DOCSLIB.ORG

Paenibacillus Polymyxa: Antibiotics, Hydrolytic Enzymes and Hazard Assessment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Paenibacillus Polymyxa: Antibiotics, Hydrolytic Enzymes and Hazard Assessment 002_OfferedReview_419 13-11-2008 14:35 Pagina 419 Journal of Plant Pathology (2008), 90 (3), 419-430 Edizioni ETS Pisa, 2008 419 OFFERED REVIEW PAENIBACILLUS POLYMYXA: ANTIBIOTICS, HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES AND HAZARD ASSESSMENT W. Raza, W. Yang and Q-R. Shen 1 College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China SUMMARY pressing several plant diseases and promoting plant growth (Benedict and Langlykke, 1947; Ryu and Park, Certain Paenibacillus polymyxa strains that associate 1997). These strains have been isolated from the rhizos- with many plant species have been used effectively in phere of a variety of crops like wheat (Triticum aes- the control of plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. In tivum), barley (Hordeum gramineae) (Lindberg and this article we review the possible mechanism of action Granhall, 1984), white clover (Trifolium repens), peren- by which P. polymyxa promotes plant growth and sup- nial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), crested wheatgrass presses some plant diseases. Furthermore we present an (Agropyron cristatum) (Holl et al., 1988), lodgepole pine updated summary of antibiotics, autolysis, hydrolytic (Pinus contorta latifolia) (Holl and Chanway, 1992), and autolytic enzymes and levanase produced by this Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (Shishido et al., bacterium. Some hazards and mild pathogenic effects 1996), green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) (Petersen et al., are also reported, but these appear to be strain-specific 1996) and garlic (Allium sativum ) (Kajimura and Kane- and negligible. The association between plants and P. da, 1996). P. polymyxa has been successfully used to con- polymyxa seems to be specific and to involve co-adapta- trol Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould, in tion processes. There is every reason to believe that strawberries (Helbig, 2001), Fusarium oxysporum and gaining an improved understanding of these processes Pythium spp. causal agents of seedling blight, wilt and will enhance and facilitate efforts to wean off farmers root rot of cucumber and water melon (Yang et al., 2004; dependence on a wide range of agricultural chemicals. Dijksterhuis et al., 1999) sesame damping off (Ryu et al., 2006), and to control diseases of arabidopsis caused by Key words: rhizosphere, plant association, plant Phytophthora palmivora and Pythium aphanidermatum growth promotion, enzymes. (Timmusk and Wagner, 1999). P. polymyxa is known to produce two types of peptide antibiotics, one type is on- ly active against bacteria and the other is active against INTRODUCTION fungi, gram positive bacteria and actinomycetes (Beatty and Jensen, 2002). This species also synthesizes plant Among the myriads of bacteria thriving in the plant hormones auxin (Lebuhn et al., 1997) and cytokinin rhizosphere, some spore-forming plant-growth-promot- (Timmusk et al., 1999), solubilizes soil phosphorus ing rhizobacteria (PGPR), in particular gram-positive (Singh and Singh, 1993), enhances soil porosity (Gouzou bacilli and streptomycetes, attracted special attention et al., 1993) and has been used for flocculation and flota- due to their advantages over non-spore formers in prod- tion of various minerals (Deo and Natarajan, 1998). P. uct formulation and stable maintenance in soil (Emmert polymyxa spores cause sporangium deformation and and Handelsman, 1999). Among these, the genus Paeni- have thick walls with a star-shaped section. These can re- bacillus (species of a genus previously included in the main in a dormant state for long periods, being resistant genus Bacillus, Ash et al., 1993; Truper, 2005), compris- to heat, drying, radiation and toxic chemicals (Comas- es more than eighty-nine species up to the time of writ- Riu and Vives-Rego, 2002). This antagonistic potential is ing this article (February 2008). Paenibacillus species the base for effective applications of P. polymyxa strains are facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming, low as an alternative to the chemical control against a wide G+C Gram-positive bacilli (http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/ set of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. p/paenibacillus). Strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa (the The aim of this review is to evaluate and discuss the type species of genus), were found to be capable of sup- possible updated mechanisms that enable P. polymyxa strains to control a variety of pathogens that invade plants. This review also covers the effective use of these Corresponding author: Q-R. Shen Fax: +86-25-84431492 strains as biofertilizer and eventual hazards, if any, E-mail: [email protected] caused by P. polymyxa. 