely death of Professor John Usher. Professor Usher was a member of the International Advisory Board of European Public Law since the journal’s inception in 1995. Legal scholarship has lost a great fi gure in European Law and the journal a great friend. — The Editor Rapports BELGIUM The Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde Question: A Linguistic Trap Patrick Peeters and Jens Mosselmans* 1. Introduction Just before the 2003 federal parliamentary elections, the federal electoral code was amended to establish broader electoral constituencies for the House of Representatives. Constituencies by district were replaced with larger electoral units based on the division of Belgium into provinces. There remain, however, two important exceptions. Namely the legislature refrained from changing the bilingual electoral district of Brussels- Halle- Vilvoorde (BHV) and the electoral district of Leuven. The Constitutional Court held in a much debated judgment of 26 May 2003 that the newly introduced system, which provides for common electoral lists for Dutch-speaking candidates for both districts, violates the Belgian Constitution. However, the Court granted the federal legislature a period of four years within which to come up with adequate remedies. During the 2003-2007 administration, several bills were introduced into the federal Parliament in an attempt to implement the Constitutional Court’s aforementioned BHV judgment. However, by the end of this administration, it became clear that a ‘negotiated’ solution would not be found. In order to avoid new criticism from the Court and pass the thorny BHV issue on to the next administration, the federal government took care to ensure that the 2007 parliamentary elections were held on 10 June 2007, just one week before expiry of the four-year period granted by the Constitutional Court. Immediately after the federal elections of 10 June 2007, the Flemish and French- speaking political parties brought new bills before the newly composed Parliament. The parliamentary Internal Affairs Committee, which, as will be explained below, was not bound by coalition solidarity since the federal government had not yet been formed, adopted the bills which called for a split-up of BHV. It should be noted, however, that the French-speaking members of the committee left the room before the vote. With the * Patrick Peeters is professor of constitutional law, Law School, University of Leuven; Jens Mosselmans is attorney at law at the Brussels bar. Peeters, Patrick and Jens Mosselmans. ‘Belgium – The Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde Question: A Linguistic Trap’. European Public Law 15, no. 1 (2009): 5-16. © 2009 Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands 6 EUROPEAN PUBLIC LAW exception of a single member of the Groen/Ecolo group who abstained, the Flemish parties passed the bills unilaterally. The day after the vote in the committee, the French Community Parliament fi led a motion, raising a confl ict of interest. The French Community Parliament deemed that the French Community’s interests were harmed by the bills. The motion was passed unanimously the next day. As a result, the discussion of the bills in the federal Parlia- ment has been suspended and a complex consultation procedure implemented. This consultation procedure has failed to achieve any results thus far. In order to further hold up the bills in Parliament, the Commission of the French Community has also raised a confl ict of interest, which has given rise to a new round of consultation. This procedure can still be used by the parliaments of the Brussels-Capital Region and the Walloon Region. Due to these consultation procedures, the bills can be placed on the agenda of the House of Representatives no earlier than mid-October 2008. In this way, some time has been bought to seek a ‘negotiated’ solution to the BHV problem. Most likely, a solu- tion will be sought within the broader framework of a new state reform. 2. Origins of the BHV Debate The origins of the BHV issue are not particularly clear but probably date back to at least 1962, when Belgium was split into three linguistic regions (Dutch-, French- and German-speaking) and the bilingual Brussels-Capital Region.1 Belgium’s constitutional, administrative and judicial organization is based on a ter- ritorial division along linguistic lines. The country’s electoral districts are also based on this division. An exception is made for the electoral district of BHV, which spans two linguistic regions including the bilingual Brussels-Capital Region, and thirty-fi ve municipalities in the Flemish Region (Flanders). Owing to this division, the French-speaking parties can canvas for votes with their leading politicians in federal and European elections in the thirty-fi ve Flemish municipalities. In return, Flemish residents of Brussels can vote for Flemish candidates in Halle-Vilvoorde. In order to prevent ‘encroaching Frenchifi cation’, the Flemish Community has repeatedly called for the splitting up of the BHV electoral district. This division would result in three electoral districts: Flemish Brabant (consisting of Halle-Vilvoorde and Leuven), Walloon Brabant and Brussels. These requests have so far fallen on deaf ears. The