Documenting Mediaart L a R E N E G ©2017 ISAST with Thisissue

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ABSTRACT ADA is a cost-free and financially independentdatabase. To access, open Comprehensiveand users. and experts artists, between exchangesustainable a ofintegration the for tions nowned international media artists, researchersre and institu- with cooperation in project collective a as established ADAwas [3]. 2015 in anniversary celebrated15th its nology archive for works at the intersection of art, science and tech- longest-running and(DVA), pioneering Art Virtualthis of chive of Digital Art (ADA) [2]. Formerly called the Database Ar the of conception advanced University,AT.MAR an is Danube at Science Image of Department the and at conducted (FWF) Fund Science Austrian the by Supported [1]. (AT.MAR) has been developed Research as a strategy Art for “collaborative Media archiving” for Meta-Thesaurus and InteractiveArchive the art, media ofresearch and indexing As an innovative solution to challenges in the documentation, comparative analyses. andtranshistorical facilitatesinterdisciplinary history “traditional” art the extendeddocumentationofArchivewithotherdatabases communityanda“bridgingthesaurus”linking mediaart international archiving,” socialWeb 2.0featuresfostertheengagementof Throughaninnovativestrategyof“collaborative Archive ofDigitalArt. Researchwasdevelopedtoadvancean Meta-Thesaurus forMediaArt strategies. Addressingthesechallenges,theInteractiveArchiveand due torapidtechnologicalobsolescenceandstaticdocumentation scienceandtechnology,of art, form asignificantlossthreatensthisart hasevolvedintoacriticalfieldattheintersection While MediaArt Documenting MediaArt l a r e n e g ©2017 ISAST with thisissue. See www.mitpressjournals.org/toc/leon/52/5 forsupplementalfilesassociated Danube University. Michaela Seiser (research associate), Department for Image Science, Devon Schiller (research associate), Department for Image Science, Danube University. Viola Rühse (research associate), Department for Image Science, Danube University. Janina Hoth (research associate), Department for Image Science, Danube University. Danube University. Sebastian Haller (research associate), Department for Image Science, Email: [email protected]. Image Science, Danube University, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria. Oliver Grau (researcher, administrator, principal investigator), Department for for MediaArtHistories for Thesaurus Bridging and Archive An O V l o i e v i l https://doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01482 A e l c i t r a r ü R

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e r - - 435 have been a number of historic forerunners to the image science method, Aby Warburg is most frequently cited as the discipline’s “fa- ther.” Famously intending to develop art history into a “laboratory of the cultural studies of image history” that would widen the fi eld to “images . . . in the broadest sense” (German original: “Bilder . . . im weitesten Sinn”), by including many forms of images in his iconic Mnemosyne image atlas of 1929, Warburg redefi ned art history as medial bridge building [5]. Yet, defi nitions of the image such as those by Gottfried Böhm, James Elkins, Klaus Sachs-Hombach and W.J.T Mitchell [6] have Fig. 1. Archive of Digital Art, screenshot (detail, home, 4 May 2016): www.digitalartarchive.at /nc/home.html (© Department for Image Science, Danube University Krems) become problematic in the context of the interactive, immersive, telematic and generative digital image. Th ese challenges have fueled interdisciplinary a condition intensifi ed by the potentially many iterations debate as to the status of the image and its function in media of a work generated through the interactive platforms for art, with protagonists such as Andreas Broeckmann, Oliver and interventions of users. As such, to document individual Grau, Jens Hauser, Erkki Huhtamo, Martin Kemp, Gunalan media artworks to academic standards necessitates the “re- Nadarajan, Lev Manovich and Barbara Staff ord [7]. cording” of various aspects, including specifi c appearances, Th rough the innovation of methodologies in media art, production