002_OfferedReview_419 13-11-2008 14:35 Pagina 420 420 Properties and hazard assessment of P. polymyxa Journal of Plant Pathology (2008), 90 (3), 419-430 Fig. 1. A. Scanning electron micrograph of cells of Paenibacillus polymyxa isolate B2 (Timmusk et al., 2003). Whole view (B) and cross- section C) of P. polymyxa spores (Dondero and Holbert, 1957). Bar = 2 µm. ANTIBIOTIC COMPOUNDS isms. The first member of the polymyxin family, polymyxin B, was discovered in 1947 (Ainsworth et al., The main type of peptide antibiotics produced by 1947; Stansly et al., 1947). Since then, at least 15 differ- some but not all strains of P. polymyxa is the polymyxin- ent polymyxins have been discovered in diverse bacteri- colistin-circulin family (Shoji et al., 1977a, 1977b, al species, but the genetic control of their biosynthesis 1977c; Umezawa et al., 1978). Other strains produce has been described only in part. The general structure different peptides, including polypeptins (Doi and Mc- of polymyxins includes a cyclic heptapeptide moiety at- Gloughlin, 1992), jolipeptin (Ito and Koyama, 1972a, tached to a tripeptide side chain with fatty acyl residues 1972b), gatavalin (Nakajima et al., 1972), gavaserin on the N-terminal amino group (Fig. 2). Polymyxins can (Pichard et al., 1995), saltavidin (Pichard et al., 1995), be distinguished from each other by differences in fusaricidins (Kajimura and Kaneda, 1996, 1997) and amino acid or fatty acid composition (Orwa et al., polyxin (Piuri et al., 1998). In addition, P. polymyxa 2002). Polymyxin B and polymyxin E (colistin) have NRRL-B-30509 secreted bacteriocin which reduced been extensively characterized and are being used as both levels and frequency of chick colonization by sulfate, sulfomethylated or colistimethate forms of med- Campylobacter jejuni (Stern et al., 2005; Svetoch et al., 2005). P. polymyxa also produced some antimicrobial and antifungal compounds whose nature remained until now undefined (Rosado and Seldin, 1993; Oedjijono et al., 1993; Liang et al., 1996; Dijksterhuis et al., 1999). Pathogen (mainly fungi) suppression takes place by means of an interaction process, in which the presence of living bacteria is a prerequisite for continuous sup- pression. It was found that anti-fungal compounds pro- duced by the bacteria were counteracted by magnesium ions (Dijksterhuis et al., 1999). Polymyxin-Colistin-Circulin Family Polymyxins have a bactericidal effect on Gram-nega- tive bacilli, especially Pseudomonas and coliform organ- Fig. 2. General structure of polymyxins. 002_OfferedReview_419 13-11-2008 14:35 Pagina 421 Journal of Plant Pathology (2008), 90 (3), 419-430 Raza et al. 421 icines especially for infections caused by Gram-negative 219 protoplasts is immediately initiated by the addition bacteria. The major types of polymyxin B are polymyxin of jolipeptin, but not by colistin, even at higher concen- B1- B6 (Thomas et al., 1980; Orwa et al., 2001). Anoth- trations, which, however, lyses spheroplasts of Gram- er minor type described so far, is isoleucine-polymyxin negative bacteria. Colistin is inactivated by Nagarse and B1 (Elverdam et al., 1981). Polymyxin E is effective colistinase, which have no effect on jolipeptin (Ito and against Gram-negative bacilli, except Proteus. The ma- Koyama, 1972a, 1972b). jor types of polymyxin E are polymyxin E1 and E2. Mi- Polyxin is a proteinaceous factor with a bacteriolytic nor types include polymyxins E3, E4 and E7 (Thomas effect on Gram-positive bacteria, and bacteriostatic ef- et al., 1980; Orwa et al., 2001), norvalinepolymyxin E1, fect on actively growing Gram-negative cells (Piuri et valine-polymyxin E2 (Elverdam et al., 1981), valine- al., 1998). These differences in reaction of polyxin be- polymyxin E1, isoleucine-polymyxin E1, isoleucine- tween the two classes of organisms might depend on polymyxin E2 (Ikai et al., 1998) and isoleucine- differences in cell wall structure. polymyxin E8 (Orwa et al., 2001). Polymyxins