DOCSLIB.ORG

Harvest-Ironman: Heavy Armature, and Not Its Defensive Secretions, Protects a Harvestman Against a Spider

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Harvest-Ironman: Heavy Armature, and Not Its Defensive Secretions, Protects a Harvestman Against a Spider Animal Behaviour 81 (2011) 127 e133 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Harvest-ironman: heavy armature, and not its defensive secretions, protects a harvestman against a spider Elene da Silva Souza, Rodrigo H. Willemart * Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo article info Natural selection has caused prey species to evolve distinct defensive mechanisms. One of such mech- Article history: anisms was the evolution of noxious or distasteful chemicals, which have appeared independently in Received 3 July 2010 a number of vertebrates and invertebrates. In detailed analyses of arthropod behaviour, scent gland Initial acceptance 31 August 2010 secretions have consistently been shown to be responsible for repelling speci fic predators. Because using Final acceptance 20 September 2010 such chemicals is costly, animals with alternative cheaper defences are expected not to release such Available online 18 October 2010 secretions when alternative options exist. In this study, we sought to determine the defensive mecha- MS. number: A10-00462 nisms of the harvestman Discocyrtus invalidus , a heavy bodied species that bears a pair of repugnatorial glands. The spider Enoploctenus cyclothorax was used as the predator, and the cricket Gryllus sp. was used Keywords: as a control. In a first set of experiments, the harvestmen were preyed upon signi ficantly less than the Araneae crickets. In two other experiments, we found that harvestmen did not use their scent gland secretions to defensive behaviour deter the predator. Moreover, results of a fourth experiment revealed that these spiders are not repelled foraging Discocyrtus invalidus multiple defences by defensive secretions. has a thick cuticle on the entire body: scanning electron Opiliones micrographs revealed that only the mouth, the articulations of appendages and the tips of the legs are prey capture not covered by a hard integument. In a fifth experiment, we found that these spiders had dif ficulty scent gland piercing the harvestmen body. This is the first experimental evidence that a chemically defended sclerotization arachnid does not use its scent gland secretions to repel a much larger predator but instead relies on its tegument heavily built body. Ó 2010 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selective pressures caused by predators on prey species have led Arthropods have a particularly interesting array of repellent to the appearance of distinct defensive mechanisms that favour chemicals ( Roth & Eisner 1962 ). The identi fication of their scent greater survival and consequently a greater probability of gener- gland secretions and their repelling effects on predators have been ating offspring ( Lind & Cresswell 2005 ). In chemical defence, studied in different taxa, including Myriapoda, Insecta and Arach- noxious or distasteful chemicals have appeared independently nida ( Eisner 1970, 2005 ). Arachnids often release their prey and several times within metazoans, having evolved among sponges, may even autotomize their own legs in an attempt to get rid of the cnidarians, molluscans, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, ascid- secretions ( Eisner 2005; Eisner et al. 2006 ). However, the costly ians and vertebrates such as amphibians, reptiles, mammals and production of defensive chemicals ( McCormick & Larson 2008 ) birds ( McClintock & Baker 1997; Dumbacher et al. 2000; Pisut & could affect development, resulting in a reduction in adult size Pawlik 2002; Wood et al. 2002; Brizzi & Corti 2007; Hutchinson (Cohen 1985; Rowell-Rahier & Pasteels 1986; Dobler & Rowell- et al. 2007; Meredith et al. 2007; Hani fin et al. 2008; Fleury et al. Rahier 1994; Zalucki et al. 2001 ) and lower mating success 2008; Tschuch et al. 2008; Peters et al. 2009; Sheybani et al. (Andersson 1994 ). Therefore, animals with defences that would not 2009 ). Such chemicals can cause the predator to simply release require the costly replenishment of scent glands are expected to the prey but in some cases may even cause temporary paralysis or avoid using their secretions unless it is absolutely necessary. death (e.g. Carrel & Eisner 1984; Hagman et al. 2009; Hayes et al. Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) have defensive mecha- 2009 ). nisms such as fleeing, feigning death, pinching with chelicerae, pedipalps or leg spines and autotomizing legs ( Gnaspini & Hara 2007 ). They also possess a pair of scent glands that open in the lateral regions of the cephalothorax ( Gnaspini & Hara 2007 ). When * Correspondence: R. H. Willemart, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, disturbed, harvestmen may release water from their mouth that Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio,1000, Ermelino Matarazzo 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. eventually mixes with the scent gland secretions (see Eisner et al. E-mail address: [email protected] (R.H. Willemart). 2004 ). This increases the amount of liquid used as a repellent. Not 0003-3472/$38.00 Ó 2010 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.023 128 E.S. Souza, R.H. Willemart / Animal Behaviour 81 (2011) 127 e133 only are harvestmen chemically defended, but they also have Experiments a hard integument that could be protective just like the carapaces that have convergently evolved among mammals (armadillos and We ran the trials of experiments 1 e4, from April to October pangolins; Nowak 1999 ), reptiles (turtles; Pritchard 1979 ) and 2009, under dim light, at room temperature (20 e25 C). Data from other arthropods (beetles and mites; Sanders & Norton 2004; experiments 2 e4 were collected between 1800 and 2400 hours. Majerus et al. 2007 ). Although several harvestmen species, such Experiment 5 was conducted in March 2010, at room temperature, as cyphophthalmids and laniatorids, and some Dyspnoi ( van der normal light, and between 2200 and 0200 hours. We used a Sony Hammen 1985; Shultz & Pinto-da-Rocha 2007 ) have a strong Handycam DCR-TRV361 ‘nightshot ’. For experiments 1 e4, the cuticle, it is unknown whether this cuticle offers protection against proportion of subadults (last stage before adulthood) and adults predators. and of males and females were equally distributed among treat- In the present study, we conducted a detailed behavioural ments. Only three adult males of E. cyclothorax were used. Adult analysis of the interaction between the harvestman Discocyrtus females are usually slightly larger than subadults. Adult males have invalidus (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) and the syntopic generalist longer legs. Except for this criterion, the animals were randomly spider Enoploctenus cyclothorax (Araneae, Ctenidae). We first tested distributed among treatments. whether the spider preyed upon the harvestmen, then explored the details of their behaviour. Next, we experimentally tested whether Experiment 1 the release of small amounts of scent gland secretions, invisible to To verify whether E. cyclothorax prey on D. invalidus , one indi- the human eye, could play a role in protecting the harvestmen. We vidual of each species was left for 5 days in the same arena then experimentally tested the effect of the scent gland secretions (20 cm diameter  8 cm height) ( N ¼ 16). As a control, another 16 per se on the spider, and finally tested the possible role of the spiders were left with crickets for 5 days. All 32 spiders were heavily built body of the harvestman in defence. Taken together, we starved for 25 e30 days before day 1 of the experiment to ensure present a case in which, in accordance with the notion of the that they would be hungry and therefore motivated to eat. We economical use of costly resources such as gland secretions (see e.g. monitored all containers for predation daily between 1200 and Nolen & Johnson 2001; Radwan et al. 2006 ), the scent gland 1300 hours and then compared the predation rate between control secretions are