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Stefan Zweig Et L'histoire a Travers La Litterature

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UNIVERSITE PARIS-EST-CRETEIL U.F.R. DE LETTRES, LANGUES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES N° attribué par la bibliothèque |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| STEFAN ZWEIG ET L’HISTOIRE A TRAVERS LA LITTERATURE : Les rapports entre les biographies historiques et l’Histoire. T H E S E de doctorat d’études germaniques Présentée et soutenue publiquement par : Virginie LECORCHEY Le 05 décembre 2018 Directeur de thèse : M. BOUSCH Denis, Maître de Conférences H.D.R., JURY : M. BOUSCH Denis, Maître de conférences, Université Paris-Est-Créteil M. DOLL Jürgen, Professeur Emérite, Université Paris-Est-Créteil M. THIEMEYER Guido, Professeur, Université Heinrich Heine de Düsseldorf M. WINKLER Jean-Marie, Professeur, Université de Rouen Normandie. Président du jury. 1 Table des matières Table des matières .................................................................................................................................. 1 Remerciements ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Etat de la recherche ................................................................................................................................ 8 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 15 I] La « mode biographique » au XXème siècle ....................................................................................... 30 A] Traditions et évolutions ............................................................................................................... 30 1. Biographie et roman historique ............................................................................................... 30 a) Le roman historique .............................................................................................................. 30 b) L’œuvre et l’auteur................................................................................................................ 34 c) Rapport entre réalité et interprétation ................................................................................. 39 2. La « biographie moderne » ...................................................................................................... 42 3. Le traitement artistique de l’Histoire peut-il être considéré comme illégitime ? .................. 47 B] Ecrire une biographie ................................................................................................................... 53 1. Les intentions de l’auteur ......................................................................................................... 53 a) Caractéristiques de la biographie ‘moderne’ ........................................................................ 53 b) Historie und Dichtung ........................................................................................................... 54 2. Méthodes et techniques ........................................................................................................... 58 C] Zweig et ses personnages ............................................................................................................ 61 1. Le concept de « nature » .......................................................................................................... 61 2. Pourquoi cet intérêt pour les ‘‘vaincus’’ ? ............................................................................... 65 3. Zweig est-il un « chasseur d’âme » ? ....................................................................................... 74 D] Quelle vision du monde ? ............................................................................................................ 80 1. Zweig et son idée de la politique ............................................................................................. 80 2. Zweig et l’Histoire ..................................................................................................................... 84 a) Qui sont les « grands hommes » ? ........................................................................................ 84 b) Histoire et individus .............................................................................................................. 87 c) Quelle part est accordée au « démon » ? ............................................................................. 94 E] Comment lier art et réalité ? ........................................................................................................ 96 F] Pourquoi un tel succès ? ............................................................................................................. 100 1. Eléments de compréhension .................................................................................................. 100 2. S’adresser au lecteur .............................................................................................................. 101 3. Le succès… Mais lequel ? ........................................................................................................ 104 4. Zweig, un héritage pour la « biographie » du XXIème siècle ? ................................................ 109 2 II] L’Histoire, une tragédie ? ............................................................................................................... 112 A] Le mythe de Marie-Antoinette .................................................................................................. 114 1. Construction de l’œuvre ......................................................................................................... 114 a) Marie-Antoinette, d’abord une biographie ......................................................................... 114 b) Une héroïne dramatique ? .................................................................................................. 117 c) Comment Zweig unit-il Art et Histoire ? .............................................................................. 120 d) Une volonté de susciter l’émotion ? ................................................................................... 122 2. L’Histoire, un drame ?............................................................................................................. 125 a) Grandeur et décadence ....................................................................................................... 126 b) La force de la destinée ........................................................................................................ 131 3. Quel type de portrait ? ........................................................................................................... 134 a) Une œuvre littéraire, une œuvre d’art ............................................................................... 134 b) Un portrait sincère .............................................................................................................. 138 4. Un destin au service de l’écriture ........................................................................................... 140 a) Psychologie .......................................................................................................................... 141 b) Un portrait minutieux......................................................................................................... 145 c) Le destin, une force qui n’exclut pas la rigueur et l’authenticité ........................................ 148 d) Extraire l’essence du personnage : sonder l’âme pour la révéler au lecteur...................... 152 5. Marie Antoinette, une « nature » .......................................................................................... 154 B] Marie-Antoinette, une enquête ................................................................................................ 156 1. L’affaire Marie-Antoinette ..................................................................................................... 156 a) Quelle démarche adopte Zweig ?........................................................................................ 157 a-1. Centrer le récit sur le personnage éponyme ................................................................ 157 a-2. Comment présenter Marie-Antoinette ? ..................................................................... 158 a-3. Une reine faible ou insouciante ?................................................................................. 160 a-4. S’agit-il d’un procès ou de l’étude d’un cas ? ............................................................... 162 b) Marie-Antoinette, des identités multiples ? ....................................................................... 163 b-1. Une femme moyenne, une femme médiocre ? ........................................................... 164 b-2. Une femme dépensière ................................................................................................ 168 b-3. Une femme volage ? .................................................................................................... 174 2. Deux enquêtes : l’Affaire du collier et le procès .................................................................... 178 a) « Le Collier de la reine » ...................................................................................................... 179 b) La reine jugée, mais comment ? ......................................................................................... 181 b-1. Marie-Antoinette, une héroïne de roman ? ...............................................................
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