split-up of BHV would not mean, however, that French-speaking parties would no longer be able to present candidates on lists in Halle-Vilvoorde. The only conse- quence of this division would be that leading French-speaking federal politicians would no longer be eligible to stand for election in Halle-Vilvoorde. This would mean that they 1 S. LINDEMANS, ‘Het probleem Brussel-Halle-Vilvoorde – Analyse van een staatsrechtelijke doos van Pandora’, Jura Falc., 42 (2005-2006): 473, Ch. 4. BELGIUM 7 would lose the approximately 75,000 votes of French-speaking residents in the peripheral Flemish municipalities bordering Brussels. Indeed, past regional elections have shown that ‘local’ French-speaking parties are not very successful in Halle-Vilvoorde without their national fi gures (cf. the Union Francophone).2 Another consequence of the split-up of BHV would be that federal MPs elected in Halle-Vilvoorde would necessarily be considered to belong to the Dutch linguistic group rather than the French-speaking group, even if they were actually French speakers. This division along linguistic lines is important for the adoption of legislation that requires a special parliamentary majority. In order to pass such legislation, not only is an overall 2/3 majority required, but also a majority in each linguistic group. This division is also important for the so-called alarm-bell procedure (see below). Although the Flemish political parties have been calling for the split-up of the BHV electoral district for decades, it should be noted that the band between Brussels and Halle-Vilvoorde is also of the essence for Flemish residents of Brussels. Without this band, these residents would be even more marginalized and could even end up without any representation in the federal and European parliaments. 3. The Constitutional Court’s Judgments of 26 February and 26 May 2003 In a decision of 22 December 1994, the Constitutional Court indicated that the exis- tence of the BHV electoral district does not violate the Belgian Constitution. The Court found that: preservation of the Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde electoral district is based on the need to achieve an essential balance between the interests of the communities and the regions in the Belgian state (…).3 The Constitutional Court reached a turning point in its judgments of 26 February and 26 May 2003, however.4 The background to these judgments can be summarized as follows. In April 2002, the Verhofstadt I administration reached a political compro- mise, which was converted into the Elections Act of 13 December 2002.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Visiting Scholars: Further Information Updated October 2017
    1 Visiting Scholars: Further information Updated October 2017 Introduction Durham Law School welcomes applications to its Visiting Scholars Programme. The School is widely- acknowledged to be one of the leading Law Schools in the UK and is a recognised centre of international excellence in legal scholarship and research. It has particular research strengths in the following areas: human rights; commercial law; criminal law and justice; European Union law; gender and legal theory; medical law and bioethics as supported by the numerous research centres and groups. Visiting Scholars will be based at Durham for a period from a week to a year. We give preference to applications for visits of up to three months, though we will consider applications for longer stays in order to allow Scholars to engage in research with academics working in related fields. Scholars are expected to pursue a specific research project while within the School and both to deliver and participate in research seminars. The School does not provide financial support for travel, accommodation or subsistence. Scholars are responsible for ensuring that they have the correct travel documentation, including visas. Admissions Because of the large number of applications we receive each year, Durham Law School is unable to accommodate all those who express interest in visiting for research purposes. Prospective visiting scholars must identify a possible sponsor in his / her area of research and contact them prior to submitting an application to be a visiting scholar at the Law School. Once that sponsor has been identified, applications should ask the sponsor for a brief statement of support.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing a Relational Law of Contracts: Striking a Balance Between Abstraction and Contextualism