processes, exhibitions, distribution, institutional the study of MediaArtHistories, and its social evaluation as contexts, observer response, publications and research. art, discourses of media art investigate the most immediate Since the turn of the third millennium, there has cer- sociocultural questions of our time: from body futures, in- tainly been evident promotion of conferences, lexicons and formation society and media (r)evolution to environmental platforms in the endeavor to document media art. Th is is interference, fi nance virtualization and surveillance culture. specifi cally the subject of the MediaArtHistories conference While the critical lexicons of classical art history are relatively series, which with its premiere in 2005 represented and ad- fi xed, the classifying language of media art is defi ned with dy- dressed the many disciplines involved in the then-emerging namic terminologies that are continually in fl ux, or so-called fi eld [11]. A number of preservation projects have also been fl oating signifi ers. Th us, the forums and catalysts for media established. While many continue to exist online, each has art rhetoric take place in a vibrant knowledge ecosystem re- lost key researchers, has had funding expire, or has been ported in collaborative projects for database documentation eventually terminated [12]. And as recently expressed in an supported by institutional and social agencies, international international declaration [13], signed as of 2018 by more than festivals with peer-reviewed awards and globally publicized 500 scholars and leading artists from 40 countries, there is interviews, and new literatures published by leading scien- an urgent need to create a stable international platform of tifi c and university presses [8]. interoperable archives. Yet, even with such progress in the Yet, despite such worldwide recognition, programs for study of media art, programs for documenting this “art of documenting the “art of our times” continue to be met with our times” continue to be met with serious challenges within serious challenges within the memory institutions of our so- the memory institutions of our societies. Indeed, it is no ex- cieties. Th is is due fi rst and foremost to the essential form of aggeration to state that, as a postindustrial information so- media art itself. As media artworks frequently have function- ciety in the digital age, we continue to be threatened with a alities across variable media substrates, and these constituted signifi cant loss of this critical art form, both in the archives by the latest technologies as well as characterized by rapid ob- of art history and for the accessibility of future scholarship. solescence, the work of media artists complicates both object- oriented preservation methods as well as static indexing mediA ART (R)evoluTion strategies. Consequently, artworks originating even 10 years And THe ARCHive oF digiTAl ART ago can oft en no longer be exhibited. As debated since the Before the Archive of Digital Art (ADA), no concerted and 1990s, museums rarely include media art in their collections, sustainable strategy either governmental or institutional and those that do struggle to sustain fi nance, expertise and existed for the documentation of media art. Since the year technology for the preservation of artworks through strategies 2000, ADA has been one of the most complex research- such as migration, emulation and reinterpretation [9]. Fur- oriented resources available online as a platform for both ther, that media artists engage the most contemporary digi- scientifi c information and social communication. Hundreds tal technologies leads to the production of artworks that are of leading media artists are represented by several thousand necessarily “processual,” ephemeral, interactive, multimedia- documents, with more than 3,500 articles and a survey of 750 based and fundamentally context dependent [10]. Th e soft - institutions of media art also listed. Besides the artists, there ware that serves as a support for a media artwork based on are also more than 250 theorists and media art historians in- digital technology by defi nition exists in a multiplied state, volved in making ADA a collective archiving project (Fig. 1).