alter cytoplasmic membrane permeability Polymyxin A, B, C and D have differences of little sig- by binding to a negatively charged site in the nificance in the molecular weights but at high surface lipopolysaccharide layer that has an electrostatic attrac- concentration. The characteristics of their unimolecular tion for the positively charged amino groups in the films when spread at the air-water interface on concen- cyclic peptide portion. The polymyxin fatty acid moiety trated salt solution, can classify polymyxins according to dissolves in the hydrophobic region of the membranes the compressibility, collapse pressures and electrical and disrupts their integrity. This causes leakage of cellu- properties. In these respects, polymyxins A and D have lar molecules, inhibition of cellular respiration and identical force-area curve values whilst films of polymyx- binding and inactivation of endotoxin (Teuber and Bad- in B only appear to be slightly more closely packed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Laboratory and Field Performance of Some Soil Bacteria Used As Seed Treatments on Meloidogyne Incognita in Chickpea
    08 Khan_143 4-01-2013 17:33 Pagina 143 Nematol. medit. (2012), 40: 143-151 143 LABORATORY AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SOME SOIL BACTERIA USED AS SEED TREATMENTS ON MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA IN CHICKPEA M.R. Khan*, M.M. Khan, M.A. Anwer and Z. Haque Department of Plant Protection, Aligarh Muslim University, 202002, India Received: 26 May 2012; Accepted: 27 September 2012. Summary. Experiments were conducted under in vitro and field conditions to assess the efficacy of the soil bacteria Bacillus sub- tilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. stutzeri and Paenibacillus polymyxa for controlling the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incogni- ta, in chickpea, Cicer arietinum, in India. The bacterial strains tested solubilized phosphorous under in vitro and soil conditions and produced indole acetic acid, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide in vitro. Both pure culture and culture filtrates of the bacteria reduced egg hatching and increased juvenile mortality of the nematode. Under field conditions, seed treatment (at 5 ml/kg seed) with cultures containing 1012 colony forming units/ml of P. fluorescens and P. stutzerisignificantly increased yield and root nodula- tion of chickpea. Inoculation with 2000 juveniles of M. incognita/spot (plant) caused severe root galling and decreased the yield of chickpea by 24%. Treatment with P. fluorescens suppressed gall formation, and treatment with P. fluorescensor B. subtilis sup- pressed reproduction and soil populations of M. incognita. However, the suppressive effects of the two bacteria on the nematode were less than that of fenamiphos. In nematodes infested plots, only treatments with P. fluorescens increased the yield (14%) com- pared to fenamiphos, being 31% above the untreated nematode control.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances
    A Seminar Paper on Bacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances: Characteristics and Bioremoval of Heavy Metals Course Title: Seminar Course Code: ENS 598 Term: Summer, 2020 Submitted To: Course Instructors Major Professor Dr. A. K. M. Aminul Islam Dr. Md. Manjurul Haque Professor Professor Department of Environmental Dr. Md. Mizanur Rahman Science Professor BSMRAU, Gazipur Dr. Dinesh Chandra Shaha Associate Professor Dr. Md. Sanaullah Biswas Associate Professor BSMRAU, Gazipur Submitted By: Md. Mohiminul Haque Mithun Reg. No. 15-05-3509 MS Student Term: Summer, 2020 Department of Environmental Science BANGABANDHU SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY GAZIPUR-1706 1 ABSTRACT Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of microbial origin are a fancy mixture of biopolymers having polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, uronic acids, humic substances, lipids, etc. Bacterial secretions, cell lysates and adsorption of organic constituents from the environment result in EPS formation in a wide variety of free-living bacteria as well as microbial aggregates like biofilms, bioflocs and biogranules. EPS could be loosely attached to the cell surface or bacteria may be embedded in EPS. Regulated by the organic and inorganic constituents of the microenvironment compositional variation exists amongst EPS extracted from pure bacterial cultures and