    Legal Studies (2021), 41, 177–193 doi:10.1017/lst.2020.23 RESEARCH ARTICLE Developing a relational law of contracts: striking a balance between abstraction and contextualism Zoe Gounari*† Durham Law School, Durham University, Durham, UK *Author email: [email protected] (Accepted 20 May 2020) Abstract Relational contract theory holds that the interpretation of a contract must take full account of the context and surrounding circumstances of the parties’ bargain so as to give effect to their respective intentions. This paper argues that if a relational treatment of contracts is to be institutionalised, in the sense of being utilised in a contract dispute to determine and give effect to the parties’ intentions, then it must operate at an abstract level. That is to say, rather than using relevant context to determine what the actual parties intended in the circumstances at hand, the contextualist enquiry should ascertain the relevant con- text by reference to what the parties would have agreed to in the circumstances, had they properly reflected on what their self-interest requires. I discuss the merits of this proposition by reference to a number of appellate judgments, which already endorse contextualism as a response to contractual ambiguity, and I ultimately apply it to the Supreme Court’s judgment in Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank. Keywords: relational contracts; contract theory; contract interpretation Introduction The ‘relational contract’ recently became the basis for controversy in English contract law, when Lord Leggatt, sitting at first instance, relied on this concept to justify implying a duty of good faith into an oral contract between two highly sophisticated parties.1 The contract concerned a joint venture formed between an investor and an hotelier for the purpose of buying and developing a number of luxury hotels in Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Fisheries Regulations 2018
    FISHINGIN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW Public Fisheries Regulations 2018 ATTENTION! Consult the website of the ‘Agentschap voor Natuur en Bos’ (Nature and Forest Agency) for the full legislation and recent information. www.natuurenbos.be/visserij When and how can you fish? Night fishing To protect fish stocks there are two types of measures: Night fishing: fishing from two hours after sunset until two hours before sunrise. A large • Periods in which you may not fish for certain fish species. fishing permit of € 45.86 is mandatory! • Ecologically valuable waters where fishing is prohibited in certain periods. Night fishing is prohibited in the ecologically valuable waters listed on p. 4-5! Night fishing is in principle permitted in the other waters not listed on p. 4-5. April Please note: The owner or water manager can restrict access to a stretch of water by imposing local access rules so that night fishing is not possible. In some waters you might January February March 1 > 15 16 > 30 May June July August September October November December also need an explicit permit from the owner to fish there. Fishing for trout x x √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ x x x Fishing for pike and Special conditions for night fishing √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ pikeperch Always put each fish you have caught immediately and carefully back into the water of origin. The use of keepnets or other storage gear is prohibited. Fishing for other √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ species You may not keep any fish in your possession, not even if you caught that fish outside the night fishing period. Night fishing √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Bobber fishing √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Wading fishing x x √ √ x x √ √ √ √ √ √ x x x x Permitted x Prohibited √ Prohibited in the waters listed on p.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Practices in Rural Development Flanders – Belgium
    Best practices in rural development Flanders – Belgium Nominated and winning projects Competition Prima Plattelandsproject 2010 Preface At the beginning of April 2010, the Prima Plattelandsproject competition was launched. In the frame of this competition the Flemish Rural Network went in search of the best rural projects and activities in Flanders, subsidized under the Rural Development Programme 2007-2013 (RDP II). No fewer than 35 farmers or organisations submitted their candidacy. A total of 32 candidates were finally retained by the Flemish Rural Network. These were distributed as follows in function of the competition themes: - added value through cooperation: 15 candidates; - smart use of energy in agriculture and rural areas: 0 candidates; - care for nature and biodiversity: 8 candidates; - communication and education as an instrument: 6 candidates; - smart marketing strategies: 3 candidates. The provincial juries decided which of the submitted files could continue to the next round (up to 3 projects per theme per province). Then an international jury selected the five best candidates for each theme for the whole of Flanders. After that, everyone had the opportunity to vote for their favourite(s)on the www.ruraalnetwerk.be website. No less than 7300 valid votes were registered! The four winning projects were honoured on 14 January 2011 during an event at the Agriflanders agricultural fair. Picture: The four winning projects. Since all 18 projects can be considered “best practices”, this brochure gives an overview of the winning and the nominated projects by theme. The texts and photographs were provided by the applicants, unless otherwise indicated. Enjoy your read! Flemish Rural Network Theme “Added value through cooperation” WINNING PROJECT: Library service bus Zwevegem Project description: The main facilities (including the municipal administrative centre and the library) are located outside of the city centre in the municipality of Zwevegem, in the extreme north of the town.