not used to repel a predator even after an attack: and experimental treatments after the fifth day. D. invalidus instead seems to rely on its strong cuticle for protection against the much larger E. cyclothorax . Experiment 2 In experiment 2, we were interested in observing the details of the predatory interaction. Thirty two spiders were exposed to METHODS either a harvestman or a cricket ( N ¼ 16). All 32 spiders were starved for 25 e30 days before day 1 of the experiment. The circular Species Studied arena used for the tests (20 cm diameter  8 cm height) had humid soil on the bottom. The spider was introduced into this arena 8 h The harvestman Discocyrtus invalidus (Piza 1938) (Laniatores, before the trial to minimize stress, and the harvestman was intro- Gonyleptidae) is found in forests, where it hides under logs during duced in a vial as far as possible from the spider, allowed to accli- the day and wanders on tree trunks, on the ground or on bushes at mate for 2 min and then released. By digitally recording the trials, night. The scent gland secretions of these animals are composed we recorded behaviours related to the approach between the two mainly of highly volatile 2,3-dimetil-1,4-benzoquinone ( Hara et al. animals, the physical interaction and subsequent 10 s, which was 2005 ). Their natural predators are not known. suf ficient to detect whether the spider would start eating the prey. The spider Enoploctenus cyclothorax (Bertkau 1880) (Ctenidae) is From the videos, we created and quanti fied behavioural categories a large spider that hides beneath palm sheats and in natural holes and compared their occurrences across treatments. in forests during the day and sits and waits for prey at night. They feed on a variety of arthropods, such as large roaches and crickets, Experiment 3 other spiders (including conspeci fics) and isopods ( Willemart & In experiment 3, we tested the hypothesis that harvestmen can Kaneto 2004 ). Prior to this study, it was unknown whether secrete small amounts of defensive secretions, invisible to the E. cyclothorax preys on D. invalidus . human eye. This would form a chemical shield that would explain why E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Manual De Identificação De Invertebrados Cavernícolas
    MINISTÉRIO DO MEIO AMIENTE INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DO MEIO AMBIENTE E DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS RENOVÁVEIS DIRETORIA DE ECOSSISTEMAS CENTRO NACIONAL DE ESTUDO, PROTEÇÃO E MANEJO DE CAVERNAS SCEN Av. L4 Norte, Ed Sede do CECAV, CEP.: 70818-900 Telefones: (61) 3316.1175/3316.1572 FAX.: (61) 3223.6750 Guia geral de identificação de invertebrados encontrados em cavernas no Brasil Produto 6 CONSULTOR: Franciane Jordão da Silva CONTRATO Nº 2006/000347 TERMO DE REFERÊNCIA Nº 119708 Novembro de 2007 MINISTÉRIO DO MEIO AMIENTE INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DO MEIO AMBIENTE E DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS RENOVÁVEIS DIRETORIA DE ECOSSISTEMAS CENTRO NACIONAL DE ESTUDO, PROTEÇÃO E MANEJO DE CAVERNAS SCEN Av. L4 Norte, Ed Sede do CECAV, CEP.: 70818-900 Telefones: (61) 3316.1175/3316.1572 FAX.: (61) 3223.6750 1. Apresentação O presente trabalho traz informações a respeito dos animais invertebrados, com destaque para aqueles que habitam o ambiente cavernícola. Sem qualquer pretensão de esgotar um assunto tão vasto, um dos objetivos principais deste guia básico de identificação é apresentar e caracterizar esse grande grupo taxonômico de maneira didática e objetiva. Este guia de identificação foi elaborado para auxiliar os técnicos e profissionais de várias áreas de conhecimento nos trabalhos de campo e nas vistorias técnicas realizadas pelo Ibama. É preciso esclarecer que este guia não pretende formar “especialista”, mesmo porque para tanto seriam necessários muitos anos de dedicação e aprendizado contínuo. Longe desse intuito, pretende- se apenas que este trabalho sirva para despertar o interesse quanto à conservação dos invertebrados de cavernas (meio hipógeo) e também daqueles que vivem no ambiente externo (meio epígeo).