heterogeneous microbial communities. EPS function mainly works as cell-to-cell aggregation, adhesion to substratum, formation of flocs, protection from dessication and resistance to harmful exogenous materials. Additionaly exopolymers fuction biosorbing agents by accumulating nutrients from the encircling environment and also play an important role in biosorption of heavy metals. EPS produced by Bacillus sp. reported for the removal of copper, lead and zinc from different solutions. Some other EPS produced bacterial strain like Pseudomonas sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of a Bacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substance in Heavy Metal Adsorption in a Co-Contaminated Aqueous System
    Brazilian Journal of Microbiology (2008) 39:780-786 ISSN 1517-8382 APPLICATION OF A BACTERIAL EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCE IN HEAVY METAL ADSORPTION IN A CO-CONTAMINATED AQUEOUS SYSTEM Paula Salles de Oliveira Martins*; Narcisa Furtado de Almeida; Selma Gomes Ferreira Leite Departamento de Engenharia Bioquímica, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Submitted: November 30, 2007; Returned to authors for corrections: March 18, 2008; Approved: November 02, 2008. ABSTRACT The application of a bacterial extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the bioremediation of heavy metals (Cd, Zn and Cu) by a microbial consortium in a hydrocarbon co-contaminated aqueous system was studied. At the low concentrations used in this work (1.00 ppm of each metal), it was not observed an inhibitory effect on the cellular growing. In the other hand, the application of the EPS lead to a lower concentration of the free heavy metals in solution, once a great part of them is adsorbed in the polymeric matrix (87.12% of Cd; 19.82% of Zn; and 37.64% of Cu), when compared to what is adsorbed or internalized by biomass (5.35% of Cd; 47.35% of Zn; and 24.93% of Cu). It was noted an increase of 24% in the consumption of ethylbenzene, among the gasoline components that were quantified, in the small interval of time evaluated (30 hours). Our results suggest that, if the experiments were conducted in a larger interval of time, it would possibly be noted a higher effect in the degradation of gasoline compounds. Still, considering the low concentrations that were evaluated, it is possible that a real system could be bioremediated by natural attenuation process, demonstrated by the low effect of those levels of contaminants and co-contaminants over the naturally present microbial consortium.
    [Show full text]
  • Paenibacillus Polymyxa
    Liu et al. BMC Microbiology (2021) 21:70 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-021-02132-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Interactional mechanisms of Paenibacillus polymyxa SC2 and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) suggested by transcriptomics Hu Liu, Yufei Li, Ke Ge, Binghai Du, Kai Liu, Chengqiang Wang* and Yanqin Ding* Abstract Background: Paenibacillus polymyxa SC2, a bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere soil of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), promotes growth and biocontrol of pepper. However, the mechanisms of interaction between P. polymyxa SC2 and pepper have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the interactional relationship of P. polymyxa SC2 and pepper using transcriptomics. Results: P. polymyxa SC2 promotes growth of pepper stems and leaves in pot experiments in the greenhouse. Under interaction conditions, peppers stimulate the expression of genes related to quorum sensing, chemotaxis, and biofilm formation in P. polymyxa SC2. Peppers induced the expression of polymyxin and fusaricidin biosynthesis genes in P. polymyxa SC2, and these genes were up-regulated 2.93- to 6.13-fold and 2.77- to 7.88-fold, respectively. Under the stimulation of medium which has been used to culture pepper, the bacteriostatic diameter of P. polymyxa SC2 against Xanthomonas citri increased significantly. Concurrently, under the stimulation of P. polymyxa SC2, expression of transcription factor genes WRKY2 and WRKY40 in pepper was up-regulated 1.17-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively. Conclusions: Through the interaction with pepper, the ability of P. polymyxa SC2 to inhibit pathogens was enhanced. P. polymyxa SC2 also induces systemic resistance in pepper by stimulating expression of corresponding transcription regulators.