    [Show full text]
  • Restaurant Critics the BEST of INDIAN FOOD in FLORIDA SINCE 1991 Stephen Ure Let a U.S
    Have the Queen waving on your window sill! Vol. 30 No. 8 November 2012 See AD on page 12 UK, Scotland To Set Out Terms Of BBC – Savile Scandal Raises Independence Vote R Police Chief Resigns In Questions For Incoming NYT Boss Hillsborough Tragedy Probe By Ben McConville By Raphael Satter they knew about and Jill Lawless THE POLICE CHIEF being investigated THE CHILD ABUSE scandal that has Savile – and why the for his actions after Britain’s worst-ever IT’S NOT A meeting David Cameron enveloped one of Britain’s most respected posthumous expose stadium disaster has resigned. probably enjoyed. news organizations is now hitting one of about his sexual West Yorkshire chief constable The British prime minister paid a visit America’s, as the incoming president of crimes was blocked Norman Bettison resigned ahead of the leader of Scotland’s separatist admin- The New York Times is on the defensive from being broad- a meeting to consider his role in the istration last month to agree the terms of a about his final days as head of the BBC. cast – Thompson is aftermath of the 1989 Hillsborough referendum that could break up the United Mark Thompson was in charge of the being quizzed about disaster, which he investigated for South Kingdom. BBC in late 2011 when the broadcaster his role as well. Yorkshire Police. Cameron does not want to be the leader shelved what would have been a bombshell Thompson, His resignation last month came who presides over the demise of the 300- investigation alleging that the late Jimmy 55, was the BBC after an independent panel reviewed year-old political union between England Savile, one of its biggest stars, was a serial director-general hundreds of thousands of pages of docu- and its northern neighbour.
    [Show full text]
  • 13Th Annual International Conference on Contracts Conference Program
    13th Annual International Conference on Contracts Conference Program Friday, February 23 8:00 - 8:45 a.m. Registration (Lobby) and American Breakfast Legal Advocacy Center lobby & 3rd floor event room 8:45 - 9:00 a.m. Welcome and Opening Remarks (Dean Leticia M. Diaz) Legal Advocacy Center, room LAC 111 9:00 - 10:30 a.m. Panel Session 1 (Concurrent Sessions) The Future of Contracts, Contract Law, and Contracts Scholarship Legal Advocacy Center, room LAC 111 • Michael T. Morley (moderator), Barry University School of Law • Daniel D. Barnhizer, Michigan State University College of Law, Automation of Contract Law and Dispute Resolution: Case Study in Corpus Linguistics Applications in Analyzing Contracts Arbitrability Decisions • Mark Edwin Burge, Texas A&M University School of Law, Masters of Jurisprudence? Contract Law Bargains for a New Audience • Jeffrey Lipshaw, Suffolk University Law School, The Persistence of Dumb Contracts (and Law) • Val D. Ricks, South Texas College of Law Houston, Contract Law Scholarship and Collaboration Contract Interpretation and Construction Legal Advocacy Center, room LAC 110 • Frederick B. Jonassen (moderator), Barry University School of Law • Omri Ben-Shahar, University of Chicago Law School, Interpreting Contracts via Surveys and Experiments • Steven J. Burton, The University of Iowa College of Law, Traynor, Corbin and Humpty Dumpty • Milva Finnegan, PhD Candidate & Researcher, University of Vaasa, From a Natural Language to a Controlled Contract Language • Amir Pichhadze, (via Skype) Deakin Law School, Contract Interpretation in Transfer Pricing Law: Lessons for the United States Post-BEPS 10:30-10:45 a.m. Break 10:45 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. Panel Session 2 (Plenary Session) Barry Law Review Symposium Panel: A Half-Century of Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (a panel in honor of Professors White and Summers) Moot Courtroom • Victor P.
