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Psychosocial Well-Being of the Elderly and Their Perception of Matured Estate in Singapore

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Psychosocial Well-Being of the Elderly and Their Perception of Matured Estate in Singapore Journal of Housing For the Elderly ISSN: 0276-3893 (Print) 1540-353X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wjhe20 Psychosocial Well-Being of the Elderly and Their Perception of Matured Estate in Singapore Keng Hua Chong, Wei Quin Yow, Debbie Loo & Ferninda Patrycia To cite this article: Keng Hua Chong, Wei Quin Yow, Debbie Loo & Ferninda Patrycia (2015) Psychosocial Well-Being of the Elderly and Their Perception of Matured Estate in Singapore, Journal of Housing For the Elderly, 29:3, 259-297, DOI: 10.1080/02763893.2015.1055025 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02763893.2015.1055025 Published online: 15 Sep 2015. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=wjhe20 Download by: [Keng Hua Chong] Date: 16 September 2015, At: 20:20 Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 29:259–297, 2015 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0276-3893 print / 1540-353X online DOI: 10.1080/02763893.2015.1055025 Psychosocial Well-Being of the Elderly and Their Perception of Matured Estate in Singapore KENG HUA CHONG, WEI QUIN YOW, DEBBIE LOO, and FERNINDA PATRYCIA Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore This article explores various relationships between the elderly’s psy- chosocial well-being and components of aging-friendly community (continuity, compensation, connection, challenge, and contribu- tion), in order to understand their perception of a matured estate and to discuss implications in housing neighborhood urban de- sign. Interviews with elderly residents living in Bukit Merah (Red- hill), one of the matured housing estates in Singapore with a high percentage of elderly residents, were conducted to understand how eldercare infrastructure and social spaces developed within the fab- ric of a high-rise, high-density public housing estate can support or inhibit their psychosocial well-being, as indicated by the Geri- atric Depression Scale (GDS). Our results postulate that different groups of elderly form friendships and participate in activities in both formal social service centers and informal public spaces. The friendships formed in these places and the convenience of ameni- ties around their houses may affect their perception of their current residences. While the elderly residents are generally satisfied with physical infrastructure, a comprehensive, integrated urban design Downloaded by [Keng Hua Chong] at 20:20 16 September 2015 is further needed to facilitate physical activities, social interactions, and active aging in the elderly in order to enhance their psychoso- cial well-being. KEYWORDS psychosocial well-being, matured estate, housing neighborhood urban design, aging-friendly community, senior ac- tivity center, Singapore Address correspondence to Keng Hua Chong, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Drive, Singapore 138682. E-mail: [email protected] Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/wjhe. 259 260 K. H. Chong et al. INTRODUCTION The built environment and the aging phenomenon are intrinsically related, especially in this present-day high-density urbanity. The concept of aging in place, as promoted by various state governments of countries facing an aging population, would have to deal with issues of not only a larger proportion of elderly living in the city, but also a large percentage of those living in old housing neighborhoods since their youth. Over the decades, the process of aging spares neither humans nor their built environment. To continue living in these estates as one ages thus requires necessary interventions, both to adapt to the changing needs of the elderly and improve the deteriorating environment for better liveability. It will require not only housing modifica- tions to compensate for and assist in the elderly’s adaptation to a declining functional capacity in their daily life (Iwarsson, 2005), but also a thorough planning of social infrastructure that can help them maintain their quality of life. According to Person-Environment (P-E) fit theory (Carp, 1987), which highlights the importance of environment on quality of life, the predictors of P-E fit interaction are not only personal competencies or environmental conditions, but also the goodness of fit between person and environment, for example, the congruency between the individual’s environment and his or her physical and cognitive abilities and emotional needs (Wheeler, 1995). It is under this premise that the research on Singapore elderly’s perception of their matured estate was carried out to assess their psychosocial well-being in relation to their physical housing environment and provision of social infrastructure. Singapore is currently undergoing a tremendous shift in its demogra- phy. Twenty-five percent of the current citizen population will be 65 years and older by 2030 (National Population and Talent Division [NPTD], 2013). This number will have more than doubled from 9.9% of its resident popu- lation (Department of Statistics [DOS], 2012). The concept of aging in place is highly relevant to Singapore’s urban environment due to its highly struc- tured urban housing landscape, i.e., the provision of high-rise public housing Downloaded by [Keng Hua Chong] at 20:20 16 September 2015 by the Housing and Development Board (HDB) since 1960. Many of these housing estates have been refurbished or demolished and redeveloped since the 1990s. However, as some matured estates house a much higher percent- age of elderly than others, relocation of elderly residents and redevelop- ment of these estates become challenging and often undesirable. Several initiatives have been implemented by the state to provide eldercare services and improve physical accessibility in these estates. The outcomes of these implementations, however, have yet to be systematically studied. Therefore, our research investigates whether the social-psychological well-being of the elderly within the matured estate is dependent on their perception of their home and larger urban environments, as one’s sphere of mobility and inter- action tends to be reduced with age. Psychosocial Well-Being of the Elderly 261 In this article, we will focus on the housing estate of Bukit Merah Plan- ning Area in Singapore. Bukit Merah was selected for this study because of its visible dissemination of eldercare infrastructure within the fabric of the high-rise, high-density public housing estate, to cater for a relatively high percentage of elderly residents. Interviews with the elderly who live within Bukit Merah were conducted to understand how housing and neighborhood design can support or inhibit their psychosocial well-being, as indicated by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). These quantitative surveys as well as qualitative interviews were used to collect the elderly’s perceptions and needs in five aspects of “aging-friendliness”: Continuity, Compensation, Con- nection, Contribution, and Challenge (Scharlach, 2012). Through the analysis of these results, alongside a study of provision of eldercare facilities and other social spaces, relationships are drawn between key factors that impact and affect the seniors’ perception and experience of their housing environment. LITERATURE REVIEW Various studies have shown that many aspects of housing are associated with the elderly’s psychosocial well-being (Addae-Dapaah, 2008; Lam & Boey, 2005; Oswald et al., 2007; Oswald, Wahl, Mollenkopf, & Schilling, 2003; Rioux, 2005; Stark, 2004). In a study on 16 older adults with functional limitations, Stark (2004) found that removing the environmental barriers from the homes significantly enhanced the older adults’ occupational performance and their satisfaction with their ability to perform daily activities. In Hong Kong, respondents’ scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15; Sheikh & Yesavage, 1986) were correlated with type of housing, availability of helpers, financial status, and family support (Lam & Boey, 2005). In their study, 397 elderly aged 75 to 89 living in urban areas were asked whether they reside in private housing with independent tenancy, private housing with shared tenancy (e.g., cubicles), or public housing. Those living in private housing with independent tenancy (a better living condition) scored lower on Downloaded by [Keng Hua Chong] at 20:20 16 September 2015 the GDS than those living in private housing with shared tenancy. Moreover, another study showed that the elderly’s perceptions of their well-being are not only associated with objective aspects of housing (e.g., the magnitude of accessibility problems), but also with their perceptions of the home’s meaning and usefulness (Oswald et al., 2007). Nevertheless, as we learn from P-E fit theory that what matters is the match between environment and individuals’ needs and abilities, merely good housing and a well-perceived home are inadequate to enable the el- derly to cope with various changes in their life. There is an increasing need to shift the discourse of improving the well-being of the elderly from being compartmentalized into either psychological or physiological aspects within the specific house-unit, to a broader and more inclusive, multidisciplinary 262 K. H. Chong et al. understanding of aging populations vis-a-vis` their neighborhood’s environ- mental liveability. Since the 1990s, various urban planning reform movements have
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