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Emese Réka Bodor Növényi reproduktív képletek a Mecseki Kőszén Formációból DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS 2015 BODOR EMESE RÉKA ELTE TTK, Őslénytani Tanszék MFGI, Földtani és Geofizikai Gyűjteményi Főosztály Témavezetők: Dr. BARBACKA MARIA (Főmuzeológus, MTM, Növénytár) Dr. KÁZMÉR MIKLÓS (Tanszékvezető egyetemi tanár, ELTE, TTK, Őslénytani Tanszék) ELTE, TTK, Földtudományi Doktori Iskola Doktori iskola vezetője: Dr. NEMES- NAGY JÓZSEF Földtan Geofizika Programvezetője: Dr. MINDSZENTY ANDREA Bodor Emese Réka Növényi reproduktív képletek a Mecseki Kőszén Formációból Tartalomjegyzék A KUTATÁSI TÉMA ELŐZMÉNYEI ÉS CÉLKITŰZÉSEI .......................................................................... 3 FÖLDTANI HÁTTÉR .......................................................................................................................................... 5 ANYAG ÉS MÓDSZEREK ................................................................................................................................. 9 VIZSGÁLT ANYAG ............................................................................................................................................... 9 ANYAGVIZSGÁLATI MÓDSZEREK ......................................................................................................................... 9 Kutikula vizsgálati eljárások ......................................................................................................................... 9 SZEDIMENTOLÓGIAI VIZSGÁLATI MÓDSZEREK .................................................................................................. 12 Csiszolatkészítés .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Fúrómag vizsgálatok ................................................................................................................................... 13 STATISZTIKAI ELEMZŐ ELJÁRÁSOK ÉS AZOKHOZ KAPCSOLÓDÓ ANYAGVIZSGÁLAT .......................................... 14 Morfometria ................................................................................................................................................. 14 Őskörnyezet rekonstrukcióhoz használatos statisztikai eljárások ............................................................... 19 TAXONÓMIA ..................................................................................................................................................... 19 A MECSEKI KŐSZÉN FORMÁCIÓ NÖVÉNYMARADVÁNYAINAK VIZSGÁLATA ..................................................... 19 A REPRODUKTÍV KÉPLETEK RÉSZLETES LEÍRÁSA .............................................................................................. 21 A MECSEKI KŐSZÉN FORMÁCIÓ ŐSNÖVÉNYEKBEN GAZDAG RÉTEGEINEK SZEDIMENTOLÓGIÁJA ................................................................................................................................. 62 FÚRÓMAGOK ŐSKÖRNYEZETI SZEMPONTÚ VIZSGÁLATA ............................................................. 70 A MECSEKI KŐSZÉN FORMÁCIÓ EURÓPA JURA FLÓRÁINAK TÜKRÉBEN ................................. 73 EREDMÉNYEK.................................................................................................................................................. 93 KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS ............................................................................................................................ 96 IRODALOMJEGYZÉK ..................................................................................................................................... 98 FÉNYKÉPTÁBLÁK ......................................................................................................................................... 122 MELLÉKLETEK ............................................................................................................................................. 136 2 Bodor Emese Réka Növényi reproduktív képletek a Mecseki Kőszén Formációból A kutatási téma előzményei és célkitűzései A mezozoikumi növényi reproduktív képletek vizsgálata nagy múltra tekint vissza. SCHENK 1867-ben számos jura toboz fajt írt le. A XX. században a teljes flóraleírásra törekvő művekben jelentek meg általában a reproduktív képletek (pl.: SEWARD 1911, KRASSER 1920, HARRIS 1926, 1932A, 1932B, 1935, 1964, 1969, 1979, KRÄUSEL 1958, WEBER 1968, SCHWEITZER & KIRCHNER 1996, 1998). Annak ellenére, hogy a növényvilág evolúciójával foglalkozó munkák mindig is a szaporító képleteken alapultak (FLORIN 1944, 1958, MEYEN 1984, MILLER 1999, ANDERSON et al. 2007, WACHTLER 2011), a levéltaxonómiai munkákhoz viszonyítva nagyon ritkák azok a művek, melyek egy-egy reproduktív képlet részletes leírását adták meg (pl. KRASSER 1912, 1915, HIRMER & HÖRHAMMER 1934, MÄGDEFRAU 1963, VAN