    [Show full text]
  • A Sacrificial Millipede Altruistically Protects Its Swarm Using a Drone
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A sacrificial millipede altruistically protects its swarm using a drone blood enzyme, mandelonitrile Received: 05 January 2016 Accepted: 29 April 2016 oxidase Published: 06 June 2016 Yuko Ishida1,2, Yasumasa Kuwahara1,2, Mohammad Dadashipour1,2, Atsutoshi Ina1,2, Takuya Yamaguchi1,2, Masashi Morita1,2, Yayoi Ichiki1,2 & Yasuhisa Asano1,2 Soldiers of some eusocial insects exhibit an altruistic self-destructive defense behavior in emergency situations when attacked by large enemies. The swarm-forming invasive millipede, Chamberlinius hualienensis, which is not classified as eusocial animal, exudes irritant chemicals such as benzoyl cyanide as a defensive secretion. Although it has been thought that this defensive chemical was converted from mandelonitrile, identification of the biocatalyst has remained unidentified for 40 years. Here, we identify the novel blood enzyme, mandelonitrile oxidase (ChuaMOX), which stoichiometrically catalyzes oxygen consumption and synthesis of benzoyl cyanide and hydrogen peroxide from mandelonitrile. Interestingly the enzymatic activity is suppressed at a blood pH of 7, and the enzyme is segregated by membranes of defensive sacs from mandelonitrile which has a pH of 4.6, the optimum pH for ChuaMOX activity. In addition, strong body muscle contractions are necessary for de novo synthesis of benzoyl cyanide. We propose that, to protect its swarm, the sacrificial millipede also applies a self- destructive defense strategy—the endogenous rupturing of the defensive sacs to mix ChuaMOX and mandelonitrile at an optimum pH. Further study of defensive systems in primitive arthropods will pave the way to elucidate the evolution of altruistic defenses in the animal kingdom. Swarm-forming animals have unique defense systems for protection.
    [Show full text]
  • The Whip Scorpion, Mastigoproctus Giganteus
    500 Florida Entomologist 92(3) September 2009 THE WHIP SCORPION, MASTIGOPROCTUS GIGANTEUS (UROPYGI: THELYPHONIDAE), PREYS ON THE CHEMICALLY DEFENDED FLORIDA SCRUB MILLIPEDE, FLORIDOBOLUS PENNERI (SPIROBOLIDA: FLORIDOBOLIDAE) JAMES E. CARREL1 AND ERIC J. BRITT2, 3 1University of Missouri, Division of Biological Sciences, 209 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-7400 USA 2University of South Florida, Division of Integrative Biology, 4242 East Fowler Avenue, SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620 USA 2, 3Current address: Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, FL 33960 The rare Florida scrub millipede, Floridobolus intervals in 96 pitfall traps arranged in sets of 12 penneri Causey, is confined to xeric, sandy scrub each at 8 randomly chosen sites in scrubby flat- habitats in the southern part of the narrow Lake woods near the southern end of the Archbold Bio- Wales Ridge in Polk and Highlands Counties, logical Station, Highlands County, Florida (rang- Florida (Deyrup 1994). Although large in size ing from 27°08” 20” N, 81°21’ 18” W to 27°07’ 19” (adult body length of about 90 mm and width of N, 81°21’ 54” W, elevation 40-43 m). Each trap about 11.5 mm), little is known about this cylin- consisted of a plastic bucket (17.5 cm diameter × drical animal because it is restricted in distribu- 19 cm depth, 3.8 liter capacity) placed in the tion and is nocturnally active aboveground only in ground so that the rim was flush with the sandy mid-summer; it spends most of its secretive life soil and filled with 3-5 cm of sandy soil. During buried in sand (Deyrup 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Histochemical Studies on Two Milliped Species1-2
    HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON TWO MILLIPED SPECIES1-2 RAYMOND C. BOWEN Department of Biology, The Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio ABSTRACT Histological and histochemical tests give similar results for the midguts of Floridobolus penneri (Causey, 1957) and Narceus gordanus (Chamberlin, 1943). The peritrophic mem- brane is composed of basic proteins and acid mucopolysaccharides. The epithelium contains basic proteins and large lipid concentrations, including glycolipids, phospholipids, and fatty acids. The luminal epithelial border gives reactions for protein-bound amino groups, tyrosine and phenolic compounds, and neutral fats. Protein-bound amino groups, glycoproteins, acid mucopolysaccharides, and bound lipids are found in the collagenous basement membrane. The circular and longitudinal muscle layers contain basic proteins, tyrosine and phenols, and bound fats. A large glycogen concentration occurs within the sheath membrane. This region, which is primarily basic protein, also gives positive reactions for protein-bound groups and both tyrosine and phenols. Little work has been done on the internal anatomy of diplopods. Early anatomical studies included investigations by Verhoeff (1914), Randow (1924), Attems (1926), Hefner (1929), and Miley (1930). Most biochemical analyses have included the whole animal and not particular organs or tissues. Siddiqui, et al. (1944) isolated dimethylglyoxime from a species of Indian diplopod. Bergmann (1949) reported that Ueno and Yamasaki had isolated a sterol from the saponifiable matter of millipeds.