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Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/leon_a_01482 by guest on 02 October 2021 doCumenTing mediA ART: THe implemenTATion oF SoCiAl weB 2.0 FeATuReS For ADA, the fi rst online collective archive that is both scholarly and social in either art history or media studies, documentation and access are understood not as static concepts but as a process that integrates a continuous exchange between users, scholars and artists. With an open access policy that provides users with an active role and supports accessibility, ADA is more likely to continue to be an up-to-date as well as lasting resource. An essential aspect of its Interac- tive Archive and Meta-Th esaurus for Media Art Research (AT.MAR) was thus to transfer ADA into a Web 2.0 environment and open it up on the retrieval side by making the data available and easier to share for users, and on the archivist side by allowing contributions of diverse individuals in order to facilitate a collaborative and more balanced preservation practice (Fig. 2). Where community participation in small-scale preserva- Fig. 2. Media Art Research Thesaurus, screenshot (detail, home, 4 May tion projects can be motivated by so-called coorientation, 2016): www.mediaartresearch.org. (© Department for Image Science, Danube expert contribution to a larger documentation eff ort such as University Krems. Individual media objects © their individual artists and used ADA requires a much stronger commitment from its com- with permission.) munity members—most especially a personal but shared need for a database with easy access to research as well as the Because of the singular structure of the art form, a defi ning ready opportunity for the storage, transmission and retrieval strategy for ADA is that of an “expanded concept of docu- of documents. High contribution quantity and data quality mentation” [14]. Th e documents on ADA that represent the not only directly impacts site usability but can also motivate artists there archived include: biographical and bibliographic archive community members to maintain this standard. information about the artist, their inventions, awards and Newly innovated ADA features support this group engage- statements; lists of events, exhibitions and publications (in- ment and foster motivation. A messaging system and News cluding title, date, location, funding); graphic images of the section allow archive community members to interact with installation of the artwork; digital images of individual art- peers and announce upcoming events. Contribution moni- works (exhibited, in process and in all varying iterations); in- toring and a function for colleague “following” provide up- formation on the soft ware used and hardware confi guration dates on the research and activities of other archive members. (technical data); technical instructions (schematics); type Collaborative processes of peer reviewing and content cu- of interface and display; video documentation (interviews, ration integrate the member community’s decision-making presentations, symposia); references and literature about the and agenda setting into ADA itself. artists; information about the technical staff ; institutions; and Contributions can be seen in the Works section of every copyright. scholar and artist on ADA, where the archive features en- A system of online community membership for ADA al- able members to collect descriptions and essays about their lows artists and scholars to upload their own information, artworks, as well as information on technology, literature and with a gatekeeping policy that the ADA advisory board re- exhibitions, and events. A process of peer review performed views applicant qualifi cations and makes member selections. by the ADA member community guarantees the quality of Th e criteria for determining whether artists are qualifi ed to these contributions, with all the “Latest ADA Updates” vis- become members is the number of their exhibitions, publica- ible to members on the homepage aft er login. Individual con- tions, awards and public presentations, with high importance tributions, once peer reviewed, are automatically referenced also ascribed to artistic inventions like innovative interfaces, and made accessible to all users, whether ADA community displays or soft ware. Th e system off ers a tool for artists and member or online visitor to the archive. Contribution vis- specialists to individually upload information about works, ibility is not only measured in web links, page hits and cita- people, literature, exhibits, technologies and inventions [15]. tion statistics but also exemplifi ed by the above described Over the last 15 years some 5,000 artists were evaluated, of peer assessments internal to the ADA, in a disciplinary as which 500 fulfi lled the criteria to become a member of the well as interdisciplinary networking that builds the standing ADA. From the beginning, the long-term goal of the proj- of archive members within their international professional ect was not simply the documentation of festivals, awards or community. similar events, but a scientifi c overview with the respective Members also engage in selecting a monthly featured art- standards of quality. Members have to qualify with at least ist or scholar, a profi le of whom is published on the ADA fi ve exhibitions or articles about their work or, alternatively, homepage and social media and through web newsletters. can be suggested by the board. Th is featured artist or scholar introduces ADA visitors to

