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11: Technical Options Chapter Xl TECHNICAL OPTIONS Chapter XI.--TECHNICAL OPTIONS Page Page Improved Building Envelopes. .. 227 Summary. , . ..............254 Insulation . .227 Controls and Distribution Systems . .254 Interior and Exterior Cladding for Passive Solar Design . .. .256 Wall Retrofit . .................228 Direct Gain Systems . ...............257 Installation Quality . .. 229 Indirect-Gain Passive Buildings . .. 259 Wall Sandwich Configuration. .. 229 Hybrid Passive Systems. .263 Infiltration Control . .. .229 Cost of Heat From Passive Solar Heating Window Technology. ................231 Systems. .264 Improved Windows. .233 Cost of Heat From Fossil Fuels and Heating and Cooling Equipment. .......240 Electricity . 268 Direct Fossil-Fired Heating Equipment .. 240 Summary. .. ..270 Oil arid Gas Furnace Efficiency Technical Notes–– Fossil Fuel Prices. .272 Improvements. , . , . .241 Advanced Fuel-Fired Equipment. .. ....242 Pulse Combustion Furnaces and Boilers. .. 242 Fuel-Fired Heat Pumps . ..........244 TABLES Electric Air-Conditioners and Heat Pumps . 244 Page Gas-Fired Heat Pumps and Air- 75 Summary of New Fenestration Conditioners . 250 Technologies. .239 Absorption Air-Conditioners . 250 76 Heating Equipment and Fuels for Absorption Heat Pumps . 250 Occupied Units in 1976.............240 Other Gas-Fired Heat Pumps. 250 77 Refit Modifications for Efficiency Integrated Appliances . 252 Improvement of Oil-Fired Boilers . .. 241 Air-Conditioner/Water Heater. 252 78 California Standards for Cooling Furnace/Water Heater Systems. 253 Equipment . .. 249 Refrigerator/Water Heater . 253 79 DOE Room Air-Conditioner Energy- Drain Water Heat Recovery . 253 Efficiency Improvement Target . .249 Page Page 80. DOE Central Air-Conditioner Energy- 42. The Seasonal Performance of Heat-Pump Efficiency Improvement Target .. ....249 Units as a Function of Local Climate. .. 248 81. Estimated Performance of Carrier Hot 43. Estimated Cost of Increasing the Shot@ Heat Recovery Unit With a Performance of Air-Conditioners From 3-Ton Air-Conditioner and a Family of the Industry Average COP of 2.0 to Four. ..........253 the Performance Levels Indicated. .249 82. Cost of Heat From Passive Solar Heating 44. Modified Saltbox Passive Solar Design Installations . .268 Home . .257 83. Cost of Heat Supplied to Houses From 45. The Fitzgerald House Near Santa Fe, Fossil Fuels and Electricity . .........269 N. Mex., is 95-Percent Solar Heated by a Direct-Gain System at a 5,900 Degree Day Site . .. ...258 46. The Kelbaugh House in Princeton, N.J., FIGURES Receives 75 to 80 Percent of Its Heat From the Trombe Wall and the Small Page Attached Greenhouse. .260 22. Air Leakage Test Results for Average 47. The Crosley House in Royal Oak, Md., Home of 1,780 sq. ft. ..............230 Comblnes a Trombe Wall System With 23. The Double-Sided Blind . ...........234 Direct Gain and a Massive Floor, to Provide 24. Triple Blind, Winter Day Mode. .. ....234 50 to 60 Percent of Its Heating Needs . 261 25. Shades Between Glazing With Heat 48. The Benedictine Monastery Off ice/ Recovery. .235 Warehouse Near Pecos, N. Mex., Uses 26. Between Glazing Convection and Direct Gain From the Office Windows and Radiation Control . ................235 Warehouse Clerestories Combined With 27. Multilayer, RoIl-Up Insulating the Drumwall Below the Office Windows Window Shade . ..................235 to Provide About 95 Percent of Its 28. Insulating Window Shade . ..........236 Heating Needs. .262 29. Window Quilt Insulating Window 49 The PG&E Solarium Passive Solar Home in Shade . .. ....236 (California Uses the Large Skylight to Heat 30. Skylid . .. ....236 Water-Filled Tubes on Three Walls of the 31. Beadwall. .. .237 Solarium . , . .263 32. Beam Daylighting . ................237 50 This Retrofit Sunspace is Manufactured by 33, Selective Solar Control . ............237 the Solar Room Co. of Taos, N. Mex.. .264 34. Heat Mirror. .. 238 51 This Retrofit Greenhouse is an Example of 35. Optical Shutter . .. ..238 Those Built by the Solar Sustenance 36. Weather Panel@ . .................238 Project. .265 37. Typical Energy Flow for a Gas 52. The Balcomb Home Near Santa Fe, Furnace System. ........241 N. Mex., Combines the Use of a 38. Principles and Operation of the Hydro- Greenhouse With a Rock Storage Bed Pulse Boiler Which Uses the Pulse- to Provide 95 Percent of Its Heating Combustion Process . .. ..243 Needs . ..........266 39. A Typical “Split System” Heat Pump 53. This Home in Los Alamos, N. Mex., Installation . .245 Combines a Large Trombe Wall With 40. Air-Conditioning COP of Heat Pumps Small Direct Gain Windows and a Rock and Central Air-Conditioning Units Storage Bed. .. ...267 Shipped in 1977 . .. .246 54. Solar Feasibility for Trombe Wall With 41. Performance of the Carrier Split-System Night Insulation Alternative Fuel – Heat Pump . .. 