    [Show full text]
  • Paenibacillus Polymyxa Initiates Biocontrol Against Crown Rot Disease W.M
    Journal of Applied Microbiology ISSN 1364-5072 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Colonization of peanut roots by biofilm-forming Paenibacillus polymyxa initiates biocontrol against crown rot disease W.M. Haggag1 and S. Timmusk2 1 Department of Plant Pathology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt 2 Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada Keywords Abstract Aspergillus niger, biofilm, colonization, Paenibacillus polymyxa, population dynamics. Aim: To investigate the role of biofilm-forming Paenibacillus polymyxa strains in controlling crown root rot disease. Correspondence Methods and Results: Two plant growth-promoting P. polymyxa strains were S. Timmusk, Department of Forest Mycology isolated from the peanut rhizosphere, from Aspergillus niger-suppressive soils. and Pathology, SLU, Box 7026, SE-750 07 The strains were tested, under greenhouse and field conditions for inhibition Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: of the crown root rot pathogen of the peanut, as well as for biofilm formation [email protected] in the peanut rhizosphere. The strains’ colonization and biofilm formation 2007 ⁄ 0343: received 5 March 2007, revised were further studied on roots of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and with 24 July 2007 and accepted 5 September solid surface assays. Their crown root rot inhibition performance was studied 2007 in field and pot experiments. The strains’ ability to form biofilms in gnotobi- otic and soil systems was studied employing scanning electron microscope. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03611.x Conclusion: Both strains were able to suppress the pathogen but the superior biofilm former offers significantly better protection against crown rot. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study highlights the importance of efficient rhizosphere colonization and biofilm formation in biocontrol.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of a Paenibacillus Isolate for Biocontrol of Black Rot in Brassicas
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Discovery of a Paenibacillus isolate for biocontrol of black rot in brassicas A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Hoda Ghazalibiglar Lincoln University 2014 DECLARATION This dissertation/thesis (please circle one) is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Lincoln University Degree of ________________________________________ The regulations for the degree are set out in the Lincoln University Calendar and are elaborated in a practice manual known as House Rules for the Study of Doctor of Philosophy or Masters Degrees at Lincoln University. Supervisor’s Declaration I confirm that, to the best of my knowledge: • the research was carried out and the dissertation was prepared under my direct supervision; • except where otherwise approved by the Academic Administration Committee of Lincoln University, the research was conducted in accordance with the degree regulations and house rules; • the dissertation/thesis (please circle one)represents the original research work of the candidate; • the contribution made to the research by me, by other members of the supervisory team, by other members of staff of the University and by others was consistent with normal supervisory practice.
    [Show full text]
  • Paenibacillaceae Cover
    The Family Paenibacillaceae Strain Catalog and Reference • BGSC • Daniel R. Zeigler, Director The Family Paenibacillaceae Bacillus Genetic Stock Center Catalog of Strains Part 5 Daniel R. Zeigler, Ph.D. BGSC Director © 2013 Daniel R. Zeigler Bacillus Genetic Stock Center 484 West Twelfth Avenue Biological Sciences 556 Columbus OH 43210 USA www.bgsc.org The Bacillus Genetic Stock Center is supported in part by a grant from the National Sciences Foundation, Award Number: DBI-1349029 The author disclaims any conflict of interest. Description or mention of instrumentation, software, or other products in this book does not imply endorsement by the author or by the Ohio State University. Cover: Paenibacillus dendritiformus colony pattern formation. Color added for effect. Image courtesy of Eshel Ben Jacob. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Welcome to the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center ............................................................................................................. 2 What is the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center? ............................................................................................................... 2 What kinds of cultures are available from the BGSC? ............................................................................................... 2 What you can do to help the BGSC ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Secreted Antimicrobial Peptides Isolated from Cell-Free Culture Supernatant of Paenibacillus Alvei AN5
