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Texte Intégral (PDF) Document généré le 26 sept. 2021 05:16 24 images Un dieu à Volda Donald McWilliams et Robert Daudelin Norman McLaren Numéro 120, décembre 2004, janvier 2005 URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/737ac Aller au sommaire du numéro Éditeur(s) 24/30 I/S ISSN 0707-9389 (imprimé) 1923-5097 (numérique) Découvrir la revue Citer cet article McWilliams, D. & Daudelin, R. (2004). Un dieu à Volda. 24 images, (120), 15–24. Tous droits réservés © 24/30 I/S, 2004 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ Norman McLaren, personnage principal de son propre film Opening Speech: McLaren (1961). À gauche, un photogramme tiré de Love on the Wing (1938) et à droite, un extrait de Blinkity Blank (1955). Il y a quelques mois, alors que j'enseignais à l'University n'entend plus beaucoup parler de McLaren maintenant, et il est College de Volda, en Norvège, un finissant en animation difficile de croire que John Grierson ait pu déclarer un jour que le me prit par surprise quand il commença à me poser des blé et Norman McLaren étaient en tête des exportations canadien­ questions tout à fait pertinentes sur Norman McLaren. À nes. Ou encore, lisez, avec un grain de sel, les lignes qui suivent, un moment donné, il me dit qu'il trouvait incroyable de écrites par Jonas Mekas après sa visite au Festival international du pouvoir parler avec quelqu'un qui avait connu McLaren et film de Montréal en 1961 (eh oui, 1961 !) : travaillé avec lui. « La chose terrible avec les festivals de cinéma, c'est la quantité de «Pourquoi donc?» lui ai-je demandé. films terribles qu'on doit se taper. J'ai dû endurer tous ces redouta­ «Parce que McLaren, c'est un dieu à Volda». bles courts métrages italiens... et tous ces documentaires faits par le National Film Boardom of Canada. J'ai rencontré plusieurs jeunes e savais que les professeurs d'histoire et de théorie de l'ani­ Canadiens qui veulent faire leurs films indépendants, à la New York, mation à l'université s'intéressaient à l'Office national du mais qui n'arrivent pas à échapper à la malédiction de l'usine ONF. film et à McLaren, mais je n'avais aucune idée de l'im­ C'est le Hollywood canadien. Il y a une grande cheminée et l'en­ portance qu'ils attribuaient à ce cinéaste. Cette conver­ droit a l'air d'un crematorium pour les jeunes ambitions. Le seul J homme vivant dans toute l'usine, c'est Norman McLaren, le Roi sation me remit en mémoire une présentation que j'avais faite en 1991 dans une des écoles de cinéma de Londres. Là, McLaren était du Canada. » ' considéré comme dépassé et, selon la formule d'un des étudiants : «Tout ça, on peut le faire sur un ordinateur». Et dans 100 ans? Cette réaction m'avait désappointé, mais je savais que, dans le Un jour j'ai demandé à McLaren comment il pensait qu'on se monde des arts, les artistes tombent souvent dans un abîme d'in­ souviendrait de lui dans 100 ans... différence après leur mort - quoique à Volda, à l'évidence, l'inté­ «Tout dépend... Si on parle de l'histoire du cinéma, c'est un rêt pour le travail de McLaren n'avait pas diminué. Chez nous, on immense domaine. La partie principale est occupée par le long N ° 1 20 24 IMAGES 15 métrage de fiction, puis les documentaires, puis vous courant du terme. Et il ajoutait : «C'est toi qui devrais arrivez aux films de plus petit format, les films d'anima­ faire le film ». Eh bien, j'ai fait le film, et j'ai essayé de tion par exemple. Je serai peut-être classé comme cinéaste traiter du procès de création chez McLaren. J'ai délibé­ d'animation ; ou peut-être qu'il y a un petit sous-groupe rément passé sous silence certaines choses dont Norman appelé cinéastes expérimentaux, dans lequel je préférerais ne voulait pas que je parle, et je me suis imposé de ne pas qu'on me classe, où j'aimerais retrouver mon nom. formuler de jugement personnel sur son travail - mon point de vue, même sous-entendu, n'en est pas moins «Voyons... Dans 100 ans? Comme inventeur de tech­ évident dans le film. Je voulais faire quelque chose qui niques nouvelles qui, dans certains cas, ont permis quel­ participerait d'un processus historique d'évaluation. J'ai ques films remarquables ou intéressants. Je suis donc donc fait de McLaren son propre témoin, ce