Index

3D modeling, 218–20 Aflaq, Michel, 273 Africa Aapravasi Ghat, 325 Batwa pygmies, 147–54, 156 Abbasid library, 271 colonialism and, 378–79, 384, 386 Abbasid palace, 272 Cradle of Humankind and, 402–4 Aboriginal peoples, 345–46, 561 development and, 393–94, 396–98 Abungu, George, 14, 21 Great Zimbabwe World Heritage Site, academic courses and research, 329 378, 400–401, 407 Academy of Asian Heritage Kilwa Kisiwani, 404–6 Management, 421 Madagascar, 347–49 Acadian peoples, 7, 163–73 museums, 150–52 Acropolis, 427 Ngorongoro Conservation Area, 385, actor‐network theory, 254 406, 407 Advisory Council on Historic Outstanding Universal Value and, 377, Preservation, 332 379–81, 384–85 affect (emotional), 451–55,COPYRIGHTED 463–64, Rainbow MATERIAL Nation and, 208 466, 472 repatriation and, 153–56 Afghanistan, 11, 269, 281–88, 543. See also South Africa, 402–4, 415, 486 Bamiyan Buddhas sub‐Saharan, 14 Afghan Ministry of Information and Culture, tourism and, 394–96 284, 285, 287 Tsodilo Hills, 398–400

A Companion to Heritage Studies, First Edition. Edited by William Logan, Máiréad Nic Craith, and Ullrich Kockel. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

0002562484.indd 574 7/7/2015 9:12:20 PM index 575 Twyfelfontein, 404–5 apps, 218, 220–21 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Aqar Quf, 276 Protection of the World Cultural and Arab League Educational, Cultural and National Heritage, 373–74 Scientific Organization UNESCO Convention Concerning the (ALECSO), 283 Protection of the World Cultural and Araoz, Gustavo, 36 National Heritage and, 377–88 archaeological sites, 62, 377–78, 383–84 urbanization and, 193 Archeoguide IST, 221 World Heritage List and, 374, 377–79, Area 51, 32 381–82, 384–85, 392–93 Arguedas, José María, 296–99, 303 Africa 2009, 377 Argyle Diamond Mine Indigenous Land Use African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Agreement, 342 Rights (ACHPR), 147, 363 Ari’i Tamai, 108 African IP Trust, 62–63 arson, 270, 272 African World Heritage Fund (AWHF), 377 artifact collections, 6–7 Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 310, 406 artisan cheeses, 96 Agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, 75 Intellectual Property Rights Arts and Crafts movements, 74–75 (TRIPS), 64 Arup, Ove, 431 Agua Blanca, 303 Ashur, Iraq, 273 Akagawa, Natsuko, 5 Asia Aktobe, 513 communication and, 420–21 Akyrtas, 513 critical heritage issues, 418–20 Al‐Askari Mosque, 274, 275 distinctive heritage thought and practice, Al‐Awfaq Library, 271 416–18 Aleppo, 541 east/west binary and, 411–13 Al Jaber Foundation, 290 impact on heritage field, 413–16 Al‐Majma Al‐Ilmi Al‐Iraqi, 271 intangible heritage and, 15, 414–15 Al‐Qaeda, 281, 292 urban heritage conservation and, Altai Princess, 209–10 192–95 American Association of Museum urbanization and, 193–94 Directors, 156 Asia‐Europe Foundation, 316 American Express, 315–16 Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact, 341 American Folklore Society, 48 Asian Academy of Heritage Management, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 317–18 568, 570 Amul, 514 Asian century, 411, 413, 416, 420 Anaya, James, 338, 356, 364 Asian Cultural Landscape Association, 421 Andes, 11, 295–305 Asian Development Bank, 341 Andrew, Sheila, 168 Asia‐Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO, Angkor Wat, 419, 420 79, 223 Anlong Veng, 13 Association Beffrois et Patrimoine, 511 Annapolis Valley, 171 Association des Biens Français de Patrimoine Anttonen,Pertti, 4 Mondial, 511 ANZAC Day, 470–72, 475 Association of Critical Heritage Studies ANZAC Legend, 465 (ACHS), 18, 410, 569 Anzaldúa, Gloria, 299 Association pour la promotion des Batwa AOC (Appellation d’origine contrôlée) (APB), 150 legislation, 91 Aswan High Dam, 381 Aofood, 87 Atafu Atoll, 104 Aotearoa/New Zealand, 107–8, 111 atomic bomb, 501–2 Appiah, Anthony, 480 audiovisual media, 136 Appiah, Kwame, 17 augmented reality (AR), 218

0002562484.indd 575 7/7/2015 9:12:20 PM 576 index Auschwitz Barroso, José Manuel, 290 contradictions and paradoxes, 126–29 Barthel‐Bouchier, Diane, 19 dark tourism and, 6 Barth, Fredrik, 206 historical perspectives, 115–17 Bartoszewski, Wladyslaw, 121 meanings and challenges, 117–21 Batwa pygmies, 147–54, 156 multiple narratives and alternative Bavarian Cultural Heritage Authority, 283 histories, 123–26 Bawa, Geoffrey, 197 politics and, 331 Bayeux tapestry, 133 possible destruction of, 13 Bayt Al‐Hikma, 271 post‐1989, 121–23 BBC, 222–23 symbolism of, 502 Becker, Annette, 474 Australia, 561 Beijing, China, 194 extractive industries in, 340–42, 345–46 Beijing Cultural Heritage Protection Center Gallipoli and, 465 (BCHPC), 236, 238 Intangible Heritage Convention and, 79 Belfries of Belgium and France, 511 keeping places, 155 Belfry Cities Network, 511 Representative List of the Intangible Belgium, 511 Cultural Heritage of Humanity belonging, sense of, 205–11, 434 and, 415 Belzec, 116 Australia ICOMOS. See International Benalla, 463 Council on Monuments and Sites Benavides, Hugo, 11 Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Beng, Tan Hock, 3 Cultural Significance. See Benin bronzes, 58, 152–53 International Council on Monuments Benjamin, Walter, 263 and Sites Bennett, Rony, 466 Australian Department of the Environment, Benz patent, 133 Water, Heritage and the Arts, 311–12 Bérard, Laurence, 92 Australian Heritage Commission, 415 Berlin Conference, 60 Australian War Memorial, 462 Berliner, David, 96 authenticity, 263, 265, 314, 324–25, 449 Berliner Philharmonie, 428 Authorized Heritage Discourse, 211, 443, Berlin, Germany, 418 448, 557, 569 Berlin Wall, 439 Aygen, Zeynep, 15 Bessière, Jacinthe, 87 Ayohda, 35 biblical landmarks, 31 Azawat, 292 Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site, 105, 112 Bilbao, Spain, 398 Baartman, Saartjie, 153 biodiversity, 342–44, 349, 486 Baathists, 272–73, 275 Birkenau, 116, 119, 121–24, 126, 128, 129 Babylon, 272 Bismarck, Otto von, 60 Baedeckers guides, 33 Block 11, 119 Baez, Fernando, 271 Blue Guides, 33 Baghdad Martyr’s Memorial, 272–73 Bogdanos, Matthew, 271 Bagnall, Gaynor, 449 Bogdanovic, Bogdan, 257, 259 Bahrani, Zainab, 272 Bogor, Indonesia, 199 Baird, Melissa, 13 Bokova, Irina, 238, 289, 366, 529 Balkans, 269 Bosnia Herzegovina, 255–65, 325, 550 Bamiyan Buddhas, 11, 35, 269, 280–92, Botswana, 398–400 543–44 Bouchenaki, Mounir, 429–30 Bandarin, Francesco, 366 Brasilia, 431 Bangladesh Liberation War Museum, 118 Brazil, 47 Bannister, Kelly, 58 Bridge on the River Kwai, 461, 468 Bannockburn Heritage Centre, 8 British Museum, 6