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Crossref J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol (2013) 40:571–579 DOI 10.1007/s10295-013-1259-5 BIOTECHNOLOGY METHODS Detection of secreted antimicrobial peptides isolated from cell-free culture supernatant of Paenibacillus alvei AN5 Bassam Alkotaini • Nurina Anuar • Abdul Amir Hassan Kadhum • Asmahani Azira Abdu Sani Received: 21 December 2012 / Accepted: 4 March 2013 / Published online: 19 March 2013 Ó The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract An antimicrobial substance produced by the Abbreviations Paenibacillus alvei strain AN5 was detected in fermenta- NB Nutrient broth tion broth. Subsequently, cell-free culture supernatant NA Nutrient agar (CFCS) was obtained by medium centrifugation and fil- TSB Tryptic soy broth tration, and its antimicrobial activity was tested. This TSA Tryptic soy agar showed a broad inhibitory spectrum against both Gram- CFCS Cell free culture supernatant positive and -negative bacterial strains. The CFCS was then AU Arbitrary unit purified and subjected to SDS-PAGE and infrared spec- troscopy, which indicated the proteinaceous nature of the antimicrobial compound. Some de novo sequencing using Introduction an automatic Q-TOF premier system determined the amino acid sequence of the purified antimicrobial peptide as Y-S- Due to the increasing numbers of resistant pathogenic K-S-L-P-L-S-V-L-N-P (1,316 Da). The novel peptide was bacteria and side effects caused by existing antibiotics, new designated as peptide AN5-1. Its mode of action was antimicrobial compounds with effective properties are bactericidal, inducing cell lysis in E.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Snapshot of Paenibacillus Polymyxa ATCC 842T
    J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2006), 16(10), 1650–1655 Genome Snapshot of Paenibacillus polymyxa ATCC 842T JEONG, HAEYOUNG, JIHYUN F. KIM, YON-KYOUNG PARK, SEONG-BIN KIM, CHANGHOON KIM†, AND SEUNG-HWAN PARK* Laboratory of Microbial Genomics, Systems Microbiology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), P.O. Box 115, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea Received: May 11, 2006 Accepted: June 22, 2006 Abstract Bacteria belonging to the genus Paenibacillus are rhizosphere and soil, and their useful traits have been facultatively anaerobic endospore formers and are attracting analyzed [3, 6-8, 10, 15, 22, 26]. At present, the genus growing ecological and agricultural interest, yet their genome Paenibacillus consists of 84 species (NCBI Taxonomy information is very limited. The present study surveyed the Homepage at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ genomic features of P. polymyxa ATCC 842 T using pulse-field taxonomyhome.html, February 2006). gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments and sample genome Nonetheless, despite the growing interest in Paenibacillus, sequencing of 1,747 reads (approximately 17.5% coverage of its genomic information is very scarce. Most of the completely the genome). Putative functions were assigned to more than sequenced organisms currently belong to the Bacillaceae 60% of the sequences. Functional classification of the sequences family, in particular to the Bacillus genus, whereas data on showed a similar pattern to that of B. subtilis. Sequence Paenibacillaceae sequences is limited even at the draft analysis suggests nitrogen fixation and antibiotic production level. P. polymyxa, the type species of the genus Paenibacillus, by P. polymyxa ATCC 842 T, which may explain its plant is also of great ecological and agricultural importance, owing growth-promoting effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Fusaricidin Produced by Paenibacillus Polymyxa WLY78 Induces Systemic Resistance Against Fusarium Wilt of Cucumber
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Fusaricidin Produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa WLY78 Induces Systemic Resistance against Fusarium Wilt of Cucumber Yunlong Li and Sanfeng Chen * State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-6273-1551 Received: 7 July 2019; Accepted: 17 October 2019; Published: 22 October 2019 Abstract: Cucumber is an important vegetable crop in China. Fusarium wilt is a soil-borne disease that can significantly reduce cucumber yields. Paenibacillus polymyxa WLY78 can strongly inhibit Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerium, which causes Fusarium wilt disease. In this study, we screened the genome of WLY78 and found eight potential antibiotic biosynthesis gene clusters. Mutation analysis showed that among the eight clusters, the fusaricidin synthesis (fus) gene cluster is involved in inhibiting the Fusarium genus, Verticillium