KONIJNENBURG–VAN CITTERT 1971). Az 1990-es évektől kezdve egyre több jura ősnövénytani munka foglalkozik a szaporító képletek vizsgálatával (PARRIS 1995, SCHWEITZER & KIRCHNER 1996, 1998, BARBACKA & BÓKA 2000b, ARNDT 2002, BARBACKA et al. 2007, POTT et al. 2010, POPA 2014). A Mecseki Kőszén Formációból a vegetatív szervek jól feldolgozottak (BARBACKA 2011), de a reproduktív képletek közül csak néhány részletes vizsgálatára került ezidáig sor (BARBACKA & BÓKA 2000b, BARBACKA & BÓKA 2014). A hazai mezozoikumból kevés képződményből ismertek reproduktív képletek. A Mecseki Kőszén Formáción kívül elsősorban a késő-kréta Ajkai Kőszén Formációból és Csehbányai Formációból (BODOR & BARANYI 2012; BODOR et al. 2012). Ezek mindegyike zárvatermő domináns lelőhely, nyitvatermők csak elszórtan kerültek elő (BODOR & BARANYI 2012). Doktori dolgozatom célja a Mecseki Kőszén Formációból eddig kevéssé ismert növényi reproduktív képletek (nyitvatermő magok és tobozok) vizsgálata, azok minél pontosabb taxonómiai besorolása és paleobiológiai értelmezése. A szaporító szervek tanulmányozása fontos, mivel a növénycsoportok elsősorban reproduktív stratégiájuk alapján különülnek el. A mezozoikum szárazföldi növényvilágát a nyitvatermők uralták és ekkorra tehető a zárvatermők kialakulása is, bár ennek a pontos evolúciós vonala még mindig vitatott (FRIIS et al. 2011). A nyitvatermők szaporító képleteiről még mindig kevés adat áll rendelkezésünkre, azonosításuk problémás. Minden új lelet fontos adalékul szolgálhat a nyitvatermők szaporodási stratégiájának és evolúciójának megértéséhez. 3 Bodor Emese Réka Növényi reproduktív képletek a Mecseki Kőszén Formációból A mecseki vizsgálatoknak célja volt a minél részletesebb taxonómiai leírás és a lehetséges anyanövények megállapítása. Az anyanövény akkor azonosítható egyértelműen, ha a reproduktív és vegetatív hajtás egymáshoz csatlakozva kerül elő. Ez nagyon ritka eset. A további esetekben kutikula tulajdonságok hasonlósága alapján lehet következtetni az anyanövényekre. Ahol ez nem lehetséges, más, közvetett módszereket dolgoztak ki, de ezek sem mindig alkalmazhatók módosítások nélkül. Az objektív, morfometriai vizsgálatok alkalmazása a paleobiológián belül az utóbbi években egyre nagyobb szerepet kapott, de olyan algoritmus, amivel a hagyományos, mért adatok kiértékelhetőek lennének nem állt rendelkezésre. A szakirodalomban leggyakrabban egy-egy többváltozós adatelemzési eljárást alkalmaznak, ami alapján fajok elkülönítése történik (CHAPMAN & BRETT-SURMAN 1990, SIDLAUSKAS et al. 2011). Gyakoriak egy konkrét esetre kidolgozott morfometriai elemzések (pl. CHEN & MANCHESTER 2007), de idáig nem történt komplex, több csoporton is alkalmazható morfometriai algoritmus kidolgozása. Ezért a doktori munka célja volt a geostatisztikában és biostatisztikában használatos adatelemző eljárások tesztelése független élőlénycsoportokon, és az eredmények alapján egy morfometriai eljárási sor kidolgozása. Az interpretáció is kérdéses paleobiológiai szempontból, a morfometriai csoportok elkülönülését leggyakrabban több taxon jelenlétével magyarázzák, de ennél több okra vezethető vissza morfológiai variabilitás. A lehetséges okok feltárásához a dolgozat célja volt minél több esettanulmány vizsgálata. A vizsgált maradványok mindegyike meddőhányóról került elő, ezért fontos volt a növénymaradványokban gazdag kőzetekből készült vékonycsiszolatok elemzése az őskörnyezet megállapítására. A Mecseki Kőszén Formáció növénymaradványokban gazdag, meddő rétegei ilyen szempontból kevéssé feldolgozottak, ezek a megfigyelések fontos adalékokkal szolgálhatnak a földtani szempontból jól ismert formáció képződésére nézve. Az előkerült maradványokat összevetettük Európa egyéb területeinek flórájával. Ehhez saját vizsgálatokon felül a vonatkozó szakirodalom teljes áttekintése volt szükséges. Ezek a vizsgálatok hozzájárulhatnak az őslénytani adatok precízebb értékeléséhez, a Mecseki Kőszén Formáció növényvilágának és Európa jura flórái között betöltött szerepének alaposabb megismeréséhez. 4 Bodor Emese Réka Növényi reproduktív képletek a Mecseki Kőszén Formációból Földtani háttér A vizsgált növénymaradványok a Mecseki Kőszén Formáció (HETÉNYI in CSÁSZÁR 1997) meddő rétegeiből kerültek elő. A Mecsek hegység hazánk nagyszerkezeti tagolásában a Tiszai egység részét képezi (1. ábra). A Mecseki Kőszén Formáció a gresteni fáciesövhöz tartozó képződmény, de a tipikus ausztriai kifejlődés helyett inkább rokonítható a Tátra és Román területeken található kifejlődésekkel, ez azonban nem azt jelenti, hogy a flóra is azonos lenne (BARBACKA & BODOR et al. 2014, BARBACKA et al. bírálat alatt.). 1. ábra: Magyarország nagyszerkezeti egységei a vizsgált terület jelölésével CSONTOS & VÖRÖS (2004) alapján. A Mecseki Kőszén Formáció bányászati célú kutatása
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