0002562484.indd 576 7/7/2015 9:12:20 PM index 577 Bronze Soldier riots, 245 Cathedrals of Culture, 427–28 Brown, Michael, 58 Catholicism, 302–4, 417 Brown, Peter, 31 cell/mobile phones, 215–16, 218, 220–21 Buckley, Kristal, 15, 19 Central Asian Silk Roads World Heritage Budapest Declaration, 565 nomination. See Silk Road Project Buddhism, 417, 484–85 Centre against Expulsions, 248 buildings Centre for Heritage Development in Africa International Council on Monuments and (CHDA), 377 Sites and, 428–29 Centre Georges Pompidou, 428, 431 sense of place and, 432–39 Champagne, 93 symbiotic heritage and, 429–30 Chan, Benjamin, 17 Bukhara, 513 Chapagain, Neel Kamal, 418 Bukova, Irina, 326, 421 Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage, Burana, 514 429 Bureau Interprofessionel des Vins de Chartres Cathedral, 438 Bourgogne, 93 Chelmno, 116 Burgundy region of France, 5, 89–97 Chengde Imperial Summer Palace, 418 Burma, 468 Chengde Mountain Resort and Its Outlying Burra Charter. See International Council on Temples, 233 Monuments and Sites Chief Roi Mata’s Domain, 105–6, Burrup Peninsula, 345 208–9, 417 Buruma, Ian, 502 China. See also Silk Road Project Burundi, 148 communication and, 421 Byrne, Denis, 17, 20, 484 cosmopolitan ethos, 484–85 critical heritage issues, 419 Cambodia, 269, 315, 420, 491, 493–500, Cultural Revolution, 269 503, 548 economy of, 411, 418 Cameron, Christina, 13 folklore and, 48 Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, 509 Hangzhou, 229, 239 Campanella, Thomas, 193 impact on heritage field, 413, 415–16 Campbell, Gary, 16 Japan and, 503 Campbell, Sue, 452–53 modernization and, 412–13 Canada Nanjing massacre, 502 Grand‐Pré National Historic Site, 7, nationalism and, 9–10 163–73 Qikou, 230 indigenous self‐representation, 155 Sri Lanka and, 196 Intangible Heritage Convention and, 79 urbanization and, 193 Representative List of the Intangible urban regeneration in, 194–95 Cultural Heritage of Humanity World Heritage sites, 229–39 and, 415 China Folklore Society, 48 tourism, 170–72 China Principles. See Principles for the capacity building, 20, 102, 377, 384, Conservation of Heritage Sites in 562–71 China Cape Floral Kingdom, 379 Choeung Ek, 498 caravanserais, 436–37 cholo, 298, 300 Carcassonne, 418 Chor‐Bakr, 513 Cardinal, Douglas, 430–31 Cieza de León, Pedro, 303 Carolan, Michael, 473 civil unrest, 10–11. See also war Cashman, Ray, 448 Clark, Kate, 96 Castleford, England, 450 climate change, 104–5, 218–19 castration, 79 climats, 89, 93–98 Category 2 Centres, 568, 570–71 climats de Bourgogne, 93–94, 97

0002562484.indd 577 7/7/2015 9:12:20 PM 578 index Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 273 UNESCO Convention for the Coca‐Cola, 62 Safeguarding of the Intangible Cochasquí, 296, 303–4 Cultural Heritage Cold War, 436, 439, 494, 503, 541, 549 Convention on Biological Diversity, 342 College of Physicians, 271 Convention Respecting the Laws and Collins, John, 81 Customs of War on Land colonialism. See also postcolonial liberalism (Hague IV), 542 Africa and, 378–79, 384, 386 Convention with Respect to the Laws Andes and, 11, 295–305 and Customs of War on Land cultural heritage and intellectual property (Hague II), 542 and, 60–61 Coombe, Rosemary, 13, 58–59, 180 folklore and, 46–50 Copan, 219 genocide and, 495 copyright, 50, 56–59, 61–62, 71 Planter culture and, 169 corporate interests, 337–38, 340, 342, Rwanda and, 150–53 344, 347–50 west/east binary and, 412–13, 421 corporate social responsibility (CSR), Columbian Exposition, 34 315–17, 340 Colwell‐Chanthaphonh, Chip, 482–83 Cosejo Provincial de Pichincha, 296 comfort women, 502 cosmopolitanism, 16–17, 464, 466–67, Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery, 462, 469, 474–75, 479–87 470, 475 Côte d’Or, 93 Communauté des Potiers du Rwanda, 150 Council for the Protection of Struggle and communication, 420–21 Martyrdom Sites, 246 Communist Party of Kampuchea. See Khmer Council of Europe, 3, 19–20, 550 Rouge Council of Europe Convention on Access to community involvement, 14–16, 190–92, Information, Public Participation in 327–28, 343, 345–50, 378, 382–88, Decision‐Making and Access to 531–32 Justice in Environmental Matters, 550 community, sense of, 203–12 Cradle of Humankind, 402–4 Confederation of National Indigenous credibility, 528–31 Communities of Ecuador (CONAIE), critical discourse analysis (CDA), 177 296, 301, 303–4 critical heritage studies, 337 Conference of Parties to the Convention on cross‐cultural dialogue, 17–18 Biological Diversity, 359 crowdsourcing, 222–23, 315 conflict resolution, 493, 504 Crystal Palace Exposition, 34 Confrérie des Chevaliers du Tastevin, 93 Csergo, Julia, 88 Connally, E.A., 324 Culebrilla, 303 Connor, Andrea, 10 cultural cleansing, 258–60, 269 conservation, 189–200, 312–13, 316–17, cultural diversity, 79–80, 482–85, 547–48, 438–39, 532–34, 560 559–60. See also UNESCO conservation and, 533 Convention on the Protection and continuity, 231–33, 559–60 Promotion of the Diversity of Conventional Conservation Approach, 557, Cultural Expressions 559, 560, 562 cultural heritage. See also intangible heritage; Convention Establishing the World tangible heritage Intellectual Property in Afghanistan, 281–88 Organization, 57 colonialism and, 60–61 Convention for the Protection of Cultural corporate interests and, 337–38, 340, 342, Property in the Event of Armed 344, 347–50 Conflict. See Hague Convention defined, 55 Convention for the Safeguarding on the development and, 191, 393–94 Intangible Cultural Heritage. See economics of, 309–18

0002562484.indd 578 7/7/2015 9:12:20 PM index 579 human rights and, 4–5, 57–58, 63–65 Denmark, 79, 474 intellectual property and, 56–65 Département du Patrimoine, 511 protection of, 542–51 Department of Industrial Craft at Tokyo sense of belonging and, 205–11 Imperial University, 74 UNESCO and, 322–33 Description of Greece (Pausanias), 33 Cultural Landscape and Archaeological destruction Remains of the BamiyanValley, 283 of Bamiyan Buddhas, 11, 35, 269, cultural landscapes 280–92, 543–44 cultural sites vs., 93–94 Iraq War and, 268–77 destruction of, 258–60 legal issues, 541–51 inception of, 2–3 of Stari Most (Old Bridge), 258–60 indigenous peoples and, 101–2 Timbuktu and, 35, 288–92, 407, 543, 544 recognition of, 523 UNESCO Declaration Concerning the Tongariro National Park, 111 Intentional Destruction of Cultural UNESCO and, 325 Heritage and, 291–92 urban, 3, 558 Deutscher Werkbund, 75 Cultural Properties Law, 76 developing economies, 192–93 cultural property, 4–5, 190–92 development Cultural Property Protection (CPP), 270, Africa and, 393–94, 396–98 275–77 cultural heritage and, 191, 393–94 cultural resilience, 375 self‐determined, 358 Cultural Revolution, 269 socioeconomic, 7–8 Cultural Rights and Wrongs (UNESCO), 58 sustainability and, 392–94, 396, 400, cultural routes, 3. See also Silk Road Project 402, 407 cultural routes and, 509 tourism and, 396–98, 406–7 Cultural Routes in the Asia Pacific World Bank and, 3, 310–13 Region, 509 difficult heritage. See dark tourism cultural sites, 93 Digital Intangible Heritage of Asia cultural tourism, 183. See also tourism (DIHA), 223 culture, defined, 395 digital media Culture on Tour (Bruner), 183 3D modeling, 218–20 Curonian Spit, 6 augmented reality and, 217–18 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 118 cell phones, 215–16, 218, 220–21 Cyriac of Ancona, 31–32 crowdsourcing, 222–23 documentary heritage and, 138–39 Daly, Patrick, 17 gaming, 221–22 Danish Agency for Culture, 364 geographic information systems, 218–20 dark tourism, 6, 118, 128, 130, 449 heritage and, 8–10, 34, 215–16 Daugbjerg, Mads, 474 in information management, 508 Day of Solidarity with Mali, 289 intangible heritage and, 223–24 Dayton Agreement, 260 mobile apps, 218, 220–21 Death Railway. See Thai‐Burma Railway Museum of the Warsaw Uprising and, 247 decision‐making, 358–59 potential of, 216–17 Declaration of the Kimberley Workshop on social media, 222 the Intangible Heritage of virtual reality and, 217–18 Monuments and Sites, 430 Directorate of Cultural Heritage, 394 Declaration on the Importance and Value of discrimination, 148–50, 339. See also ethnic Universal Museums, 6, 155–56 minorities; human rights; indigenous Deleuze, Gilles, 451 peoples; racism Democratic Republic of Congo, 148, Disko, Stefan, 14, 561 150, 154 District 798, 194, 416 Demossier, Marion, 5 Djingareyber Mosque, 288, 290

