149 COMPORTAMIENTO SOCIAL DE LAS LARVAS DE Dione Juno

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149 COMPORTAMIENTO SOCIAL DE LAS LARVAS DE Dione Juno COMPORTAMIENTO SOCIAL DE LAS LARVAS DE Dione juno huascuma Reakirt, 1866 (LEPIDOPTERA: HELICONIINAE): USO DE FEROMONAS COMO MECANISMO DE COMUNICACIÓN Social behavior of the larval stages of Dione juno huascuma Reakiirt, 1866 (Lepidoptera: Heliconiinae): use of trail pheromones as the communication system. Alfonso Pescador-Rubio1, Sergio G. Stanford-Camargo2, Luis E. Páez-Gerardo2, Alberto J. Ramírez-Reyes2 y René A. Ibarra-Jiménez2. 1Centro Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Agropecuario, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 28100, Colima, México, 2FES Iztacala, UNAM, Laboratorio de Zoología. Av. de Los Barrios # 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlanepantla 54090, Estado de México, México, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Palabras Clave: feromonas de comunicación, comportamiento social, Dione juno huascuma Introducción El conocimiento actual sobre los procesos de selección natural que han promovido la evolución del comportamiento social en insectos, se ha construido a partir del estudio de algunas especies agrupadas primordialmente en dos órdenes de insectos: Isoptera e Hymenoptera. Esto implica, no solamente, una limitación en el conocimiento científico acumulado, sino además, expone la existencia de un sesgo importante en nuestra visión de las condiciones ecológicas y de los factores selectivos que dieron origen al comportamiento social en insectos. A pesar de que los juveniles de más de 300 especies, en 27 familias de lepidópteros, expresan comportamientos de socialización (Costa y Pierce 1997, Costa 2006), son escasas las especies en las que se ha estudiado formalmente el mecanismo de comunicación y sus alcances en cuanto a los beneficios que reporta la vida en grupo en las larvas. Hay evidencias sólidas que indican que los estadios juveniles de estas especies de lepidópteros muestran alguna forma de organización social (Costa y Pierce 1997). Poco se sabe de los mecanismos que utilizan estos insectos para mantener la cohesión de los grupos de larvas. Sin embargo, en aquellas que ya han sido estudiadas, se conoce que utilizan una feromona como marcador químico (Bush 1969, Weyh y Maschwitz 1978, Capinera 1980, Peterson 1988, Roessingh 1989, 1990; Fitzgerald 1993a, Peterson y Fitzgerald 1991, Fitzgerald y Costa 1986, Fitzgerald y Webster 1993, Fitzgerald y Underwood 1998a, 1998b; Costa, Fitzgerald y Janzen 2001, Fitzgerald y Pescador-Rubio 2002). El género del que más información se tiene sobre el comportamiento social larval es Malacosoma spp. (Fitzgerald 1995), pero en particular de M. americanum (Fitzgerald 1976, 1980, 1993b; Fitzgerald y Edgerly 1979ª, 1979b, 1982; Fitzgerald y Gallagher 1976; Fitzgerald y Peterson 1983, 1988; Fitzgerald y Willer 1983). M. americanum fue el primer lepidóptero del cual se describieron los compuestos utilizados como marcadores de rutas larvales (Crump et al. 1987). Los esteroides 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione y 5β-cholestane-3-one, son los componentes mayoritarios de la feromona, y dentro del género Malacosoma, tres especies, M. americanum, M. disstria y M. neustrium, responden a los dos compuestos (Peterson 1988, Fitzgerald 1993ª, Fitzgerald y Webster 1993). Por otro lado, Eucheria socialis (Pieridae) que pertenece a un grupo filogenéticamente distante al género 149 Malacosoma, también responde al esteroide 5β-cholestane-3-one. Estudios adicionales, no obstante, indican que este compuesto no puede ser considerado como una feromona larval universal, ya que otras especies como Gloveria sp. (Lasiocampidae), Archips cerasivoramus (Tortricidae), Hyphantria cunea (Arctiidae) (Fitzgerald 1995) e Hylesia lineata (Saturniidae) (Fitzgerald y Pescador-Rubio 2002) no responden a este. Por lo tanto, es posible suponer que existe una gran diversidad de compuestos con funciones similares en el Orden Lepidoptera. En las especies de mariposas que han sido observadas, la posición de la glándula que genera la feromona se localiza casi siempre, en la superficie ventral de la parte anal del abdomen de la larva. En Malacosoma spp., no se distinguen estructuras especializadas (Fitzgerald 1995), pero en H. lineata es clara la presencia de una serie de tubérculos que presumiblemente tienen función secretora (Fitzgerald y Pescador-Rubio 2002). Durante el ciclo de locomoción la larva arrastra sobre el sustrato (la corteza de una rama o tronco del árbol) la porción ventral anal, dejando un rastro con la feromona. La ruta marcada puede ser detectada por otras larvas a través de quimiorreceptores de contacto localizados en las maxilas (Roessingh et al. 1988). En Malacosoma spp., y Eucheria socialis el compuesto puede ser detectado a concentraciones tan bajas como 2.5X10-10 g/ml (Fitzgerald y Underwood 1998ª). La forma de uso de la feromona difiere sensiblemente entre diferentes especies. Por ejemplo, en H. lineata el compuesto les permite transitar