qui n'a rien assez certain de survivre en tant qu'inventeur de quel­ à voir avec l'approche habituelle des documentaires sur ques procédés techniques. Quant à ce qu'on pourra dire les artistes qui nous proposent une brochette de témoi­ de mes films dans 100 ans... Les goûts changent telle­ gnages qui tous nous disent combien cette personne et ment. Je sais que je suis en train de me défiler devant son travail sont merveilleux. votre question, mais À mesure que le temps passe, j'en suis arrivé à pen­ « Un nouveau medium Je crains que dans ser que je dois adopter un point de vue moins détaché sur McLaren et sur sa place dans l'histoire du cinéma. est en train de naître et \00 ans;,très peu Et la meilleure façon pour moi de commencer à trai­ de mes rilms exis- 2 ter de cette question est peut-être de citer un passage Norman a été l'un de terom encore. » d'un essai d'un spécialiste en cinéma, le Britannique ceux qui, dès les débuts, Dans c e c te David Curtis : lui a permis d'apparaître réponse' McLaren «Étonnamment peut-être, Norman McLaren a réussi, ne se contente pas comme peu de cinéastes à polariser ses critiques : ou et de produire des de suggérer que ils le célèbrent avec une ferveur totale, ou, à l'opposé, ils le rejettent violemment. La majorité des auteurs de chefs-d'œuvre, dans un plusieurs de ses travaux sur l'histoire du cinéma d'animation voient en films nayant pas domaine qui demeure ; McLaren le champion suprême du dessin animé expéri­ crois que les seuls survécu au juge- mental- quelqu'un qu'on admire à distance, sans vrai­ SOUS-dévebppé. Je ment de l'histoire, ment essayer de l'imiter; un homme qui a le privilège chefs-d'œuvre sont auraient été oubliés; de pouvoir exprimer la communion de l'artiste avec le il imagine que plu­ génie en dehors des pressions de la réalité commerciale. sieurs auraient tout Les auteurs qui traitent du cinéma d'avant-garde - le de lui - qui d'autre bonnement cessé lieu où de tels artistes devraient se retrouver de plein dans l'histoire de d'exister physique- droit - font rarement mention de McLaren. Son tra­ /, • .• -, ment. Il nous dit vail est trop orthodoxe, trop frileux, ou évite trop de I animation?» . questions. Mais ces réactions sont elles-mêmes une fuite simplement que la devant le problème difficile d'identifier la position de - Claude Jutra, 1971 pellicule cinéma n'a McLaren. Est-il un animateur d'avant-garde, comme pas une existence Len Lye, Harry Smith ou Robert Breer; ou appartient-il illimitée. Et il a évidemment raison. Alors que j'écris plutôt au camp commercial avec Borowczyk, Trnka ou cet article, je suis en train d'inspecter les éléments de peut-être même son élève Dunning; ou est-il une sorte tirage des films de McLaren : les négatifs originaux d'hybride comme Alexéieff, Kuri ou Foldes?» 3 de plusieurs de ses films les plus anciens sont dans un état de détérioration irrécupérable. Comme on le sait, Quand, dans les années 1980, j'ai lu ces propos de David la plupart des films faits durant les premiers cent ans Curtis, j'en fus époustouflé. Comparons ce scepticisme à du cinéma ont déjà disparu. ce que me disait Claude Jutra, à l'automne de 1971 : McLaren est mort depuis bientôt vingt ans et je sens qu'une réévaluation commence. La première flambée «Jusqu'à maintenant le cinéma a d'abord été une nou­ d'enthousiasme pour l'animation par ordinateur est A ? velle sorte de littérature. Les films de Norman sont vrai­ peut-être terminée et les étudiants, les cinéastes et les ment le nouveau medium et désormais, notamment grâce mV [ - ' É2 professeurs manifestent une curiosité nouvelle pour des •»r-7 aux ordinateurs, le medium est accessible à de plus en façons plus artisanales de faire des films. plus de gens - je parle de la création sur ordinateur où En 1989 j'ai moi-même réalisé le documentaire de une personne seule, avec ses mains et ses propres outils, long métrage Creative Process: Norman McLaren, crée quelque chose qui est totalement nouveau. La pein­ qui était une idée de Norman. Il disait qu'on pourrait ture est comme ça, mais le cinéma est quelque part entre faire un film intéressant sur le procès de création chez la peinture et la littérature. Un nouveau medium est en un artiste, dans ce cas-ci un cinéaste.
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