0002562484.indd 579 7/7/2015 9:12:20 PM 580 index documentary heritage, 133–35, 138–43 tourism marketing and, 180–82 documentation, 510–11, 518 war heritage and, 463–64 Dogon people, 288 empathy, 447, 450, 454 Domaine de la Romanée Conti, 93 employment, 393–94, 396–97, 401–6 Dominion Atlantic Railway (DAR), 166 enchaquirados, 301, 303 Draft Declaration on the Rights of enclave heritage, 463, 465, 467, 473–74 Indigenous Peoples, 64 Endorois peoples, 363 dragon‐boat festivals, 230 England. See United Kingdom Drakulic, Slavenka, 257 Enlightenment, 43 Droste, Bernd von, 329 entertainment, 33–34. See also tourism Duara, Presenjit, 231 Environment Diversity and Biodiversity Dubrovnik shelling, 541, 544 Conservation Act, 332 Duda, Wojciech, 249, 250 Escuela Taller Intramuros, 421 Dunhuang, 513 Estonia, 45, 51, 245 Dunlop, Edward “Weary,” 463, 468, 472 Estonian Museum of Occupations, 245 Dyboøl, 474 Estrada, Julio, 303 ethics, 16–18, 139, 234–35, 560–62. See also East/West binary, 411–13, 417–18, 420–21 cosmopolitanism Ecole Patrimoine Africaine (EPA), 377 Ethiopia, 58, 63 economics. See also International Covenant Ethiopian Coffee Trademarking and on Economic, Social and Cultural Licensing Initiative, 63 Rights; UN Committee on Economic, ethnic cleansing, 258–61 Social and Cultural Rights ethnic minorities. See also discrimination; China and, 411 human rights; indigenous peoples of cultural heritage, 309–18 Asian heritage and, 419 development and, 7–8, 192–93 inclusion of, 14–16 heritage protection and, 418–19 International Convention on the human rights and, 190–92 Elimination of All Forms of Racial intellectual property and, 59 Discrimination and, 339 sustainability and, 11–14 resistance and, 9, 35 of tourism, 34, 170–72, 311–12 World Heritage Convention and, 14 of urban heritage conservation, 312–13, ethnic solidarity, 233–34 316–17 Eurocentricity Economou, Maria, 9 food heritage and, 89 ecotourism, 183 Global Strategy for a Representative, Ecuador, 296, 298, 302–4, 533 Balanced and Credible World Edinburgh, Scotland, 316 Heritage List and, 527–28 Edinburgh World Heritage Trust, 316 Outstanding Universal Value and, 5, 15, education and training, 562–71 377, 379, 382–83, 385–86 Egypt, 381 UNESCO Convention for the Eichmann, Adolf, 119 Safeguarding of the Intangible El Farouk Independence Monument, 288 Cultural Heritage and, 527 Elgin Marbles, 6 World Heritage and, 410–12, 417–19, El zorro de arriba y el zorro de abajo 509, 527–28 (Arguedas), 298 World Heritage Committee and, 527 embodiment, 70, 74, 76–77, 81–82 World Heritage List and, 15, 417–19, emotion 527–28 affect and, 451–55, 463–64, 466, 472 Europe, 3–4, 243–46, 309–18. See also heritage and, 16, 444–52 individual countries such as France management of, 455 Europeana, 223 meaning and, 453–55 European Commission, 290 memory and, 452–53 European Union, 543

0002562484.indd 580 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM index 581 Evangeline (Longfellow), 166 Foundation of the Hellenic World, 218 exoticlandia, 180 Framework Convention on the Value of expert’s roles, 325–26 Cultural Heritage for Society (Faro Expert Working Group on the Preservation Convention), 20, 550 of the Cultural Landscape and France Archaeological Remains of the belfries, 511 Bamiyan Valley, 285, 287 Burgundy region, 5, 89–97 Ex Sexto (Arguedas), 298 food heritage and, 87, 89 extractive industries, 337–44, 346, 348–50, Mali and, 292 380, 385 Marae Taputapuatea nomination, 106 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Paris, 2 Cambodia (ECCC), 496 Paris International Exhibition, 74 Francioni, Francesco, 332 Fairclough, Graham, 222 Franklin Dam, Tasmania, 331–32 Far Eastern University Campus Conservation Frederick the Great, 418 Program, 316 free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), Faro Convention, 20 339, 343–45, 357–59, 362–64, 366 fascism, 45–46, 117, 124 French Ministry of Culture, 93 Federation of Expellees, 248–49 French Ministry of Environment, 93 Fedor, Julie, 10 French Polynesia, 102, 106–7, 109–10 female genital circumcision, 79 Fujian Tulou, 235 Festival of Black and African Arts and funding. See economics Civilization (FESTAC), 58 Furusato Program, 76–77 Figi, 105 future considerations, 522–34, 524, financing. See economics 526, 569–71 Finland, 45 Future of Babylon project, 276 First Sino‐Japanese War, 74 Folk Craft Museum, 75 Galapagos Islands, 533 folklore Galle/Galle Fort, Sri Lanka, 195–99 early protections, 70–71 Gallipoli, 465 emergence as academic discipline, 4 gaming, 221–22 identification and mapping, 42–44 Ganjeung Danojie, 230 institutionalization and networking, 44–45 Gansu Corridor, 513 intangible cultural heritage and, 41–42, gas chambers, 115–16, 123–27, 129. See also 48, 50–52 Auschwitz as a tool of resistance, 9 Gastronomic Meal of the French (GMF), 88, 94 translation and knowledge transfer, 46–48 Gdansk Museum of World War II, 10, U.S. paradigms, 48–49 248–50 Folklore of Ireland Society, 44 Gegeo, David, 103 fomba gasy, 347–48 Gegner, Martin, 465 food heritage Gehry, Frank, 398 background and overview, 87–90 Genbaku Dome, 501–2, 504 climats and, 94–95 genius loci. See place, sense of cultural sites and, 92–94 genocide definitions, 90–92 Andes and, 295–96 future considerations, 97–98 Auschwitz and, 116, 118, 122, 124–25, making do vs. preservation, 95–97 127, 130 foot binding, 79 Khmer Rouge and, 495–500 Forest Peoples Programme, 348 Lithuanian Museum of Genocide forgeries, 58 Victims, 245 Forum UNESCO: University and Heritage Rwanda and, 150–51, 494–95 (FUUH), 567–68 Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, 496–99

0002562484.indd 581 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM 582 index gentrification, 189, 192, 195–200 Habermas, Jürgen, 483 geographic information systems (GIS), Hage, Ghassan, 465 218–20, 511 Hague Convention, 5, 56, 59, 269, 275, George, Donny, 270–71 283, 291, 542–43, 545, 548 George Town, Malaysia, 412 Hague II, 542 geospatial content management systems Hague IV, 542 (GeoCMS), 511, 515–18 Hajruddin, Mimar, 262 German Centre against Expulsions, 10 Halden Prison, 428 Germany, 248, 316–17, 415, 418, Hallett, Richard, 8 493–94, 503 Hall, Stuart, 451 Getty Center, 431 Halperin, Eran, 454 Getty Conservation Institute, 415 Hambakushe people, 398 Ghaidan, Usam, 271–72 Hangzhou, China, 229, 239, 421 Giant’s Causeway, 3 Hanoi Planning and Development Control Glaeser, Edward, 313 Project, 413 globalization, 480–81 Hanoi, Vietnam, 412–13 global justice, 481 Hatra, Iraq, 273 Global Strategy for a Representative, Hawaii, 105–6 Balanced and Credible World heiau, 105 Heritage List Held, David, 481 adoption of, 523 Hellenic Cosmos Cultural Centre, 218 Africa and, 384 Hellfire Pass Museum, 463, 469–70, 473 Eurocentrism and, 15, 382, 527–28 Henry, Teura, 108 future of, 524 Herat, Afghanistan, 284 inflation and credibility and, 528–29 Herbin, John Fredric, 166 Outstanding Universal Value and, heritage. See also cultural heritage 323–24, 377 built environment and, 438–39 transnational heritage and, changes in, 19–21 508–9, 513 collections and, 6–7 Global Training Strategy, 563 conflicts and, 208–11 Gluza, Zbigniew, 247 defined, 1 Golub, Alex, 349 digital media and, 8–10, 34, 138–39 Grand Canal, 232–33, 235 documentary, 133–35, 138–43 Grand Dérangement, 164–66, 168 emotion and, 444–52 Grand‐Pré National Historic Site (GPNHS), enclave, 463, 465, 467, 473–74 7, 163–73 ethics and, 16–18 Grand Tonguna, 288 ethnic cleansing and, 258–61 Grasseni, Christina, 92 historical perspectives, 2–5 Great Britain. See United Kingdom holistic and inclusive approaches, 14–16, 430 Great Mosque of Samarra, 272 of humanity, 137–43, 544 Great Patriotic War, 245 identity and, 464–67, 473–74 Great Spas of Europe, 510 landscape and, 5–6 Great Wall of China, 232 maintenance costs, 11–12 Great Zimbabwe Hotel, 401 nation‐building and, 230–31 Great Zimbabwe National Monument, 378, paradigm change, 18 400–401, 407 post‐conflict areas and, 491–504 Greek Orthodoxy, 417 sense of community and, 203–12 Greenland, 364 social discipline and, 234–35 Grozdic, Zvezdan, 264 socioeconomic development and, 7–8 Guattari, Félix, 451 types of, 55–56 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 296, 300–303 use and abuse of, 7 Guggenheim Museum, 431 war and civil unrest and, 10–11