    [Show full text]
  • (Osteocephalus Taurinus) by Arthropods (Insecta, Mantodea and Arachnida, Araneae) in Central Brazil
    Biota Neotrop., vol. 10, no. 3 Predation on young treefrog (Osteocephalus taurinus) by arthropods (Insecta, Mantodea and Arachnida, Araneae) in Central Brazil Raul Costa-Pereira1,5, Fernando Ibanez Martins2, Eurico Antonio Sczesny-Moraes3 & Antonio Brescovit4 1Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde – CCBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul – UFMS, Cidade Universitária s/n, CEP 79070-900,Campo Grande, MS, Brasil 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde – CCBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul – UFMS, Cidade Universitária, s/n, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil 3Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde – CCBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul – UFMS, Cidade Universitária, s/n, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil 4Laboratório de Artrópodes, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil 5Autor para correspondência: Raul Costa-Pereira, e-mail: [email protected] COSTA-PEREIRA, R., MARTINS, F.I., SCZESNY-MORAES, E.A. & BRASCOVIT, A. Predation on young treefrogs (Osteocephalus taurinus) by arthropods (Insecta, Mantodea and Arachnida, Araneae) in Central Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 10(3): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v10n3/en/abstract?short- communication+bn04310032010. Abstract: Praying mantis and spider species are common food items in the diet of several anuran species. Nevertheless, in this study we report the predation of young treefrogs Osteocephalus taurinus by two spider species, a Pisauridae and a Trechaleidae (Neoctenus sp.) and by the praying mantis Eumusonia sp. in Mato Grosso, Central Brazil. The great abundance of this treefrog in the region, combined with its small body size during the juvenil stage, favor its predation by generalists predators.
    [Show full text]
  • Circumvention of a Millipede's Chemical Defense by A
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 1108–1113, February 1998 Ecology Rendering the inedible edible: Circumvention of a millipede’s chemical defense by a predaceous beetle larva (Phengodidae) (Diplopoda: FloridobolusyColeoptera: Phengodesydefensive glandsybenzoquinones) THOMAS EISNER*†,MARIA EISNER*, ATHULA B. ATTYGALLE‡,MARK DEYRUP§, AND JERROLD MEINWALD‡ *Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, ‡Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and §Archbold Biological Station, P. O. Box 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33857 Contributed by Thomas Eisner, November 24, 1997 ABSTRACT The larva of the phengodid beetle, Phengodes during the attack. Did the larvae kill the millipedes in some laticollis, feeds on the millipede, Floridobolus penneri, without special way that kept them from activating their defenses? risking exposure to the repellent benzoquinones ordinarily Tiemann speculates that the millipedes might have their nerve ejected by the millipede from its defensive glands when cord severed when the larvae pierced their neck membrane, attacked. The phengodid subdues the millipede by piercing the but he presents no supporting evidence. Also unanswered was millipede’s integument with its hollow sickle-shaped mandi- the question of the ultimate fate of the secretion. Are the bles and apparently injecting gastric fluid. The infusion glands not inevitably ruptured when the larvae feed on the abruptly paralyzes the millipede, which thereby is prevented millipedes’ contents? Why are the larvae not then deterred? from discharging its glands. As the phengodid then imbibes Do they ingest the secretion? the liquefied systemic contents of the dead millipede, the Observations that we have made on another phengodid millipede’s benzoquinones remain harmlessly confined to the larva, Phengodid laticollis from Florida, have enabled us to glands, prevented from diffusing into the millipede’s body address these questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Bromeliads As Biodiversity Amplifiers and Habitat Segregation of Spider Communities in a Neotropical Rainforest