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indeXing mediA ART: THe inSTiTuTion oF A BRidging THeSAuRuS Keywording is bridge building! And for the “bridging thesaurus” of the AT.MAR project, Fig. 3. Archive of Digital Art, screenshot (detail, Community Light Box, 4 May 2016): the intent to establish a linguistic framework www.digitalartarchive.at/nc/home.html. (© Department for Image Science, Danube University Krems) that allows for the classifi cation of the aesthetics, subjects and technologies of artworks di- artists and scholars distinguished by their peers, allows ar- rects the process of individual concept and term selection. To chive members to commemorate achievement within the achieve a comprehensive overview of the knowledge domain discipline or recognition within the community, and sup- of media art, but also a manageable one, this vocabulary is ports active participation in content direction. kept limited to around 400 terms. Th is constraint increases Additionally, ADA’s “Light Box” (Fig. 3) feature is both the usability of vocabulary terms and ensures an accuracy for scholarly and social. Promoting the comparative analysis of indexing practice, which is particularly crucial with ADA as media artworks on the archive, this tool permits community it is the community members themselves who carry out a members to assemble individual arrangements from the ex- signifi cant part of the indexing. Such a degree of collabora- tended documentation of images, texts and videos on ADA. tive archiving and community participation establishes an Th ese selected items can then be enlarged and overlapped so innovative approach not only to the documentation of media that relevant image details can be compared and analyzed. art but in art history and media studies as well. Textual notes can be added and “Exhibitions” saved on a vi- Central to the construction of the ADA controlled vocabu- sual pin board, “My Screens,” for further research. Th ese light lary is the logical concept of terminology structure based on box–based exhibitions of ADA content by community mem- a classifi cation strategy that will allow users to index vari- bers are then publishable as an “Online Exhibition” visible ous levels of meaning relevant to the media art knowledge to all users and accessible for a wide variety of applications domain. In relation to other vocabularies, ADA keywords from scientifi c or art-based research to science, education have a unique hierarchical schema based on a categorical and public outreach. triad: aesthetics, subject and technology. Th is top-down dis- ADA promises many potential aff ordances as an online tinction of categories allows for the contextual specifi cation collaborative archive, including expanding data beyond that of vocabulary as well as for the conceptual analysis of these which any single institution or even cross-institutional re- levels by users: search team could compile; increasing the quality of data Aesthetics: In accordance with the dominant under- that originates directly with artists and scholars in the fi eld standing of media art in the scholarly literature, and of media art; cultivating the various viewpoints of the global “relatives” of this fi eld such as digital or electronic community that contributes to the archive; and developing art, the “aesthetics” category encompasses a broad this scholarship through a system of checks and balances scope of terms ranging from phenomenological by Archive community members. Features such as “Works” observations such as immaterial and process-based, contribution and peer review, “Featured Artist/Scholar” of to ontological qualities such as site-specifi c and the month, and “Light Box” peer review all enhance the in- object-oriented. terpersonal relationships of ADA community members and foster exchange between colleagues. Subject: Th e “subject” category encompasses icono- Further, the data on media art that is collaboratively docu- graphic terms established in art history and media mented, indexed and researched on ADA has the potential to art histories, as well as concepts that enable both grow quickly through these contributional processes and to descriptive and interpretative approaches to the maintain its contemporaneity through constant updates. A subject of works. In regard to determining quantity, global community of ADA members can achieve an archive this category is the most comprehensive. In accor- well beyond the limitations of smaller teams of archivists affi l- dance with the guidelines of the “Categories for the iated with a certain institution or university or more restricted Description of Works of Art” (CDWA), the AT.MAR approaches and research interests. Based on collaborative vocabulary defi nes “subject” as “the narrative, iconic, archival practices, ADA can cover a variety of disciplinary or nonobjective meaning conveyed by an abstract or viewpoints and therefore maintain more balanced data such a fi gurative composition. It is what is depicted in and