0002562484.indd 582 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM index 583 heritage Enlightenment, 234–35 international law and, 546–51 heritage passports, 289 limitations on cultural heritage and, 13–14 heritage rights, 479, 481–85. See also participatory rights and, 359 cosmopolitanism reciprocity and, 17 heritagescaping, 195, 197, 200 UN and, 359–60 heritage sites UNESCO Convention Concerning the as entertainment venues, 33–34 Protection of the World Cultural and as objects of state power, 32–33 National Heritage and, 355–57 as reactions to change, 36 UN Human Rights Council, 338 as symbolic resistance, 35 United Nations Office of the High as tokens of faith, 30–32 Commissioner for Human Rights, 58 heritage studies, 568–71 Universal Declaration of, 80, 482 heritage tourists, 3. See also tourism Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Herodotus, 31 80, 482, 547 Hevia, James, 233 urban heritage conservation and, 190–92 Hilty, Reno, 58, 60, 61–62 World Conference on Human Rights, 376 Hinduism, 417 Hungarian House of Terror, 245 Hiroshima Peace Memorial, 501–2 Hungary, 245 historical continuity, 231–33 Hun Sen, 494, 496 historic urban landscapes, 3, 558 Hussein, Saddam, 273 Ho Chi Minh mausoleum, 413 Hutu, 149–51, 495 Hodder, Ian, 254 Huxley, Julian, 567 Hofstede, Geert, 205 Hyde, Douglas, 9 Hokule’a, 108 holistic heritage, 430 ice maiden discovery, 209–10 Hollande, François, 289–90 Ichan‐Kala, 513 Holocaust, 116, 119–20, 123–27, 245, 494. ICOMOS. See International Council on See also Auschwitz Monuments and Sites homosexuals, 299, 301–3 identity/identity politics Homs, 541 conflict and, 492, 495, 497, 500–502 Hopi, 549 heritage and, 464–67, 473–74 Hopuu, Timiri, 110 Solomon Islands and, 207–8 House, Donna, 433 Stari Most (Old Bridge) and, 256, Huancavilcas, 301–2 260, 264 Huener, Jonathan, 124 Ikari, 263–64 Huitt, William, 204–5 The Imagined Past: History and Nostalgia humanity, heritage of, 137–43, 544 (Chase & Shaw), 446 human remains, 153–54, 385 impact investing, 315 human rights. See also discrimination; ethnic Imperial Technical Staff Scheme, 76 minorities; indigenous peoples inclusion and rights, 531–32 African Commission on Human and inclusivity, 14–16, 531–32 Peoples’ Rights, 147, 363 Incredible India 2009‐2011, 178–84 Auschwitz and, 117–18, 120, 122, 129 India cosmopolitanism and, 482, 485–86 Angkor Wat, 419, 420 cultural diversity and, 79–80, 547–48 folklore and, 47 cultural heritage and intellectual property heritage and, 411, 413, 415–21 and, 4–5, 57–58, 63–65 Incredible India 2009‐2011 marketing indigenous peoples and, 355–57, campaign, 178–84 364–67, 561 India Ministry of Tourism, 177–78, International Convention on the 181, 184 Elimination of All Forms of Racial indianismo, 297 Discrimination and, 339 indigenismo, 297

0002562484.indd 583 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM 584 index Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, UNESCO Convention Concerning the 357 Protection of the World Cultural and indigenous peoples. See also discrimination; National Heritage and, 359–67 ethnic minorities; UN Declaration on World Heritage Convention and, 14, the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; 101–2 UNESCO Declaration on the Rights World Heritage List and, 102, 360–64 of Indigenous Peoples; UN Expert Indonesia, 199, 420 Mechanism on the Rights of industrial property, 56 Indigenous Peoples; World Heritage inflation of nominations, 528–31 Indigenous Peoples Council of information management systems, 508 Experts Inga Pirca, 303 Aboriginal, 345–46, 561 Ingold, Tim, 255 Acadian, 7, 163–73 Institute for Industrial Craft, 75 Altai Princess and, 209–11 Institute of Islamic Studies, 288 of the Andes, 296–304, 301, 303–4 Institute of Islamic Studies and Research Batwa pygmies, 147–54, 156 Ahmed Baba, 288 climate change and, 104–5 Institute of National Museums of Rwanda common heritage of humankind and, (INMR), 150–51 544–45 Intangible Cultural Heritage Database, 223 corporate interests and, 337–45, Intangible Cultural Heritage program. See 348–49 UNESCO Convention for the cosmopolitanism and, 482–86 Safeguarding of the Intangible cultural landscapes and, 101–2 Cultural Heritage Dogon, 288 intangible heritage. See also tangible heritage; Endorois, 363 UNESCO Convention for the Hambakushe, 398 Safeguarding of the Intangible human rights and, 355–57, 364–67, 561 Cultural Heritage inclusion of, 14–16 Asian heritage practice and, 15, 414–15 intellectual property and, 58, 64–65 cultural heritage and, 57, 60 Ipili, 349 Declaration of the Kimberley Workshop on Kounta, 288 the Intangible Heritage of Kwara’ae people, 103 Monuments and Sites, 430 Maasai, 61–65, 385 defined, 56 Malagasy, 347–49 definitional problems, 80–81 Ma’ohi, 102, 108, 110–11 digital media and, 223–24 Maori people, 111 embodiment and, 70, 74, 76–77, 81–82 Mountain Ok, 206 folklore and, 41–42, 48, 50–52 museums and, 146–47 independence with tangible heritage, Native Americans, 434, 549 429–30, 439 Naxi, 419 Japan’s influence, 69–79 Ngati Tuwharetoa people, 328 Pacific Islands and, 104 participatory rights, 358–59 tangible heritage vs., 4, 56 of Peru, 296–99, 302 UNESCO Proclamation of Masterpieces repatriation and, 153–56 of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of resistance and, 9, 35 Humanity, 89 rights of, 525, 531–32 Intangible Heritage Convention. See rights to lands, territories and resources, UNESCO Convention for the 357–58 Safeguarding of the Intangible right to self‐determined development, 358 Cultural Heritage San, 398 Integral Study of the Silk Roads: Roads of spiritual landscapes and, 325, 417 Dialogue, 514 Tsodilo Hills and, 398–400 intellectual property, 4–5, 56–65

0002562484.indd 584 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM index 585 Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural International Criminal Tribunal for the Heritage Project (IPinCH), 62 Former Yugoslavia, 269, 543, 550 Intentional Destruction Declaration. See International Cultural Tourism Charter, 393 UNESCO Declaration Concerning International Expert Workshop on the World the Intentional Destruction of Heritage Convention and Indigenous Cultural Heritage Peoples, 364, 367 Interahamwe, 150 International Federation of Library Inter‐American Development Bank, 310 Associations and Institutions, 140 International Auschwitz Council, 117, 121, International Labour Organization, 357 122, 123, 129 international law, 542–51 International Centre for Settlement of International Memory of the World Register, Investment Disputes (ICSID), 332 133–34 International Centre for the Study of the International Military Tribunal, 550 Preservation and Restoration of International Seminar on the Rehabilitation Cultural Property (ICCROM), 190, of Afghanistan’s Cultural Heritage, 322, 325–26, 374, 381, 410, 415, 284 558, 564–65 International Symposium on the Protection International Convention on the Elimination of Ancient Architecture in Qikou, 230 of All Forms of Racial Discrimination International Union for the Conservation of (UNCERD), 339 Nature (IUCN) International Coordination Committee, 284 capacity building, 558 International Council of Archives, 140 community participation and, 383, 385 International Council of Museums, conflict and, 374, 381 223, 558 education and training, 558, 565 International Council on Mining and Metals Eurocentricity and, 410 (ICMM), 343 human rights and, 190 International Council on Monuments and indigenous rights and, 339, 342–44, 349, Sites (ICOMOS), 565 359, 362–63 academic courses and research and, 329 technical expertise and, 325–26 definitions in, 29–30 upstreaming nomination process, ethnic minorities and, 35 524, 533 Eurocentricity and, 410 International Work Group for Indigenous future changes, 19, 526, 558 Affairs (IWGIA), 364 historical perspectives, 13 internet, 215, 225 human rights and values and, 190 Intramuros, Philippines, 199 intangible/tangible heritage and, 57 Ipili people, 349 Kashgar and, 236–38 Iraq, 11, 268–76, 282 nomination process, 530, 534 Iraq Museum of Modern Art, 271 role of, 374, 381, 383–84 Iraq National Library and Archive (INLA), sense of place and, 15, 434–35 271 shift in thinking about buildings and, Iraq National Museum (INM), 270–71, 428–29 275–76, 282 UNESCO and, 322, 325–26, 381, Ireland, 44, 415, 495 383–84 Irish Folklore Commission, 44 upstreaming process, 384, 524 Irish Folklore Institute, 44 International Court of Justice, 269, 550 Isakhan, Benjamin, 11 International Covenant on Civil and Political Ise, Japan shrine, 3–4 Rights, 14, 57, 80, 355, 358 Ishtar Gate, 272 International Covenant on Economic, Social iSimangaliso Wetland Park, 404 and Cultural Rights, 14, 57, 80, 355, Islam, 417 358, 547 Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural International Criminal Court, 291 Organization (ISESCO), 283