albo-atrum, Monilia persoon, Alternaria mali, Botrytis cinereal, and Aspergillus niger. Further mutation analysis revealed that with the exception of fusTE, the seven genes fusG, fusF, fusE, fusD, fusC, fusB, and fusA within the fus cluster were all involved in inhibiting fungi. This is the first time that demonstrated that fusTE was not essential. We first report the inhibitory mode of fusaricidin to inhibit spore germination and disrupt hyphal membranes. A biocontrol assay demonstrated that fusaricidin played a major role in controlling Fusarium wilt disease. Additionally, qRT-PCR demonstrated that fusaricidin could induce systemic resistance via salicylic acid (SA) signal against Fusarium wilt of cucumber. WLY78 is the first reported strain to both produce fusaricidin and fix nitrogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Butanediol Production by Paenibacillus Polymyxa DSM 365
    Process development and metabolic engineering to enhance 2,3- butanediol production by Paenibacillus polymyxa DSM 365 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Christopher Chukwudi Okonkwo Graduate Program in Animal Sciences The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Thaddeus C. Ezeji, Advisor Ramesh Selvaraj Katrina Cornish Ana Alonso Copyrighted by Christopher Chukwudi Okonkwo 2017 Abstract 2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BD) is a platform chemical with vast industrial applications; particularly for its use in the production of 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BD), the monomer from which synthetic rubber is manufactured. Currently, 2,3-BD production is by chemical synthesis using petroleum-derived feedstocks such as propylene, acetylene, butene and butane. Microbial 2,3-BD fermentation is aimed at producing 2,3-BD renewably, and potentially reduce dependency on finite petroleum-derived feedstocks. However, fermentative production of 2,3-BD is hampered by (1) cost of food-based substrates; (2) low 2,3-BD titer, yield and productivity during 2,3-BD fermentation stemming from formation of competing products such as exopolysaccharides (EPS), ethanol, lactic, formic and acetic acids; and (3) high cost of 2,3-BD purification, due partly to additional purification steps necessary to remove 2,3-BD co-products especially EPS prior to 2,3- BD recovery. The objectives of this study were conceived to examine use of process design, alternative substrates and metabolic engineering, to enhance 2,3-BD production. Chapter 3 (objective 1) focused on identification of key fermentation parameters that influence 2,3-BD fermentation by Paenibacillus polymyxa and optimization of them for maximum 2,3-BD production.
    [Show full text]
  • Involvement of Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium Paenibacillus Polymyxa in Root Rot of Stored Korean Ginseng
    J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2003), 13(6), 881–891 Involvement of Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa in Root Rot of Stored Korean Ginseng JEON, YONG HO, SUNG PAE CHANG, INGYU HWANG, AND YOUNG HO KIM School of Agricultural Biotechnology & Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea Received: May 19, 2003 Accepted: August 8, 2003 Abstract Paenibacillus polymyxa is a plant growth- Key words: Ginseng, biolog, gas chromatography of fatty promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) which can be used for acid methyl esters, Paenibacillus polymyxa, 16S rDNA, PCR biological control of plant diseases. Several bacterial strains were isolated from rotten roots of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) that were in storage. These strains were Biological control of plant disease using microorganisms identified as P. p o l y m y x a , based on a RAPD analysis using has long been an effective alternative to chemical control, a P. polymyxa-specific primer, cultural and physiological especially since the former is more environmentally- characteristics, an analysis utilizing the Biolog system, gas friendly and safer for humans than the latter. A number of chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters (GC-FAME), and antagonistic microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, the 16S rDNA sequence analysis. These strains were found to have been developed as biocontrol agents [7]. Microbial cause the rot in stored ginseng roots. Twenty-six P. polymyxa pesticides registered with the EPA in the United States strains, including twenty GBR strains, were phylogenetically include bacteria belonging to the Agrobacterium, Bacillus, classified into two groups according to the ERIC and BOX- Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces genera, and fungi belonging PCR analyses and 16S rDNA sequencing, and the resulting to the Ampelomyces, Candida, Coniothyrium, and Trichoderma groupings systematized to the degrees of virulence of each genera.
    [Show full text]