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How Did Sex Tourism Become an Important Economic Source in the Coastal Region of Kenya? Chansuay Van Son – 870620 785 060

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How Did Sex Tourism Become an Important Economic Source in the Coastal Region of Kenya? Chansuay Van Son – 870620 785 060 How did sex tourism become an important economic source in the coastal region of Kenya? Chansuay van Son – 870620 785 060 Chansuay van Son – 870620 785 060 WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY COURSE CODE: DEC-80912 BSC THESIS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS SUPERVISOR: DR. R HAAGSMA AUGUST 2012 Acknowledgement: My appreciation goes first to my thesis supervisor at Wageningen University, Dr. R. Haagsma, for his advice anD effort, especially in the last week of finishing my thesis. Through his input anD help I was able to finish my thesis on time anD making my Dream come true: starting with my master Global Health. BesiDes, I woulD like to thank my parents, brother, AlexanDer anD my frienDs in Wageningen anD Sint- Oedenrode for their belief, support, pep talks anD their jokes in stress full times. 2 Abstract: This report examines the how sex tourism become an important economic source in the coastal region of Kenya by stuDying the commercial sex workers, sex tourists anD policies of the Kenyan government. Poverty is the main problem in the coastal region of Kenya. Tourism as a tool for socio-economic Development has workeD partly, it only had benefiting the government anD the elite. It has forceD poor people to enter the sex trade Due to unequal benefit Distribution of tourism anD Due to the major DemanD for sexual services of European tourists a new market is DevelopeD anD encourageD the sex tourism inDustry. BesiDes, the new phenomenon of romance tourism gave the market an extra boost anD inDuces prostitution. Due to the lack of policy anD ignorance of the government concerning sex tourism anD an instable anD fragile economic situation in the past, sex tourism has DevelopeD itself to its current size. The economic importance of (sex) tourists is large Due to their spenDing of money in the region. This will benefit the curio shops, hotels, tourist operators, commercial sex workers anD the government. Sex tourism will not easily slow Down Due to the economic benefits anD especially not with the current enormous negative account balance. Due to poverty, sex tourism is an important economic source for the locals, region anD government anD will be tolerateD out of neeDs. It is their way to tackle poverty. 3 Table of content: Acknowledgements 2 Abstract 3 Table of content 4 List of Figures 5 List of tables 5 List of abbreviations 7 Chapter 1: IntroDuction 7 1.1 Research aim 8 1.2 Research problem 9 1.3 Methodology 10 1.4 Concepts 10 1.5 Structure anD content of the report 11 Chapter 2: What is the economic profile of Kenya? 12 2.1 IntroDuction 12 2.2 Economic profile of Kenya 12 2.2.1 Population, Gross Domestic ProDuct anD Balance of Trade 12 2.2.2 Sectoral structure: Agriculture, manufacturing, import anD export anD service sector 13 2.2.3 Number of arrivals anD national receipts of tourism 14 2.2.4 Urban population 15 2.2.5 Gini inDex anD population living below $1.25 PPP per Day 15 2.2.6 Human Development InDex 15 2.2.7 Labour force 16 2.2.8 EDucation 16 2.2.9 Life expectancy anD HIV person 17 2.3 Summary 17 Chapter 3: How DiD tourism Develop in Kenya anD its coastal region? 19 3.1 IntroDuction 19 3.2 The Development of tourism in Kenya 19 3.3 The Development of tourism in Kenya’s coastal region 21 3.4 Poverty in the coastal region 23 3.5 The economic impact of tourism in the Kenyan coast 23 3.6 The socio-cultural impacts accorDing to the locals 25 3.7 Summary Chapter 4: What are the characteristics of sex tourism in Kenya anD its coastal region? 27 4.1 IntroDuction 27 4.2 What is sex tourism? 27 4.3 Development of sex tourism in Kenya 28 4.4 Sex tourism in the coastal region of Kenya 29 4.5 The sex trade law of Kenya 31 4.6 Summary 32 Chapter 5: How can we characteristics the market of sex tourism? 34 5.1 IntroDuction 34 5.2 Factor of DemanD 34 5.3 Factor of supply 35 4 5.4 Health risks 38 5.5 Summary 39 Chapter 6: Conclusion anD Discussion 41 6.1 Summary 41 6.2 Discussion 43 AppenDix 1 45 AppenDix 2 46 AppenDix 3 47 AppenDix 4 47 References 48 List of figures: 1.1 Conceptual moDel of transactions between members of a sex 8 trade community 2.1 Butler’s moDel 19 2.2 Tourists arrivals in Kenya 1960-2000 21 2.3 BeD nights for Nairobi anD beach hotels on Kenya’s coast 1965- 22 2000 4.1 Factors influencing Kenya’s sex tourism growth – exploration 28 through consoliDation phases AppenDix 1 Map of Kenya anD its coastal region 45 List of tables: 2.1 Population, Gross Domestic ProDuct anD current account of 12 balance 2.2 Sectoral structure: agriculture, inDustry anD service sector 13 2.3 Number of arrivals anD national receipts of tourism 14 2.4 Urban Population 15 2.5 Gini inDex anD population living below $1.25 PPP per Day 15 2.6 Human Development InDex 15 2.7 Labour force 16 2.8 EDucation 16 2.9 Life expectancy anD HIV persons 17 3.1 Gross Region ProDuct (GRP) of MalinDi District in 2003 24 5.1 Categorisation of commercial sex workers in Kenya’s coastal 36 region AppenDix Survey items to measure the relationship between tourism anD 46 2.1 male sex trade AppenDix Percentage Distribution for the perceiveD linkage between 46 2.2 tourism anD the sex trade AppenDix 3 Price list for commercial sexual services, proviDeD by the MWA 47 AppenDix 4 Monthly pay by occupation in MalinDi Town, 2005 47 5 List of abbreViations: CSW Commercial Sex Worker GDP Gross Domestic ProDuct FSW Female Sex Worker GNI Gross National Income HDI Human Development InDex IFC International Finance Corportation KTB Kenya Tourists BoarD KTDC Kenya Tourism Development Corporation KWS Kenya WilDlife Service MCSW Male Commercial Sex Worker MWA MalinDi Welfare Association PPP Purchasing Power Parity STD Sexual TransmitteD Disease 6 Chapter 1: Introduction ‘Sex tourism is a complex, multi-faceted activity of so many hues and colours, that whatever one’s beliefs about this human activity, the phenomenon will provide sufficient examples to reinforce any given prejudice.’ (Kibicho, 2009) Sex tourism is a phenomenon expanDing worlDwiDe Due to internationalization. Since the 1970s, it is a legitimate form of international mass tourism, where the four S’s of tourism ‘Sun, SanD, Surf anD Sex’ represent the sex tourism inDustry (Ryan & Hall, 2001). Sex tourism can be DescribeD as “tourism, international anD Domestic, for which the main motivation or part of the objective of the trip is to consummate or engage in commercial sexual relations” (Kibicho, 2009:17). Each country has its own policy towarDs prostitution anD sex tourism. The NetherlanDs has legalizeD prostitution anD is famous about their reD light District in AmsterDam. ThailanD is famous for their large supply of prostitution, though its officially illegal. Bangkok is also known as: “the reD light capital of the worlD.” Or like some people say: “Disney worlD for men”. Until ten years ago, sex tourism has been most commonly unDerstooD to be a leisure activity of men who visit tourism Destinations to engage in commercial sex (Enloe, 1989). But in the last Decade female sex tourists are emerging anD they expanD to Jamaica, InDonesia, Gambia anD Kenya. The funDamental change of sex tourism is genDer. GenDer refers to the socially constructeD roles anD relations between men anD women. Through moDern consumer culture, genDer roles have been affecteD by transformations of human practices anD relations (Kibicho, 2009). In the past the term sex tourism was useD to Describe the relationship between men anD (mostly) local female prostitutes. Nowadays, female sex tourists are travelling to Kenya. The relationship between female, white, European tourists anD local black men is calleD romance tourism anD is bounD with local black men, generally referreD to as ‘Beach boys’. The genDer roles in the western worlD have changeD. Till the twentieth century, there was a traditional male-provider-female consumers paradigm. The man was consiDereD as the one who was responsible for earning income, whereas the woman was the consumer anD responsible for the householD. Due to the moDern consumer culture, women have increaseD their share of economic power, thus making them less economically DepenDent. Due to the economic freeDom they can be a sex tourists nowadays. To simplify sex tourism; it is an interaction between DemanD anD supply. According to Thanh-Dam (1983) it is the commercial supply of sexual services anD prostitution that is DifferentiateD in response to the processes of capitalist Development anD conDitioning labour relations, DemanD anD supply. Sex tourism is mostly present in Developing countries with the four S’s of tourism. The Development of the sex tourism inDustry DepenDs on an alliance between local governments in search of foreign currency anD local foreign business willing to invest in sexualiseD travel (Enloe, 2000). For the government anD local businesses, economic benefits are in most of the cases the motivator to tolerate sex tourism. Professor Ryan has saiD in the foreworD of the book Sex tourism in Africa of Kibicho (2009): “We can concluDe that the economic gains from sex tourism for Kenya are significant, anD raises a question as to whether sex workers are ‘a marginal layer in the social fabric” or “a 7 creative anD innovative force that is righty entrepreneurial”. The economic gains are Difficult to measure, but what is visible is the economic transformation in a country anD region due to (sex) tourism.
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