0002562484.indd 585 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM 586 index Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, 280–81 Kilwa Kisiwani, 404–6 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 274 Kiribati, 105 Ito, Nobuo, 414 Kirshenblatt‐Gimblett, Barbara, 42 Kivotos, 218 Jam, Afghanistan, 284 Kizil cave temple, 513 James, William, 204 Klein, Kerwin Lee, 163 Japan Kockel, Ullrich, 15–16 Asia/Pacific Cultural Center and, 421 Kokologho, Burkina Faso, 394 critical heritage issues, 418 Kolbe, Maksymilian, 119 folklore and, 47–48 Korea. See South Korea impact on heritage field, 414–16 Kounta people, 288 intangible heritage and, 69–79 Krasnaya Rechka, 513 modernization and, 411–13 Kremlin, 427 Nara Document on Authenticity, 15, Kruger National Park, 407, 486 69–70, 73–74 Kuhn, Thomas, 18 Thailand and, 467–68 Kuk Early Agricultural Site, 105 World War II and, 493, 500–503 Kumasi, Gold Coast, 153 Japanese Funds‐in‐Trust for the Preservation Kurds, 275 and Promotion of the Intangible Kuutma, Kristin, 4 Cultural Heritage, 71 kvevri, 89 Japanese National Research Institute for Kwara’ae people, 103 Cultural Properties, 285 Kwasniewski, Aleksander, 246 japonisme, 74 Kyrgyzstan, 236, 513, 514 JEATH Museum, 462–63, 467–69, 473 Jedwabne massacre, 245 Labadi, Sophia, 15 Jerusalem’s Old City, 32, 331 Lafrance, Pierre, 281 Jesuit Missions of the Guaranís, 509 Lagoons of New Caledonia, 105 Jews. See Auschwitz Lake Bogoria, 363 job creation, 393–94, 396–97, 401–4, 406 Lamu Old Town, 380, 385 Joggins Fossil Cliffs, 171 landmarks, 31–32 Johannessen, Bjørn Olaf, 428 land rights, 357–58 Jokic, Miodrag, 544 landscape, 5–6. See also cultural landscapes Lanzafame, Francesco, 313 Kaczynski brothers, 246–47 Laos, 199 Kaczynski, Lech, 246–48 Latour, Bruno, 254, 487 Kaiser, Colin, 258, 259 Latvia, 245 Kanchanaburi, Thailand, 461–63, 467–70, Law for the Protection of Cultural 473, 475 Properties, 76 kapos, 125 League of Nations, 12 Karzai, Hamid, 284 Lean, David, 461, 468 Kashgar, China, 236–38 Lebanon, 269 Katyn Forest massacres, 245, 247 legal issues. See also copyright; human rights Kawharu, Merata, 111 destruction of war and, 541–51 Kayan Lawhi, 419 heritage places and, 32–33 Kazakhstan, 236, 513, 514 Mabo v. Queensland (1992), 341 Kearney, Amanda, 82 terroir and, 91 keeping places, 155 UNESCO and, 19–20 Keightley, Emily, 454 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Kenya, 385 Protection of the World Cultural and Kenya Lake System, 362–63 National Heritage and, 331–32 Khmer Rouge, 17, 495–500 Leipzig, Germany, 316–17 Kilwa Cultural Centre, 406 L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, 433

0002562484.indd 586 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM index 587 Leningrad, siege of, 245 male genital circumcision, 80 Levi, Primo, 116, 127 Mali, 11, 288–92, 544 Lévi‐Strauss, Claude, 567 Malian Ministry of Culture, 289 Levuka Historical Port Town, Figi, 105 Malraux, André, 2 Lewis, Miles, 3 management of World Heritage List Liberia, 495 properties, 511–12, 526, 558, 560 Libya, 277 Mandela, Nelson, 133, 153, 208 Light Years IP, 61–63, 65 Manden Charter, 288–89 Lim, William Siew Wai, 3 Manhart, Christian, 11 Linking Universal and Local Values Manila, Philippines, 316 conference, 14 Ma’ohi people, 102, 108, 110–11 liquefied natural gas (LNG), 345 Maori people, 111 List of World Heritage in Danger, 12, 283, mapping, 43, 45, 52 285, 330, 374, 397, 533, 543, 568 Mapungubwe, South Africa, 385 Lithuania, 6, 245, 332 marae, 106–8 Lithuanian Museum of Genocide Victims, 245 Marae Hauviri, 106 Living Human Treasures, 57, 72, 76, 78 Marae Taputapuatea, 102, 106–12 Living in Sri Lanka (Bunburt & Fennell), 197 Marais district of Paris, 2 Li, Zuixiong, 234 Marche des Climats, 95 local values, 14–16, 190–92, 327–28, 343, Marchenay, Philippe, 92 345–50, 378, 382–88, 531–32 March of the Living, 120–21 Logan, William, 15, 18–21, 231 marketing, 178–84 London Charter for the Computer‐Based Maropeng Visitor Center, 402 Visualization of Cultural Heritage, 219 Marshall Islands, 105 Lonely Planet guides, 33 Maslow, Abraham, 204–5, 212 Long, Colin, 13 Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Longfellow, Henry, 166 Heritage of Humanity, 414 looting, 270, 272–75 material lifeworld, 257 Los ríos profundos (Arguedas), 298 Mathes, Michael, 204 Louvre, 6 Matsuura, Koïchiro, 257, 414, 421, 560 Lovell, Julia, 232 Mauritius, 325 Lowenthal, David, 36, 447 Maurs, 292 Luang Prabang, Laos, 96, 197, 199 Mausoleum of El Kebir, 288 Luoyang, 513 MayArch3D, 219 Mayor, Frederic, 512 Maasai, 61–65, 385 Mazar‐i‐Sharif, 282 Maasai Intellectual Property Initiative, 61, Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 246 63, 64 McBryde, Isabel, 325 Mabo v. Queensland (1992), 341 Meiji Restoration, 70, 73–74, 76 Macao, 232 memory ecologies, 264–65 MacArthur, Douglas, 503 memory industry, 7, 163, 168–69 Macdonald, Sharon, 205, 452, 466 Memory of the World Programme Machcewicz, Pawel, 248, 251 (MoW), 6 machismo, 302 Meskell, Lynn, 15, 16–17, 208, 254, 257 Machu Picchu, 32, 178, 180 mestizaje, 296–300 Madagascar, 347–49 mestizos, 295, 297–98, 300–302 Madsen, Michael, 428 Mexico, 509 Mahinda Rajapaksa, Percy, 195 Mexico Declaration, 376 maintenance, 11–14 micro‐donations, 315 Malacca, Malaysia, 412 Millennium Development Goals, 191, 376, Malagasy peoples, 347–49 393–94, 534 Malaysia, 412–13, 420 Milosevic, Slobodan, 269

0002562484.indd 587 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM 588 index Mingei movement, 75–76 museums mining. See extractive industries in Africa’s Great Lakes region, 150–52 minorities. See ethnic minorities Bangladesh Liberation War Museum, 118 MINUSMA (United Nations British Museum, 6 Multidimensional Integrated Declaration on the Importance and Value Stabilization Mission in Mali), 289 of Universal Museums, 6, 155–56 Miralles, Enric, 432 emotion and, 444–55 Mirwais, Prince, 284 Estonian Museum of Occupations, 245 miscegenation, 296, 298–99 Folk Craft Museum, 75 Mitchell, Timothy, 191 Gdansk Museum of World War II, 10, Mkuju River Uranium Project, 338 248–50 mnemonic imagination, 454 Hellfire Pass Museum, 463, 469–70 mobile apps. See apps indigenous people and, 146–47 Modern Asian Architecture Network Iraq Museum of Modern Art, 271 (MAAN), 421 Iraq National Museum, 270–71, Mogao Caves, 513 275–76, 282 Moles, Kate, 230 JEATH Museum, 462–63, 467–69, 473 Monowitz, 124 Lithuanian Museum of Genocide monuments. See also International Council Victims, 245 on Monuments and Sites Museum of Local Cultures, 436–37 El Farouk Independence Monument, 288 Museum of London, 218 Great Zimbabwe National Monument, Museum of Science and Industry, 400–401, 407 Manchester, 449 official vs. community, 30–31 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, 245 tangible/intangible interdependence, Museum of the Warsaw uprising, 246–47 429–30 Museum of Western Lands, 249 UNESCO and, 376–78, 381 Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum, 502 World Monuments Fund, 315 Nasiriyah Museum, 272 World Monuments Watch, 406 National Museum in Kabul, 284 Morganshan Road, 194 National Museum of the American Indian, Morris, William, 75 430, 432–38 Morton, Alan, 453 Nordic Museum, 44 Mostar bridge. See Old Bridge in Mostar, online, 155 Bosnia Herzegovina; Stari Most Pitt Rivers Museum, 153 motivation, 204–7 repatriation and, 153–56 Mountain Ok communities, 206 Shanghai Charter and, 223 Moussa, Mariam Umran, 272 Stedelijk Museum, 218 Mugabowaghahunde, Maurice, 6 Tenement Museum, 445–46 mukei bunazai, 76 Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, 496–99 Mukei society, 75 Uganda Museum, 150 multiculturalism, 483–84 of war, 243–51 Munjeri, Dawson, 57 Yushukan Museum, 500–501 Murujuga, 345–46 Mustansiriya University, 271 Musée National de Kinshasa, 150 Myanmar, 415, 419 Museo Guggenheim, 398 Museum of Local Cultures, 436–37 Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum, 502 Museum of London, 218 Nanjing massacre, 502 Museum of Science and Industry, Na Papa E Va’u, 102, 109 Manchester, 449 Nara Document on Authenticity, 15, 69–71, Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, 245 73, 77, 314, 324–25, 414, 419, Museum of the Warsaw Uprising, 246–47 558, 560 Museum of Western Lands, 249 Nasiriyah Museum, 272