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Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/leon_a_01482 by guest on 02 October 2021 by a work of art” [16]. The “subject” category includes Dutch Electronic Art Festival (DEAF); European Me- 13 subcategories: arts and visual culture, body and dia Art Festival (EMAF), Osnabrück, Germany; Fes- human, entertainment and popular culture, history tival Internacional de Linguagem Electrônica (FILE), and memory, magic and phantastic, media and com- São Paulo, Brazil; Inter-Society for the Electronic Arts munication, nature and environment, technology and (ISEA), Brighton, U.K.; Microwave Festival, Hong innovation, power and politics, psychology and emo- Kong, China; and Transmediale, Berlin, Germany. tion, religion and mythology, science and knowledge, and society and culture. 4. Finally, the project team incorporated the premier literature in the field of media art from its leading Technology: As the interplay of “aesthetics” and publishers, including Bloomsbury Academic, Intel- “technology” is considered a key determinant in lect Books, MIT Press and its Leonardo book series, observer experience for media art—and cannot be Wiley-Blackwell and ZKM Museum Press. This overestimated in the critical assessment of media art- research literature was evaluated on the basis of its works—the AT.MAR controlled vocabulary incorpo- indexes, the headings of which represent keywords rates both technical apparatuses and material aspects. peer reviewed for these publications that “map” some The “Technology” category was adopted from that of the most valuated topics in the field of media art. originally developed for the DVA and later enhanced Important innovations such as “interface” or “genetic by subcategorizations “interface” and “display,” as well art” were considered, along with keywords that play as terms encompassing “traditional” image-carriers a role in traditional arts —such as body or landscape such as painting, print or book. —and thus have a bridge-building function. The resources of terms and concepts used in the develop- ment of AT.MAR and that define the very foundation of this Future Media Art Research: controlled vocabulary include (1) “traditional” art history The Göttweig Abbey Graphic Collection vocabularies as well as (2) media art databases, (3) festivals To support the cross-cultural, interdisciplinary and transhis- and (4) literatures: torical comparative analyses of the media artworks on ADA, the keywords of its “bridging thesaurus” are further applied 1. The “traditional” art historical vocabularies cited were to artworks from other social contexts and historical periods. the most widely accepted scientific tools used for the Through AT.MAR, ADA is now linked with the Göttweig description, linkage and retrieval of images in art Abbey Graphic Collection (Fig. 4). Göttweig Abbey, founded history. These included Iconclass, an alphanumeric in 1083, holds 30,000 prints as well as a library of 150,000 vol- classification scheme designed for the iconography umes in one of the most comprehensive private collections of art; the Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), a of mostly Renaissance and Baroque engravings in Austria. structured thesaurus used for describing items of art, With acquisitions first recorded in 1621, the collection was architecture and material culture that contains only systematically expanded during the abbotship (1714–1719) of generic terms; and the Warburg-Index, an index of iconographical terms. 2. Media art databases established since around the year 2000 then provided a field-specific expansion of these art historical terms and concepts. Databases most critical in the field of media art and to its history were selected for AT.MAR, including The Dictionnaire des Arts Médiatiques, GAMA keywords, the vocabulary of the Daniel Langlois Foundation and Netzspan- nung. Each of these vocabularies reflects the explicit practical affordances and implicit ideological assump- tions of the institution that advanced it. Accordingly, that these vocabularies vary greatly in conception, and content often results in a mixture of technological and thematic terms. This is a concern addressed in the organization of the facets for AT.MAR. 3. Further, as festivals are central to the media art scene as forums and catalysts for the contemporary discourses and innovative technologies of media art, the project team took account of an international range

of festival materials such as official publications and Fig. 4. Göttweig Monastery Graphic Art Collection Online, screenshot professional interviews. The festivals reviewed in- (4 May 2016): www.gssg.at/gssg/displayProfile.do. (© Department for Image cluded, among others, Ars Electronica, Linz, Austria; Science, Danube University Krems, in cooperation with the Göttweig Abbey)

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Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/leon_a_01482 by guest on 02 October 2021 “Hierarchical,” “Alphabetical,” and “As Cloud” (Fig. 5) support and stimulate users to bridge the “traditional” artworks of Göttweig and the media art of ADA, providing complex image resources for a richer analysis of media art in the future (Fig. 6).

