Naht Bindung, Ein Neuartiger Mechanismus Zur Stabilisierung

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Naht Bindung, Ein Neuartiger Mechanismus Zur Stabilisierung Naht Bindung, ein Neuartiger Mechanismus zur Stabilisierung von Mikrotubuli Dissertation zur Erlangung des naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades der Bayerischen Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg vorgelegt von Linda Sandblad geboren am 8. Mai 1975 in Uppsala, Schweden Heidelberg 2007 1 Eingereicht am: 6. Juni 2007 Mitglieder der Promotionskommission: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Martin J. Müller, Universität Würzburg Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Georg Krohne, Universität Würzburg Gutachter: Associate Prof. Dr. Andreas Hoenger, University of Colorado at Boulder Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: 10. Oktober 2007 Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am: 2 Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich diese Dissertation selbständig angefertigt und keine anderen als die von mir angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Ausserdem erkläre ich, dass diese Dissertation bisher noch in keinem anderen Prüfungsverfahren in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form vorgelegt worden ist. Auch habe ich bisher noch keinen akademischen Grad erworben oder diesen in einem früheren Verfahren zu erwerben versucht. Heidelberg, den 6. Juni 2007 Linda Sandblad Teile dieser Arbeit wurden bereits publiziert: Sandblad, L., Busch, K. E., Tittmann, P., Gross, H., Brunner, D., and Hoenger, A. (2006). The Schizosaccharomyces pombe EB1 homolog Mal3p binds and stabilizes the microtubule lattice seam. Cell 127, 1415-1424. Die praktische Arbeit wurde im Labor von Associate Prof. Dr. Andreas Hoenger and Dr. Damian Brunner, an Europäschen Laboratorium für Molekular Biologie (EMBL) in Heidelberg ausgeführt. In Rahmen des EMBL PhD Programs. 3 Zusammenfassung Mikrotubuli sind eine faszinierende Komponente des Zytoskeletts einer Zelle. Ihre Struktur entspricht der eines Hohlzylinders. Sie sind aus seitlich assoziierten Proto- filamenten zusammengesetzt, die aus α- und β-Tubulin Untereinheiten bestehen. Diese Heterodimere sind gerichtet, bedingt durch ihre Kopf-Schwanz Anordnung. Folglich besitzen Mikrotubuli eine definierte Polarität, welche die Basis für die Polarität der Zelle bildet. Die Anordnung der Untereinheiten zu einem so genannten Mikrotubulus Gitter kann in zwei Konformationen vorkommen: In der häufigeren B-Gitter Formation, in welcher die Protofilamente seitlich durch α- zu α- und β- zu β-Tubulin interagieren und in der weniger stabilen A-Gitter Konformation, in der α-Tubulin lateral mit β-Tubulin wechselwirkt. In der Zelle vorkommende Mikrotubuli haben grundsätzlich 13 Proto- filamente. Mindestens ein Paar dieser Protofilamente interagiert in der A-Gitter Kon- formation und bildet die so genannte Gitter-Naht (lattice seam). Mikrotubuli Dynamik und Interaktionen sind streng durch Mikrotubuli assoziierte Proteine (MAPs) reguliert. Die Kombination aus moderner Elektronenmikroskopie (EM) und Bild- verarbeitung macht strukturelle Untersuchungen an MAPs und Motorproteinen im Zusammenhang mit Mikrutubuli möglich. Wir haben biochemische und hoch entwickelte EM Techniken benutzt, um die Interaktion zwischen Mikrotubuli und dem Mikrotubuli assoziierten Protein Mal3 in vitro zu untersuchen. Mal3p ist ein Homolog des konservierten Ende-Bindungs Protein 1 (EB1) in der Spalthefe Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Es wurde bereits gezeigt, dass EB1 die Struktur von Mikrotubuli stabilisiert. Mit Hilfe einer speziellen, hochauflösenden EM Schattierungstechnik haben wir demonstriert, dass Mal3p auf neuartige Weise mit dem Mikrotubulus Gitter interagiert. Dabei besetzt Mal3p Bindungsstellen am Mikrotubulus, die sich von denen der anderen MAPs oder Motorproteinen unterscheiden. Mal3p bevorzugt die Bindung zwischen zwei Proto- filamenten, lässt jedoch das übrigen Gitter unbesetzt. In seltenen Fällen wurde Mal3p in zwei nebeneinander angrenzenden Protofilamenten gefunden. An diesen Stellen zeigt sich überraschenderweise eine A-Gitter-Konformation am Mikrotubulus, was auf eine spezifische Naht-Bindung hinweist. Mit Hilfe einer Gitterverstärkung in Form einer Kinesin-Motor-Domäne, die an jede β-Untereinheit bindet, konnte gezeigt werden, dass Mal3p die Naht, den schwächsten Teil eines Mikrotubulus, stabilisiert. Des Weiteren unterstützt die Anwesenheit von Mal3p während der Mikrotubulus Polymerisation die Formierung zur Bildung des Hohlzylinders. Die Untersuchung der monomeren Mikrotubuli-Bindungs-Domäne von Mal3p unter Anwendung von Kryo-EM und anschließender 3-D helikalen Rekonstruktion, führte zur genauen Lokalisierung des Proteins auf dem Mikrotubulus Gerüst. Hierbei bestätigte sich auch die Lokalisation zwischen den Protofilamenten. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass Mal3p die Fähigkeit besitzt, die Konformation des Mikrotubulus Gitters zu beeinflussen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass das EB1-Homolog nicht nur an das Mikrotubulus Plus Ende, sondern auch an der Naht entlang des ganzen Mikrotubulus bindet. Die Art wie Mal3p mit den Mikrotubuli interagiert, zeigt einen neuen Mecha- nismus der Mikrotubuli Stabilisierung und eröffnet weitere Sichtweisen, wie Plus End Bindungsproteine die Dynamik von Mikrotubuli beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass Mikrotubuli zwei definierte Reaktionsplattformen auf ihrer Oberfläche besitzen, die unabhängig mit verschiedenen MAPs und Motorproteinen interagieren. 4 Till Lea 5 Seam Binding, a Novel Mechanism for Microtubule Stabilization Linda Sandblad EMBL-Heidelberg A part of this work has been published in: Sandblad, L., Busch, K. E., Tittmann, P., Gross, H., Brunner, D., and Hoenger, A. (2006). The Schizosaccharomyces pombe EB1 homolog Mal3p binds and stabilizes the microtubule lattice seam. Cell 127, 1415-1424. 6 Table of Content 1 SUMMARY .................................................................................................11 2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................12 2.1 The origin of polarity.......................................................................................... 12 2.2 The Cytoskeleton................................................................................................. 12 2.3 Bacterial cytoskeleton......................................................................................... 13 2.4 Actin ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Intermediate filaments........................................................................................ 18 2.6 Microtubules........................................................................................................ 19 2.6.1 Cellular microtubule organization ................................................................ 20 2.6.2 Microtubules in the mitotic spindle .............................................................. 23 2.6.3 Microtubule nucleation................................................................................. 24 2.6.4 Molecular structure of the microtubules....................................................... 26 2.6.4.1 Atomic structure of tubulin in zinc-sheets................................................ 27 2.6.4.2 Structure of Stathmin-tubulin crystals ...................................................... 29 2.6.4.3 Structure of frozen hydrated native microtubules..................................... 29 2.6.4.4 Protofilament number ............................................................................... 30 2.6.4.5 A- and B-lattice......................................................................................... 31 2.6.4.6 The microtubule lattice seam.................................................................... 32 2.6.5 Microtubule dynamic instability................................................................... 33 2.6.5.1 Nucleotide binding and hydrolysis ........................................................... 33 2.7 Drugs affecting microtubule stability................................................................ 35 2.7.1 Destabilizing drugs....................................................................................... 35 2.7.2 Stabilizing drugs........................................................................................... 35 2.8 Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs).......................................................... 35 2.8.1 Microtubule associated motors proteins ....................................................... 36 2.8.1.1 Dynein....................................................................................................... 37 2.8.1.2 Kinesin ...................................................................................................... 37 2.8.2 Microtubule stabilizing proteins................................................................... 39 2.8.2.1 Tau family................................................................................................. 39 2.8.2.2 XMAP215 family...................................................................................... 40 2.8.2.3 Doublecortin ............................................................................................. 41 2.8.3 Microtubule destabilizing proteins ............................................................... 41 2.8.3.1 Stathmin .................................................................................................... 41 2.8.3.2 Katanin and Spastin.................................................................................. 42 2.8.3.3 Kinesin-13................................................................................................. 42 7 2.8.4 Microtubule plus end tracking proteins (+TIPs)..........................................
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