0002562484.indd 588 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM index 589 National Historic Preservation Act, 332 Obama, Barack, 207–8 national identity, 73–77, 229–39, 258–60. O’Connor, Barbara, 176 See also identity/identity politics; Ogilvy and Mather, 178 nationalism; nation‐building Oldakowski, Jan, 247 nationalism, 9–10, 32–33, 43, 48–49, Old Bridge in Mostar, Bosnia Herzegovina, 327–28, 421 10–11, 255–56, 258, 261–65, 325, 541 National Library of Russia, 428 Old Town Lunenburg, 171, 172 National Library of Sarajevo, 134 Old World Trade Routes database, 513 National Monuments and Museums of ole Tialolo, Isaac, 61 Zimbabwe, 401 Olin, Magreth, 428 National Museum in Kabul, 284 Oliver, Paul, 3 National Museum of the American Indian Oman, Ralph, 61 (NMAI), 430, 432–38 Omar, Mullah, 281 nation‐building, 229–39, 310. See also online museums, 155 national identity Onroerend Erfgoed, 511 Native Americans, 434, 549 Operational Guidelines for the natural resource extraction. See extractive Implementation of the World industries Heritage Convention, 19, 73, 377, natural resources rights, 357–58 380, 383, 558 Naxi people, 419 Operation Unified Protector, 277 Nazism, 45–46, 243–46, 249–50, 494, 503. Opoa Valley, 106, 108, 110–11 See also Auschwitz Opp, James, 169 Ndoro, Webber, 14, 378 oral traditions, 47, 49, 78, 105–6 neck‐rings, 79 organic architecture, 427, 431 Nepal, 419 Organization for World Heritage Cities, 328 Netherlands, 317–18 Organization of the Islamic Conference, “Never Again!”, 118, 130 281, 283 New Caledonia, 105 Organization of World Heritage Cities, 2–3 New Guinea, 105, 206, 349 Oslo Opera House, 428 New Zealand, 79, 107–8, 111, 325, 328 Outstanding Universal Value Ngati Tuwharetoa people, 328 Africa and, 377, 379–81, 384–85 Ngorongoro Conservation Area, 385, Auschwitz and, 127 406, 407 collaboration and, 230–31 Nic Craith, Máiréad, 15 conservation and, 534 Nicholas, George, 58 disputes over, 13 Nigeria, 58, 147 establishment of, 2–3 Nima, Tsering, 234 Eurocentricity and, 5, 15, 377, 379, Nineveh, Iraq, 273 382–83, 385–86 ningen kokuho, 76, 81 evolving concepts of, 323–24 Nippur, Iraq, 273 future considerations, 523–24 Nok terra‐cottas, 147 Grand‐Pré National Historic Site and, non‐representational theory (NRT), 451 163, 166, 171–73 Nora, Pierre, 207, 230 inclusion and rights, 532 Nordic Institute of Folklore, 44–45, 50 indigenous peoples and, 101–2 Nordic Museum, 44 inflation and credibility, 530–31 Northern Ireland, 495 local values and, 14–16 North Karelia, Finland, 12 Opoa Valley and, 111–12 nostalgia, 446, 448, 450 ownership and, 32–33, 386–87 Notre Dame, 418 transnational projects and, 507, 510–12, Nova Scotia, Canada, 170–72 514, 518 Nowak, Andrzej, 251 UNESCO and, 373 Nuremberg trials, 119, 543, 544, 550 ownership, 4–5, 32–33, 79, 386–87, 420

0002562484.indd 589 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM 590 index Pachakutik Nuevo País, 301 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Pacific Islands, 5, 102–4, 106–12 Protection of the World Cultural and Pacific World Heritage program, 104, 421 National Heritage and, 331, 344 Palau, 105 World Heritage Committee and, 529–31 Palestine, 374 Pol Pot, 13, 495 PANDORA web archive, 141 Pompidou Center, 428, 431 Papadopoulou, Frantzeska, 64 Pope John‐Paul II, 129 Papahanaumokuakea, Hawaii, 105–6 popolaresca, 46 Papa Maraehau, 109–11 population growth, 419 Paris Convention for the Protection of postcolonial liberalism, 483, 486 Industrial Property, 60 post‐conflict reconciliation, 491–504 Paris, France, 2 Potala Palace, 233–34 Paris International Exhibition, 74 pottery, 148–49, 151 Parks Canada, 163, 166 poverty, 393–94, 407 participatory rights, 358–59 power relationships, 426–29, 433–34, 436 The Past is a Foreign Country Powers, Willow, 59 (Lowenthal), 446 Poykent, 513 patents, 56 Preah Khan, 315 patriotism, 231. See also nationalism Preah Vihear, 35, 420, 548 Pausanias, 31, 33 precautionary principle, 138, 139 Paxton, Heather, 96 principle of common but differentiated peasants, 43, 45–46 responsibility, 138, 139 Peking Man, 232 Principles for the Conservation of Heritage performance, 16, 452–53, 466–67, 472–74 Sites in China (China Principles), 415 Peru, 8, 178–84, 296–99, 302 prisoners of war, 461–63, 467, 469–72 Pevsner, Nikolaus, 2 Prodan, Anca Claudia, 6 philantro‐capitalism, 315 Programme of Action for the Second Philippines, 72, 199, 316, 418, 533 International Decade of the World’s Phillips, Adrian, 362 Indigenous People, 359 Phoenix Islands Protected Area, 105 PromPerú, 177–79, 181, 183–84 Pickering, Michael, 454 propaganda, 46 Pilbara, 345 prosthetic memory, 452, 454 Pitt Rivers Museum, 153 Protocol to the Hague Convention, 543 place, sense of, 15–16, 103, 180, 432–39, public awareness, 328–29 446, 449 Public Catalogue Foundation, 222–23 Planter culture, 168–69, 172 public‐private partnerships (PPPs), 315–17 Plets, Gertjan, 8 Putin, Vladimir, 209 Poland, 10, 243–51. See also Auschwitz Pyramids, 32 politics. See also identity/identity politics; International Covenant on Civil and Qhapaq Ñan Andean Road System, 509 Political Rights Qikou, China, 230 Auschwitz and, 331 Qingdao, China, 412 authorized heritage discourse and, 211–12 Qing dynasty, 418 food heritage and, 89–92, 94, 96 QIT Madagascar Minerals (QMM), 347–48 Intangible Heritage Convention and, 79 Québec Declaration on the Preservation of nominations and, 524–25, 533 the Spirit of Place, 435 Old Bridge in Mostar, Bosnia Herzegovina Quiet Lions, 470, 472 and, 256–57, 259–65 States Parties to the World Heritage racism, 295–304 Convention and, 383–87 Raheen, H.E. Makhdoum, 284 tourism and, 396–97 Ra’iatea Island, 102, 106–7, 110 UNESCO and, 374, 380, 382–87 Rainbow Nation, 208

0002562484.indd 590 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM index 591 Rainsy, Sam, 494 Royal Exhibition Building, 435, 437 Rajapaksa, Mahinda, 195 Royal Palace of the Holyrood House, 434 Ranariddh, Prince, 494 Rudolff, Britta, 15, 19 Rao, Kishore, 510 Ruskin, John, 2, 15, 75 Ratimassamy, Martine, 110 Russia, 209–10. See also Soviet Union reciprocity, 17 Russian Orthodoxy, 417 reconciliation Russo‐Japanese War, 74 heritage and, 491–92 Rwanda, 13, 148–52, 494–95 Japan and, 500–503 Rypkema, Donovan, 313 justice and accountability and, 492–94 Khmer Rouge and, 495–500 saints, 31 post‐conflict, 494–95 Saint‐Vincent tournante des climats, 95 Red Square, 427 Salazar, Noel, 181 Reeves, Keir, 8, 13 Salk Institute, 428 Regenvanu, Ralph, 103 Salomon Iguru, Gafabusa, 153 Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Samarkand, 513, 514 Islands (RAMSI), 207 San Francisco Exploratorium, 218 regionalismo, 300–303 Sangha Trinational, 362 registered designs, 56 San people, 398 registers of engagement, 444–46 Santa Cruz Island, 219 Reichstag, 435–36 Santiago de Compostela Route, 3 Reigl, Alois, 30–31 Santilli, Juliana, 62 religion, 11, 31–32, 122–23, 417. See also Sarajevo, 541 spiritual aspects Saray Mosque, 272 Renan, Ernest, 168 Sayer, Andrew, 448 reparations, 493–94 scaling, 88, 91–92 repatriation, 153–56, 210–11 Scharoun, Hans, 428 Representative List of the Intangible Cultural School of Geographical Sciences at the Heritage of Humanity, 89, 288–89, 415 University of Bristol, 451 resistance, 9, 35 Scotland, 316 restitution, 545 Scottish Parliament building, 431–38 Rhodesia, 62 Second Protocol to the Hague Riedlmayer, Andras, 259 Convention, 543 Rio Earth Summit, 394 Secretariat of the Pacific Community Rio Plus 20 Conference, 393–94 (SPC), 104 Rio Tinto, 340–41, 344, 347–49 self‐determined development, 358–59 Robben Island, 404 Selous Game Reserve, 338, 380, 385, 406 Robertson, Roland, 179 Serengeti National Park, 407 Robinson, Jennifer, 193 serious games, 221–22 Rock Islands Southern Lagoon, Palau, 105 Service du Patrimoine, 511 Rodríguez Lara, Guillermo, 298–99 Severi, Carlo, 62 Roi Mata, Chief, 105, 208–9, 417 Shaheed, Farida, 13, 561 Rojas, Eduardo, 312, 313 Shakhrisyabz, 513 Roma, 116, 123 Shalimar, 417 Romania, 346–47 Shanghai Charter, 223 romantic nationalism, 3, 43–46 Shanghai, China, 193–94 Rosia Montana Gold Corporation (RMGC), Shenzhen, China, 418 346–47 Sherkin, Samantha, 71 Rosia Montana, Romania, 346–47 Shia Arabs, 274, 275 Ross, Annie, 206 Shihao, 513 Rothfield, Lawrence, 273 shijie, 484–85 Route of Santiago de Compostela, 509 Shrine of Remembrance, 435, 437