ConCluSion The innovative methodology developed through the AT.MAR project will foster and further the documentation, indexing and research of media art on the Archive of Digital Art (ADA) in a context of multiple histories of art, science and technology. Th esaurus categories in aesthetics, subject and technology bridging “traditional” art forms with media art support the tracing of hybrid qualities in these artworks, as well as historical correspon- dences and confl ictions. Th rough collabora- Fig. 5. Media Art Research Thesaurus, screenshot (detail, keywords as cloud): https://mediaartresearch.org (accessed 4 May 2016). (© Department for Image Science, tive visual tools that include a Light Box and Danube University Krems) semantic links, a global community of artists and scholars may conduct research and per- form clustering analysis or comparative study. Th at the thesaurus connects media art with art history, and neither isolates these fi elds from one another nor includes only contemporary terminology, increases the usability of the Th esaurus for the humanities. For the future of ADA, further goals are to document works within a context of complex information and, at the same time, allow users to fi nd specifi c information readily. In coherence with an expanded documentation, information on media art should also include institutional affi liations, personal connections and funding sources so as to reveal infl uences, col- laborations and interests between scholars and artists. Beyond analysis using the Bridging Th esaurus, which shows, for example, virtual and immersive art recalling its predecessors in the panorama and laterna magica, media art documentation should also include questions of gender, movement of technical staff from lab to lab, technical inventions pertaining to art, as well as public and private funds allocated to research. By advancing from a one-way deposit of key data to a proac- tive process of knowledge transfer, the archiving of media art becomes a resource that facilitates research on media artists Fig. 6. Media Art Research Thesaurus, screenshot (detail, comparative and artwork for academics, experts and students. analysis, 4 May 2016). (© Department for Image Science, Danube With ADA, exciting developments and deployed experi- University Krems. Individual media objects © their individual artists and ments in social Web 2.0 and 3.0 aff ord new strategies of used with permission.) collective documentation and content management. ADA community members, expert artists and scholars play an conservationist, diplomat and patron Johann Franz (Gott- important role in confronting the enormous challenges in fried) Bessel. In cooperation with Göttweig, the Department documenting media art through archive content monitor- of Image Science at Danube University also conducted the ing and contribution, peer interaction and review, light box– digitization of the collection in an earlier project [17]. based comparisons and exhibitions, and keyword bridging. Th e graphic and textual works of the online Göttweig Th e greater the extent to which such community processes collection document subjects from the representation of can be integrated into our archival practices, the more com- knowledge and history of science to architecture and fash- prehensive and complex are our media art scholarship, prac- ion, optics and panorama. Th esaurus keywords navigable as tices and histories.

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Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/leon_a_01482 by guest on 02 October 2021 References and Notes Work: Documenting Practice and Performance in Variable Media Art,” Leonardo 42, No. 1, 56–63 (2009); Michael Katchen, “Archiving 1 This paper is part of the FWF-project AT.MAR (Interactive Archive the Avant-Garde,” RBM. A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and and Meta-Thesaurus for Media Art Research) conducted by PI Grau. Cultural Heritage 1, No. 1, 38–41 (2000); Christiane Paul, “Context and Archive: Presenting and Preserving Net-Based Art,” in Dieter 2 See www.digitalartarchive.at. Daniels and Gunther Reisinger, eds., Net Pioneers 1.0: Contextual- 3 “The Database of Virtual Art,” project announcement in Leonardo izing Early Net-Based Art (Berlin/New York: Sternberg Press, 2009) 33, No. 4, 320 (2000). pp. 101–122; Richard Rinehart, “The Media Art Notation System. Documenting