    [Show full text]
  • Belgian Federalism After the Sixth State Reform by Jurgen Goossens and Pieter Cannoot
    ISSN: 2036-5438 Belgian Federalism after the Sixth State Reform by Jurgen Goossens and Pieter Cannoot Perspectives on Federalism, Vol. 7, issue 2, 2015 Except where otherwise noted content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons 2.5 Italy License E - 29 Abstract This paper highlights the most important institutional evolutions of Belgian federalism stemming from the implementation of the sixth state reform (2012-2014). This reform inter alia included a transfer of powers worth 20 billion euros from the federal level to the level of the federated states, a profound reform of the Senate, and a substantial increase in fiscal autonomy for the regions. This contribution critically analyses the current state of Belgian federalism. Although the sixth state reform realized important and long-awaited changes, further evolutions are to be expected. Since the Belgian state model has reached its limits with regard to complexity and creativity, politicians and academics should begin to reflect on the seventh state reform with the aim of increasing the transparency of the current Belgian institutional labyrinth. Key-words Belgium, state reform, Senate, constitutional amendment procedure, fiscal autonomy, distribution of powers, Copernican revolution Except where otherwise noted content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons 2.5 Italy License E - 30 1. Introduction After the federal elections of 2010, Belgian politicians negotiated for 541 days in order to form the government of Prime Minister Di Rupo, which took the oath on 6 December 2011. This resulted in the (unofficial) world record of longest government formation period. After the Flemish liberal party (Open VLD) elicited the end of the government of Prime Minister Leterme, Belgian citizens had to vote on 13 June 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Towards a Human-Centred International Law: Self-Determination and the Structure of the International Legal System SPARKS, THOMAS,MATTHEW,SMITH How to cite: SPARKS, THOMAS,MATTHEW,SMITH (2017) Towards a Human-Centred International Law: Self-Determination and the Structure of the International Legal System, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12408/ Use policy This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives 3.0 (CC BY-NC-ND) Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Towards a Human-Centred International Law: Self-Determination and the Structure of the International Legal System Thomas Matthew Smith Sparks Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Durham Law School Durham University Palatine Centre Stockton Road Durham 2017 Abstract In recent years a number of scholars (most notably Anne Peters, Christian Tomuschat, Ruti Teitel and Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade) have identified an ongoing process of change in the international legal system’s relationship with individuals and groups of individuals. That change has been referred to as a humanisation of international law. This thesis contributes to that area of study by offering an account of the deep level changes to the foundations of the international legal system, which it argues are both driving and are recursively driven by changes in substantive international law. It finds the explanation for these changes in the idea of the self-determination of the individual, and it argues that this concept has now become a structural principle (a term borrowed from Giddens, 1984) of the international legal system.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Paper 2 2016
    Neo-FEDERALISM Working Paper Series 02/2016 Speaking the State: Collective Personality, Legal Subjecthood and the Creation of States in International Law Tom Sparks Abstract States, their nature, and their creation, have rightly been the subjects of much study in recent years. States are the primary actors of the international legal system, and are its authors. In their system-compliant, system-constitutive and extra-legal actions they exercise immense power, with the ability vastly to change the conditions of life for individuals both within and outside their territories. Questions surrounding whether entities of various kinds qualify as “States” include some of international law’s bitterest disputes – such as the status of Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, and SADR – as well as some of its most intriguing questions – such as the correct status to be accorded to the European Union, multinational corporations, and “failed States”. Yet it is far from clear that States, as collective entities, are truly capable of exercising legal personality at all. This article will focus on the question of whether States are capable of exercising international personhood for the purposes of subjecthood. In the course of answering that question a secondary question will also be explored: how States are created. Insight into these questions can be gained from sociology and linguistics. States, it is argued, are social constructions, created in their social reality by declarations – linguistic acts with a double (world-word and word-world) direction of fit. As such, it is argued that the creation of plenary statehood is regulated primarily by language rules, rather than legal norms.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL REPORT 2018 Centre for Employment and Labour Relations Law Melbourne Law School the University of Melbourne Annual Report January–December 2018
    Centre for Employment and Labour Relations Law Melbourne Law School ANNUAL REPORT 2018 Centre for Employment and Labour Relations Law Melbourne Law School The University of Melbourne Annual Report January–December 2018 Enquiries concerning the Centre’s activities and publications may be directed to: Kaori Kano, Centre Administrator Centre for Employment and Labour Relations Law Melbourne Law School The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Phone: (03) 8344 8924 Email: [email protected] Web: law.unimelb.edu.au/centres/celrl Twitter: @CELRL_Melbourne Report prepared and edited by Alysia Blackham, Anna Chapman, Tess Hardy, Lisa Hodgkin and Kaori Kano of the Centre for Employment and Labour Relations Law. © Centre for Employment and Labour Relations Law 2019 All images are copyright of the Centre for Employment and Labour Relations Law and the University of Melbourne. Printed in Australia CONTENTS FOREWORD 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE CENTRE FOR EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR RELATIONS LAW 4 CO-DIRECTORS 5 MEMBERS 6 CENTRE SPONSORS 15 VISITORS 16 RESEARCH 17 TEACHING AND LEARNING 21 KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT 22 CONFERENCE AND SEMINAR PAPERS 28 PUBLICATIONS 30 SUMMARY OF CENTRE GENERAL ACCOUNT 2018 32 FOREWORD 2018 was another year of strong performance of the Centre. CENTRE REVIEW, ADVISORY BOARD year to a young researcher under the age of 45 who conducts AND PERSONNEL research aimed at solving global challenges within the fields of health, development, environment and equality in all aspects of All research centres at the University of Melbourne are reviewed human life. against a number of strategic criteria every five years. A review of the Centre was conducted in late 2018, with the independent Alysia Blackham was awarded the Phillipa Weeks Prize for the panel reporting very favourably on the work and direction of the Best Paper by an Early Career Scholar presented at the 2018 Centre.