247 Natural Gas. .. ....271 Chapter Xl TECHNICAL OPTIONS Technology is already available to at least double the energy efficiency of housing, but further improvements in technology promise a significant impact on savings. Conservation, possible with specific combinations of existing technology, is illustrated in chapter 11. This chapter discusses a much broader set of technical options, including many still in the devel- opmental stage. Design of an energy-efficient house usually starts with a tightly built and well-insulated thermal envelope (exterior walls, windows, etc.) and adds efficient equipment for heating, cooling, hot water, and other energy needs. The thermal envelope and equipment technol- ogies, which must be combined to build an efficient house, are considered individually in this chapter. Interactions between different types of energy-using equipment, which were treated earlier, are not repeated. Additional information about most of these topics appears in volume 11 of this report. Many improved window systems and passively heated buildings represent marked de- partures from present building technology and practice; most of the other technical changes identified in this chapter are incremental improvements of existing materials or equipment. This does not mean that further research and development is unimportant. Figure 14 in chapter I I shows that the total cost of owning and operating a house with energy-saving im- provements changes very little over a wide range of investment, so incremental improve- ments in technology would substantially increase the optimum investment level and energy savings. Improvements being developed would also greatly increase the options available for meeting a performance standard, such as the building energy performance standards (BEPS). These added options could greatly increase the willingness of the housing decisionmakers to invest in energy efficiency and hence lessen the institutional resistance to building energy- ef- ficient houses. IMPROVED BUILDING ENVELOPES Insulation tually all new houses contain at least some in- sulation to reduce heat loss. Many different in- Minimizing the amount of heat lost from the sulating materials are used including rock interior is usually the first step toward con- wool, fiberglass, cellulose, cellular plastics structing an energy-conserving house. This ap- (such as polystyrene, urethane, and ureafor- proach is almost always taken when the retro- maldehyde), perlite, vermiculite, glass foam, fit of a building is considered as well. It is fre- and aluminum multifoil. The characteristics of quently assumed that this merely means add- these materials and insulation standards are ing more insulation in the walls and over the discussed in appendix A. That discussion in- ceilings, using storm windows and doors, and cludes insulation properties, health and fire caulking and weatherstripping all of the cracks safety issues, and production capacity. in the building. However, new ways of using The choice of insulation depends on cost, these techniques are being implemented, and application, availability, and personal prefer- significant new products are being developed. ence. New wall cavities are generally filled Thermal transmission through walls, ceil- with rock wool or fiberglass batts while plastic ings, and floors is the single largest source of foam sheathing may be added to the exterior. heat transfer in a typical house. While many Retrofit of walls built without insulation is older homes were buiIt without insulation, vir- generally accomplished by drilling holes be- 227 228 ● Residential Energy Conservation tween each pair of studs and blowing in fiber- 5. The quality of installation is a major prob- glass, cellulose, or ureaformaldehyde. Insula- lem and may be the area in which insula- tion is occasionally added to the exterior if tion effectiveness can be most improved new siding is installed. Attics are insulated over the next decade. with batts or loose-fill insulation. Fiberglass, Each of these areas provides a range of new rock wool, and cellulose are widely used, but opportunities, but institutional constraints perlite and vermiculite are also used in attics. may limit implementation. The technical ad- Floors are seldom insulated, but fiberglass vances that are likely may be only incremen- batts are the most frequent choice for this ap- tal, but this could result in houses with sub- plication. Foams such as polystyrene or ure- stantially less energy consumption and lower thane are generally used when foundations or Iifecycle cost. basements are insulated. The price of insulation has increased sharply Cost-effective levels of insulation can sub- in the last 4 years,
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