0002562484.indd 591 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM 592 index Shyllon, Folarin, 4 State Administration of Cultural Heritage Sidi Yahia Mosque, 288 (SACH), 415 Sierra Leone, 495 States Parties to the Intangible Heritage Sihanouk, Kind, 494 Convention, 415, 421 Sikorski, Radoslaw, 247 conservation and, 533–34 Silberman, Neil, 3 Eurocentrism and, 509 Silesian Museum, 10 future considerations, 524–26 Silk Road Project, 3, 17–18, 235–39, inclusion and rights, 531–32 509–19 inflation and credibility, 529 Silk Roads Cultural Heritage Resource States Parties to the World Heritage Information System (CHRIS), 511, Convention, 19, 88, 325–26, 328, 515–18 330–31, 339, 365, 374–76, 379–80, Silkworm, 421 383–87 Silverman, Helaine, 8 Stavenhagen, Rodolfo, 358 Singapore, 414, 418, 502 Stedelijk Museum, 218 Sinterklaas, 80 Steinbach, Erika, 248–49 Sinti, 116, 123 Sterkfontein Caves, 402 sites of memory, 230–31 St Louis World’s Fair, 34 smartphones, 215–16, 218, 220–21 Stonehenge, 32 Smith, Anita, 5 Stovel, Herb, 72 Smith, Laurajane, 16, 211, 378, 427, Streetmuseum app, 218 557, 569 Subash Buddhist ruins, 513 Smithsonian Institute, 332 sub‐Saharan Africa, 14 Snellman, Johan, 9 Sudan, 381 Snyder, Timothy, 243 Sukhothai, 468 Sobibór, 116 Suleiman the Magnificent, 257, 272 social media, 222, 224 Sunni Arabs, 274, 275 social needs, 203–12 Suq Al‐Sari, 272 social networking, 220 Suq Al‐Shorja, 272 Société nationale de l’Assomption, 166 sustainability, 191–92, 313, 392–94, 396, socioeconomic development, 7–8. See also 400, 402, 407, 481, 485–86 development Suzhou, 417 Sogdian road, 513 Swain, Margaret, 484 Solomon Islands, 207–8 Sweden, 44 Sonderkommando, 125 Sydney Opera House, 398, 431 Sook Ching massacre, 502 Syria, 541, 543, 546, 550–51 South Africa, 402–4, 415, 486 South America, 11, 295–305 Taaroa, Marau, 108 Southeast Asia, 484 Taiwan, 412, 413 South Korea, 72, 230, 411–13, 415, 418, Tajikistan, 236, 513, 514 421, 502 Taj Mahal, 180, 427 Souyang, 513 Takamura Toyochika, 75 Soviet Union, 46, 50–51, 243–46, 249–50 Talgar, 513 Spain, 398, 509 Taliban, 281–83, 286, 292, 543 spiritual aspects, 325, 378, 417. See also Tamil Tigers, 195, 197 religion tangible heritage, 4, 15, 55–57, 60, 429–30, Sri Lanka, 195–99, 419 439. See also intangible heritage Sri Lanka Style (Daswatte & Sansoni), 197 Tanzania, 338, 385 Stadsherstel Amsterdam, 317–18 Tasmania, 331–32 Starbucks, 58, 63 tattoos, 79 Stari Most, 11, 255–60, 262–65, 325 Tavaeari’i, Romy, 109 Starr, Fiona, 315 Taylor, Charles, 483

0002562484.indd 592 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM index 593 Te Heu Heu, Tumu, 112, 328 Treblinka, 116 Tenement Museum, 445–46 TRIPS (Agreement on Trade‐Related territorial rights, 357–58 Aspects of Intellectual Property terroir, 5, 90–97 Rights), 64 Thai‐Burma Railway, 16, 461–62, 467, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana, 398–400 473–75 Tuareg, 292 Thailand, 72, 412, 415, 419–20, 461–63, Tunis model law on copyright, 61 467–70, 473–74, 475, 548 Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, 496–99 Thang Long citadel, 412 Tupaia, 108 Thomson, Christian, 32 Turkmenistan, 236, 513, 514 Thoms, William, 42 Tusk, Donald, 247–49 Thrift, Nigel, 255, 451 Tutsi, 149–51 Throsby, David, 314 Twyfelfontein, 404–5 tianxia, 484–85 Tibère, Laurence, 87 Uganda, 148, 150, 153, 495 Tibet, 419 Uganda Museum, 150 Timbuktu, 35, 288–92, 407, 543, 544 uKahlamba Drakensburg Park, 404 time, concept of, 559 Uluru, 32, 417 Todas las sangres (Arguedas), 298 Umma, Iraq, 273 Tokyo School of Industrial Craft, 75 UN Agenda 21, 376 Tomb of Askia, 288–92 UN Committee on Economic, Social and Tongariro National Park, 111, 325, 417 Cultural Rights (CESCR), 339, 547 Tong, Mingkang, 237–38 UN Conference on Environment and Tornatore, Jean‐Louis, 88 Development, 191 Touring Cultures (Rojek & Urry), 183 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 137 tourism. See also entertainment UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Auschwitz and, 6, 116, 118, 128, 130 Peoples (UNDRIP), 5, 342–43, Cradle of Humankind and, 402–4 356–58, 360, 362–64, 366–67, dark, 6, 118, 128, 130, 449 482, 532 development and, 396–98, 406–7 UN Declaration on the Right to economics of, 34, 170–72, 311–12 Development, 358 ecotourism, 183 Underground Railroad, 3 ethnic minorities and, 419 UNESCO Great Zimbabwe National Monument Afghanistan and, 281–89 and, 400–401, 407 capacity‐building and, 20–21 heritage and, 8, 33–34, 394–96, 406–7 countries leaving, 414 Kilwa Kisiwani and, 404–6 cultural heritage and, 322–33 marketing images, 176–84 cultural landscapes and, 325 site management and, 511–12 digital media and, 223 Tsodilo Hills and, 398–400 education, training and capacity‐building, Twyfelfontein and, 404–5 564–71 World Heritage List and, 330–31 expert’s roles, 325–26 tourism imaginaries, 182–83 folklore and, 45 Tower of London, 427 founding of, 12–13 trademarks, 56 future considerations, 558 trade secrets, 58–59 historical background, 375–76 traditional cultural resources (TCRs), 63–65 human rights and, 359–60, 549 traditional knowledge, 57–63, 102–4, indigenous interests and, 338–39, 109–12 343, 347 traditional knowledge (TK), 63–65 legal issues, 19–20 transnational projects, 507–10, 513–15, Mali and, 289–91 517–19 peace and, 503–4