eficientemente, de su sitio de alimentación a la bolsa que construyen para su protección y viceversa (Fitzgerald y Pescador- Rubio 2002). En contraste, en M. americanum las larvas marcan diferencialmente la ruta de regreso al nido cuando encuentran una rama con hojas jóvenes o cuando eligen al hospedero adecuado (Peterson 1986, 1987) y permite que los hermanos, que aún no se alimentan, tengan acceso al recurso que promueve el mayor crecimiento larval (Fitzgerald 1995). Dione juno huascuma es una especie ampliamente distribuida en México, que habita tanto en clima templado como tropical, en un rango altitudinal que va de los 500 a los 1500 m snm (Méndez-Martínez et al., 2007a). Sus plantas hospederas naturales pertenecen al género Passiflora. Existe muy poca información sobre el comportamiento de agregación de las larvas, y la que hay sólo indica la existencia del comportamiento (Méndez-Martínez et al., 2007ª). Muyshondt et al. (1973) describieron comportamientos que sugieren que las larvas utilizan una marca química para mantener la cohesión de los grupos. Méndez-Martínez et al., (2007a) refieren que las larvas son gregarias durante todo su desarrollo. Por lo tanto, como ocurre con otras especies de lepidópteros con larvas sociales, es posible que los juveniles de D. juno huascuma, utilicen una feromona de comunicación para mantener la cohesión de los grupos y posiblemente, para transmitir información que permita la búsqueda y consumo coordinado del follaje en sus plantas nutricias. En este estudio se realizaron varios experimentos para: a) determinar la existencia de una feromona como marcador químico de rutas de forrajeo; b) establecer la vida media útil de la feromona; c) determinar el sitio fuente de la feromona en el cuerpo de la larva y d) evaluar la intensidad de las ruta en función del número de larvas que forman parte de un grupo. Materiales y Método La estructura del bioensayo para determinar la presencia de una feromona de comunicación consistió en ofrecer a una larva dos rutas como opción a seguir en una “arena” experimental con forma de Y. El tronco o base tuvo “el compuesto” experimental, así como uno de los brazos de la 150 Y, y que por tal motivo se convierte en el tratamiento, el brazo sin el compuesto se erigió como el control experimental. En cada réplica experimental una larva (en el primero, segundo o tercer estadio), tuvo la opción de caminar desde el tronco de la Y en dirección de la bifurcación. Comúnmente, las larvas avanzaron y regresaron sobre el tronco un par de veces y finalmente decidieron continuar avanzando después de explorar y elegir alguno de los brazos de la Y. Una réplica se considera como concluida cuando la larva llega al final del brazo elegido; cada ensayo se inicia con un insecto sin experiencia en la Y y con los dos brazos sin haber sido tocados por el abdomen de la larva (Fitzgerald y Pescador, 2002). Para cada experimento se dispuso de 10 a 20 réplicas y los resultados se analizaron con una prueba de Chi cuadrada con un nivel de significancia de P<0.05. Determinación de la presencia de una feromona: en varias especies de lepidópteros se conoce que hay una feromona asociada al abdomen de las larvas. Para establecer experimentalmente su existencia, se permitió que un grupo de cinco a diez larvas del primero o segundo estadio caminara sobre una tira de papel de 2 mm de ancho y 20 cm de longitud. Después de 30-60 min. las larvas se retiraron y el papel se cortó en secciones de uno o dos cm de longitud que conformaron la base y uno de los brazos de las Y experimentales. Los brazos control se obtuvieron de una tira de papel similar pero sin contacto previo con los insectos. Dieciséis seis larvas de primer ó segundo estadio fueron expuestas a las arenas experimentales. Determinación de la parte del abdomen en la que la feromona se produce: se utilizaron larvas de los estadios tercero y cuarto y la parte donde se sospecha que contiene la feromona fue frotada contra una superficie de papel. La porción de papel donde se presumió que quedó adherido el compuesto se marcó y recortó para formar los troncos y los brazos experimentales de las Y. Para cada parte del abdomen se completó una serie de ensayos con 15 a 20 réplicas. Si las larvas eligieron preferentemente los brazos experimentales, la evidencia indica en que porción del abdomen se produce la feromona. Con D. juno huascuma se exploró la parte ventral del abdomen localizada entre el tercero y cuarto par de propatas y entre las propatas anales. Confirmación de la presencia de la feromona: con el fin de confirmar la presencia de una feromona se procedió a la obtención de extractos de las partes abdominales que promovieron el seguimiento de rutas. De la porción anal del abdomen de diez larvas del tercero y cuarto estadios de D. juno huascuma, se obtuvo una extracción de la feromona en 0.5 ml de acetona grado reactivo. Para preparar los ensayos se utilizaron micropipetas para tener alícuotas de 5 µl de extracto; que fueron añadidas a los brazos experimentales y troncos de las Y.
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