    2010. The Journal of Arachnology 38:270–279 Bromeliads as biodiversity amplifiers and habitat segregation of spider communities in a Neotropical rainforest Thiago Gonc¸alves-Souza1, Antonio D. Brescovit2, Denise de C. Rossa-Feres1,andGustavo Q. Romero1,3: 1Departamento de Zoologia e Botaˆnica, IBILCE, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Rua Cristo´va˜o Colombo 2265, CEP 15054- 000, Sa˜o Jose´ do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; 2Instituto Butanta˜, Laborato´rio de Artro´podes Pec¸onhentos, Avenida Vital Brazil 1500, CEP 05503-900, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil Abstract. Although bromeliads can be important in the organization of invertebrate communities in Neotropical forests, few studies support this assumption. Bromeliads possess a three-dimensional architecture and rosette grouped leaves that provide associated animals with a good place for foraging, reproduction and egg laying, as well as shelter against desiccation and natural enemies. We collected spiders from an area of the Atlantic Rainforest, southeastern Brazil, through manual inspection in bromeliads, beating trays in herbaceous+shrubby vegetation and pitfall traps in the soil, to test if: 1) species subsets that make up the Neotropical forest spider community are compartmentalized into different habitat types (i.e., bromeliads, vegetation and ground), and 2) bromeliads are important elements that structure spider communities because they generate different patterns of abundance distributions and species composition, and thus amplify spider beta diversity. Subsets of spider species were compartmentalized into three habitat types. The presence of bromeliads represented 41% of the increase in total spider richness, and contributed most to explaining the high beta diversity values among habitats. Patterns of abundance distribution of the spider community differed among habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • La Araneofauna (Araneae) Reciente Y Fósil De Chiapas, México Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, Vol
    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad ISSN: 1870-3453 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México García-Villafuerte, Miguel Ángel La araneofauna (Araneae) reciente y fósil de Chiapas, México Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 80, núm. 3, 2009, pp. 633-646 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42515996006 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 80: 633- 646, 2009 La araneofauna (Araneae) reciente y fósil de Chiapas, México The extant and fossil spider fauna (Araneae) from Chiapas, Mexico Miguel Ángel García-Villafuerte Colección de Arácnidos, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México. Correspondencia: [email protected] Resumen. Se presenta una lista de las especies actuales y fósiles de arañas (Araneae) registradas para Chiapas. Hasta el momento se registran 464 especies actuales, distribuidas en 281 géneros y 56 familias. Las familias con mayor diversidad son Salticidae, Theridiidae, Araneidae, Tetragnathidae y Gnaphosidae. Se proporcionan los géneros y especies en sinonimia, así como los géneros y especies que han sido transferidos a otras familias, y las especies transferidas a otros géneros dentro de la misma familia. Se han registrado 36 especies fósiles incluidas en ámbar. La taxonomía de arañas actuales y la de fósiles no son disciplinas completamente independientes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ohio Journal of Science — Index 1951-1970
    THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE — INDEX 1951-1970 JANE L. FORSYTH AND CHRISTINE M. GORTA Department of Geology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 INTRODUCTION It is almost 20 years since the first General Index to The Ohio Journal of Science, which covered the issues from the beginning (1900) through 1950, was published (Miller, E. M., 1953, published by The Ohio State University and The Ohio Academy of Science). It is time, therefore, for another general index, dealing with issues appearing since 1950. This is that index. Unlike the first index, there is no separate listing of full references by author; rather, this is simply a combining of all the entries from all the yearly indexes from 1951 through 1972. Basically these original entries remain unchanged here, though mistakes found in a few were corrected, and some have been slightly reworded in order to fit better into this multiple listing. Entries relating to book reviews occur only for the years of 1963 through 