and Preserving Digital Art/Media Art,” Leonardo 40, 4 Oliver Grau, Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion (Cambridge, No. 2, 181–187 (2007); Sandra Fauconnier, “Capturing Unstable Me- MA: MIT Press, 2003); Christiane Paul, Digital Art (New York: dia: Summary of Research” (2003): www.v2.nl/files/2003/publishing Thames and Hudson, 2003). /articles/capturing_summary.pdf. 5 Aby Warburg, “Heidnisch-antike Weissagung in Wort und Bild 10 Grau [4]. zu Luthers Zeiten,” Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 40 (1922) pp. 261–262; translated as A. Warburg, “Pagan-Antique Prophecy in 11 See mediaarthistories.org. Words and Images in the Age of Luther,” David Britt, trans., in K.W. 12 For example, the Langlois Foundation in Montreal (2000–2008); Forster, ed., The Renewal of Pagan Antiquity (Malibu: Getty, 1999) Netzspannung at the Fraunhofer Institut (2001–2005); Medien pp. 597–697. KunstNetz at ZKM (2004–2006); V2 in Rotterdam, Netherlands, 6 Gottfried Boehm, “Die Wiederkehr der Bilder,” in Gottfried Boehm, and The Boltzmann Institute for Media Art Research in Linz (2005– Was ist ein Bild? (Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1994) pp. 11–38; James Elkins, 2009); DOCAM, a multidisciplinary research endeavor initiated by The Domain of Images (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 1999); Klaus the Daniel Langlois Foundation in collaboration with numerous Sachs-Hombach, ed., Bildwissenschaft (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, national and international partners, www.docam.ca); The Variable 2005); W.J.T. Mitchell, Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Media Network, www.variablemedia.net; and the Capturing Un- Representation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995). stable Media project carried out by V2, www.v2.nl/archive/works /capturing-unstable-media. 7 Andreas Broeckmann and Gunalan Nadarajan, eds., Place Studies in Art, Media, Science and Technology: Historical Investigations on the 13 MEDIA ART NEEDS GLOBAL NETWORKED ORGANISATION Sites and the Migration of Knowledge (Weimar: VDG, 2009); Oliver & SUPPORT—International Declaration: www.mediaarthistory.org Grau, Imagery in the 21st Century (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011); /declaration. Oliver Grau, ed., MediaArtHistories (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 14 Oliver Grau, “For an Expanded Concept of Documentation: The 2007); Jens Hauser, ed., Sk-interfaces. Exploding borders—creating Database of Virtual Art,” ICHIM, Paris 03 École du Louvre (Paris: membranes in Art, Technology and Society (Liverpool: Liverpool ICHIM, 2003) pp. 2–15. Univ. Press, 2008); Erkki Huhtamo, “Elements of Screenology. To- ward an Archaeology of the Screen,” Iconics, The Japan Society of 15 The PostGreSQL Database is open source, and the operation system Image Arts and Sciences 7 (2004) pp. 31–82; Martin Kemp, Christ to is Linux based. Coke: How Image Becomes Icon (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011); Lev Manovich, The Language of New Media (Cambridge, MA: MIT 16 “Categories for the Descriptions of Works of Art”: www.getty Press, 2001); Barbara Stafford,Devices of Wonder: From the World in .edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/cdwa/defini a Box to Images on a Screen (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2001). tions.html#subject. 8 Beatriz Da Costa and Kavita Philip, eds., Tactical Biopolitics: Art, 17 See www.gssg.at. Activism, and Technoscience (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010); Steve Dixon, Digital Performance: A History of New Media in The- ater, Dance, Performance Art, and Installation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007); Edward Shanken, Art and Electronic Media (London: Manuscript received 9 June 2016. Phaidon, 2009); Christa Sommerer and Laurent Mignonneau, “Mod- eling Complexity for Interactive Art Works on the Internet,” in John The research project Interactive Archive and Meta-Thesaurus Casti and Anders Karlqvist, eds., Art and Complexity: At the Interface for Media Art Research (AT.MAR) (2013–2016) was supported (Amsterdam, 2003) pp. 85–107; Victoria Vesna, Database Aesthetics: Art in the Age of Information Overflow(Minneapolis: Univ. of Min- by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF). 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