    [Show full text]
  • Counter-Terrorism Reference Curriculum
    COUNTER-TERRORISM REFERENCE CURRICULUM CTRC Academic Project Leads & Editors Dr. Sajjan M. Gohel, International Security Director Asia Pacific Foundation Visiting Teacher, London School of Economics & Political Science [email protected] & [email protected] Dr. Peter Forster, Associate Professor Penn State University [email protected] PfPC Reference Curriculum Lead Editors: Dr. David C. Emelifeonwu Senior Staff Officer, Educational Engagements Canadian Defence Academy Associate Professor Royal Military College of Canada Department of National Defence [email protected] Dr. Gary Rauchfuss Director, Records Management Training Program National Archives and Records Administration [email protected] Layout Coordinator / Distribution: Gabriella Lurwig-Gendarme NATO International Staff [email protected] Graphics & Printing — ISBN XXXX 2010-19 NATO COUNTER-TERRORISM REFERENCE CURRICULUM Published May 2020 2 FOREWORD “With guns you can kill terrorists, with education you can kill terrorism.” — Malala Yousafzai, Pakistani activist for female education and Nobel Prize laureate NATO’s counter-terrorism efforts have been at the forefront of three consecutive NATO Summits, including the recent 2019 Leaders’ Meeting in London, with the clear political imperative for the Alliance to address a persistent global threat that knows no border, nationality or religion. NATO’s determination and solidarity in fighting the evolving challenge posed by terrorism has constantly increased since the Alliance invoked its collective defence clause for the first time in response to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 on the United States of America. NATO has gained much experience in countering terrorism from its missions and operations. However, NATO cannot defeat terrorism on its own. Fortunately, we do not stand alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Road Building with Low-Noise Crcp on Belgian Motorways
    SUSTAINABLE ROAD BUILDING WITH LOW-NOISE CRCP ON BELGIAN MOTORWAYS Luc Rens Federation of the Belgian Cement Industry, Brussels, Belgium Chris Caestecker The Ministry of the Flemish Community – Roads and Traffic Administration of Flemish Brabant, Vilvoorde, Belgium Hubert Decramer The Ministry of the Flemish Community – Roads and Traffic Administration of West Flanders, Brugge, Belgium SYNOPSIS For more than 30 years, a large proportion of the Belgian motorway network has been built using CRCP. As the motorway network in Belgium is now nearly complete, a large share of current road investment is allocated to the renovation of the oldest concrete pavement. Some asphalt roads are also being replaced with concrete, sometimes via the complete reconstruction of the road structure, sometimes by an inlay (of the slow lane). This paper describes some of the renovation carried out in Flanders (the north of Belgium) in 2001. Common to these works is the use of CRCP and exposed aggregate concrete as a surface finishing in order to provide a low- noise surface. In order to achieve this noise reduction, the maximum size of the exposed aggregate has for more than 10 years been limited to 20 mm and generally more than 20 % of these aggregates consist of the fraction 4/7. The first project involves an inlay of the right lane of a heavily trafficked main road (N31) where rutting has been a major problem. General recommendations for concrete inlays will be presented as well as the specific data of the case (traffic, geometric design, concrete specifications, concrete mix and test results). The second case is the reconstruction of a section of a 40-year-old motorway (A12) in jointed undowelled concrete to create a comfortable new road.
    [Show full text]