1970, because book reviews were not included in the earlier indexes. It should also be noted that, though a few of these books represent merely a reprinting of older, out-of-date books, these books are not so identified in the entries in this index. Preparation of this index has been mostly handled by Miss Christine M. Gorta, under the direction of Dr. Jane L. Forsyth, Editor of The Ohio Journal of Science from 1964 to 1973, but others have also contributed to this work—mainly Misses Lauran Boyles and Laura Witkowski—contributers whose efforts are gratefully acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Araneae Biodiversity in the Ecuadorian Chocó: Impact of Altitude and Land Use on Spider Diversity
    Araneae Biodiversity in the Ecuadorian Chocó: Impact of Altitude and Land Use on Spider Diversity Araneidae: Eriophora sp. with its cockroach prey (La Hesperia Reserva Natural) Photo by: Kristin Robinson Robinson, Kristin Academic Director: Xavier Silva, PhD Project Advisor: Alexandra Hoeneisen University of Minnesota: Twin Cities Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior South America, Ecuador, Pichincha, La Hesperia Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Ecuador Comparative Ecology and Conservation, SIT Study Abroad, Spring 2018 Robinson 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Alexandra Hoeneisen for being my mentor on this project. This project would not have been successful without her guiding advice and invaluable knowledge of the reserve. I would also like to thank her family for welcoming us to the reserve. Thank you to Diego Pullugando for providing support to our projects, as well. I also want to thank Elsa Vergara, Mónica Merchán, and Nancy Cayambe for keeping us well fed and providing for us while we stayed at La Hesperia. Additionally, thank you to the entire La Hesperia community for being so welcoming and for teaching us about the reserve. I would like to thank Satya Kent and Amanda Riley for their companionship, and, additionally, I would like to thank Amanda for accompanying me to my more distant nocturnal transects. I am very grateful to Xavier Silva, Javier Robayo, and Diana Serrano for their endless assistance, support, and advice going into this project before arriving on site and while challenges occurred on site. I would also like to thank SIT, School for International Training, for the funding and opportunity to do this research in Ecuador.
    [Show full text]
  • Nyffeler & Altig 2020
    Spiders as frog-eaters: a global perspective Authors: Nyffeler, Martin, and Altig, Ronald Source: The Journal of Arachnology, 48(1) : 26-42 Published By: American Arachnological Society URL: https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202-48.1.26 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/The-Journal-of-Arachnology on 17 Jun 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by University of Basel 2020. Journal of Arachnology 48:26–42 REVIEW Spiders as frog-eaters: a global perspective Martin Nyffeler 1 and Ronald Altig 2: 1Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected]; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA Abstract. In this paper, 374 incidents of frog predation by spiders are reported based on a comprehensive global literature and social media survey.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity, Abundance and Prevalence of Kleptoparasitic Nematodes Living Inside the Gastrointestinal Tract of North American Diplopods
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2017 Life where you least expect it: Biodiversity, abundance and prevalence of kleptoparasitic nematodes living inside the gastrointestinal tract of North American diplopods Gary Phillips University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Phillips, Gary, "Life where you least expect it: Biodiversity, abundance and prevalence of kleptoparasitic nematodes living inside the gastrointestinal tract of North American diplopods. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2017. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4837 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Gary Phillips entitled "Life where you least expect it: Biodiversity, abundance and prevalence of kleptoparasitic nematodes living inside the gastrointestinal tract of North American diplopods." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Entomology,
    [Show full text]