0002562484.indd 593 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM 594 index UNESCO Advisory Bodies, 374–75, 385, UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding 411–12, 421, 524–25, 530, of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 532–34 authenticity and, 325 UNESCO Charter on the Preservation of definition and overview, 78–79 Digital Heritage, 138 digital media and, 223 UNESCO Communication and Information establishment of, 71–72 Programme, 135–36 Eurocentricity and, 527 UNESCO Convention Concerning the food heritage and, 88 Protection of the World Cultural and human rights and, 548–49 National Heritage (World Heritage indigenous peoples and, 365–66 Convention) Japan and, 414 Afghanistan and, 283, 284 local society involvement in, 327–28 Africa and, 373–74, 377–88 Mali and, 291 authenticity and, 324–25 Nara Document on Authenticity and, 15 China and, 229–39 ownership and, 4, 5, 420 conservation and, 532–34 Pacific Islands and, 104 economics and, 311–12 ratification of, 51 Eurocentricity and, 410–12, 417–19, tangible and intangible interdependence, 527–28 429–30 folklore and, 50–51, 70–71 tangible heritage and, 57 future considerations, 523–27, 558 UNESCO and, 323 human rights and, 355–57 UNESCO Convention on the Elimination of inclusion and rights, 531–32 all forms of Discrimination against indigenous peoples and, 14, 101–2, Women, 549 359–67 UNESCO Convention on the Means of inflation of nominations and credibility, Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit 528–31 Import, Export and Transfer of interdisciplinary discourse and, 329 Ownership of Cultural Property, 56, international legal status of, 331–32, 543, 284, 291, 322, 543 545, 548–49 UNESCO Convention on the Protection local involvement in, 327–28 and Promotion of the Diversity of Mali and, 288–92 Cultural Expressions, 291, 323, origins, practice, contradictions and future 365–66, 376, 530–31, 547, of, 380–88 548–49 Pacific Islands and, 5, 102 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of participatory rights, 358–59 the Underwater Cultural Heritage, politics and, 331, 344 323, 544 public awareness of, 328–29 UNESCO Convention on the Rights of the revisions to, 19 Child, 549 rights to lands, territories and resources UNESCO Declaration Concerning the and, 357–58 Intentional Destruction of Cultural right to self‐determined development Heritage, 291–92, 544–45 and, 358 UNESCO Declaration on the Principles of tangible heritage and, 56 International Cultural Co‐operation, transnational heritage and, 507–10 545 UNESCO and, 322 UNESCO Declaration on the Rights of urban heritage conservation and, 189 Indigenous Peoples, 376 World Heritage List and, 2–3, 427 UNESCO Emergency Fund, 290 UNESCO Convention for the Protection of UNESCO Intangible Heritage Convention. Cultural Property in the Event of See UNESCO Convention for the Armed Conflict. See Hague Safeguarding of the Intangible Convention Cultural Heritage

0002562484.indd 594 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM index 595 UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for University of Pretoria, 385 Promoting the Return of Cultural UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Property to its Countries of Origin or (UNPFII), 357, 362, 366 its Restitution in case of Illicit UN Resolution 1333, 281 Appropriation (ICPRCP), 549 UN Resolution 2056, 289 UNESCO Masterpieces of the Oral and UN Resolution 2071, 289 Intangible Heritage of Humanity, 41 UN Resolution 2085, 289 UNESCO Memory of the World Programme UN Resolution 2100, 289 (MoW), 6, 133–43 UN Resolution on Culture and Sustainable UNESCO Model Provisions for National Development, 376 Laws on the Protection of Expressions UN Restitution of Works of Art to Countries of Folklore against Illicit Exploitation Victims of Expropriation, 60 and Other Forms of Prejudicial UN Security Council, 543 Action, 56–57, 61, 71 UN Security Council Resolution 1483, UNESCO Possibility of Establishing an 545–46 International Instrument for the UN Security Council Resolution 2139, 546 Protection of Folklore, 71 urban heritage conservation, 190–92, UNESCO Proclamation of Masterpieces of 192–95, 195–200, 310, 312–13, the Oral and Intangible Heritage of 316–17 Humanity, 89 urbanization, 192–93, 419 UNESCO Recommendation on urbicide, 259–60 Participation by the People at Large Ur, Iraq, 273 Cultural Life and Their Contribution Usbekistan, 236 to It, 548 Uses of Heritage (Smith), 16, 443, 569 UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Utzon, Jørn, 431 Urban Landscape, 310 Uzbekistan, 513, 514 UNESCO Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture values, 36, 438–39 and Folklore, 51, 56, 71 van Oers, Ron, 12 UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Vanuatu, 105–6, 208–9, 417 Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP), 364 Vanuatu Kaljoral Senta, 103 UN‐Habitat, 193 Vashem, Yad, 121, 123 UN Human Rights Council, 338 Venice Charter, 1, 15, 77, 376–77, 382–83, United Kingdom, 2, 44, 275–76, 413–14, 418, 565 414, 415 vernacular structures, 3 United Nations, 359–60 Vézelay, 418 United Nations Development Group Victoria Falls World Heritage site, 407 (UNDG), 362 Vieng Xai, Laos, 199 United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Vienna Declaration and Program of Stabilization Mission in Mali Action, 57 (MINUSMA), 289 Vienna International Exhibition, 74 United Nations Office of the High Vietnam, 269, 412–13, 414, 417 Commissioner for Human Rights Vigan, 533 (OHCHR), 58 Viking Age Sites, 509–10 United States, 48–49, 79, 155, 270–77, Vileikis, Ona, 17 282–83, 414, 415 Vilnius, Lithuania, 332 UNITWIN program, 567 Viollet‐le‐Duc, Eugène, 2, 15 Universal Copyright Convention, 56–57 virtual reality (VR), 217–18 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 80, viticulture, 89, 91, 93–97 482, 547 Vobkent Minaret, 513 University of Baghdad, 271 Volkskunde, 46 University of Mosul, 271 Vrdoljak, Ana Filipa, 19–20

0002562484.indd 595 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM 596 index Waldron, Arthur, 232 cultural routes and, 509 Walsh, John, 169 Eurocentrism and, 527 Wanachote, Kanit, 468, 472 future considerations, 524, 526 war inclusion and rights and, 531–32 heritage and, 10–11, 243–46, 268–76, indigenous peoples and, 355–56, 463, 465, 470, 474, 541–46, 549–51 361–67 prisoners of, 461–63, 467, 469–72 inflation and credibility, 528–31 reconciliation and, 491–504 politics and, 529–31 Thai‐Burma Railway and, 16, 461–62, World Heritage Convention. See UNESCO 467, 473–75 Convention Concerning the war museums, 243–51 Protection of the World Cultural and Warsaw Uprising, 245, 246–47, 248 National Heritage Waterton, Emma, 16, 177 World Heritage Education Programme, 567 Watson, Steve, 177 World Heritage Fund, 290 Weary Dunlop Memorial, 463 World Heritage Indigenous Peoples Council Weary Dunlop Peace Park (WDPP), of Experts (WHIPCOE), 328, 356, 469–75 361–62, 366, 532 Web 2.0, 215, 222 World Heritage Institute for Training and Webber, Jonathan, 6 Research, 421 WebGIS, 219 World Heritage In Young Hands, 567 Wenders, Wim, 427–28 World Heritage List Western Ghats, 362 Africa and, 374, 377–79, 381–82, Westerplatte, Poland, 249–51 384–85, 392–93 West Lake Cultural Landscape of Auschwitz and, 116–17 Hangzhou, 229 China and, 416 Why Cultural Heritage Matters, 340 conservation and, 532–33 Wiener Werkstätte, 75 economics and, 311–13 Wiesel, Elie, 116, 123 Eurocentricity and, 15, 410–12, 417–19, Wigan Pier, 449 527–28 Wijesuriya, Gamini, 19–21 future considerations, 523–26 Wilk, Richard, 92 Global Strategy for a Representative, Window of the World Park, 418 Balanced and Credible World wine, 88–89, 91, 164–65. See also Burgundy Heritage List and, 527–28 region of France; viticulture inclusion and rights, 531 Winter, Tim, 8 indigenous peoples and, 102, 360–64 Witcomb, Andrea, 16 inflation and credibility, 528–30 The Wizard of Oz, 133 management of properties, 511–12, 526, Woodside Petroleum Limited, 345 558, 560 workloads, 525 monuments and buildings on, 427 World Bank, 3, 62, 310, 313 number of properties on, 1, 12–14 World Conference on Human Rights, 376 Outstanding Universal Value and, 2–3 World Conservation Congress, 342, Pacific Islands and, 105 344, 359 sustainability and, 392–94, 396, 400, World Decade for Cultural Development, 402, 407 376 tourism and, 330–31 World Expositions, 34 tourist marketing and, 184 World Heritage Centre, 19, 190, 355, UNESCO and, 2–3, 375–76, 427 365–67, 374, 381, 509–10, 514, World Heritage Properties Conservation 523, 568 Act, 332 World Heritage Committee World Heritage Strategy for Capacity Asia and, 412, 421 Building, 20, 563, 565 conservation and, 533 World Heritage Trust, 381

0002562484.indd 596 7/7/2015 9:12:21 PM index 597 World Intellectual Property Organization Yanagi Soetsu, 75 (WIPO), 45, 50, 57–58, 61, 71, 102 Yan, Haiming, 10 World Monuments Fund, 315 Yasukuni shrine, 500–501 World Monuments Watch, 406 Yawar Fiesta (Arguedas), 298 World Trade Organization (WTO), Your Paintings, 222–23 64–65, 91 Yugoslavia, 11, 541, 543 World War I, 268, 474, 550 Yu, Peter, 58, 65 World War II, 243–51, 268, 375, 493–94, Yushukan Museum, 500–501 500–503, 545. See also Thai‐Burma Railway Zanzibar, 380, 407 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 427 Zdrojewski, Robdan, 248 Zerrudo, Eric Babar, 418 Xi’an Declaration, 435 Ziino, Bart, 465 Xinjiang Province, 419 Zimbabwe, 62, 378, 395, 397, 400–401

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