HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY of KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH by William M

HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH by William M. Huff1 and Tammy R. Rittenour1,2

ABSTRACT

Kitchen Corral Wash (KCW), a tributary of the Paria River in southern Utah, has experienced episodes of historic and pre-historic (Holocene) arroyo cutting and filling. During the most recent arroyo-cutting event (about A.D. 1880–1920), KCW and other regional drainages were entrenched 5–30 meters into their fine-grained alluvial valley fills. While previous studies have attempted to constrain the timing of arroyo cut-fill events in KCW, poor age control has limited the results. In order to better understand the timing of arroyo cutting events, this study updates and improves the arroyo cut-fill chronostratigraphy from KCW by using alluvial stratigraphic descriptions and age control from optically stimulated luminescence and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating. Results are based on 11 study sites, each exposing a number of unconformity-bounded alluvial packages in the arroyo-wall stratigraphy, and suggest at least six arroyo cut-fill episodes over the last approximately 7000 years. From oldest to youngest, the six episodes of alluvial fill aggradation are: an older fill from Hereford (2002), Qf1, Qf2, Qf3, Qf4, and Qf5. Although not discussed here, these chronostratigraphic results were used by Huff (2013) to test hypotheses related to climatic forcing of arroyo dynamics by comparing the chronology from KCW to regional alluvial chronologies and paleoclimate records.

INTRODUCTION has experienced multiple periods of prehistoric arroyo entrenchment and channel aggradation. The purpose of this Arroyos are an end-member geomorphic state of semi- study is to construct a detailed chronostratigraphy of KCW arid catchments with high sediment yields and are char- by expanding and updating the alluvial chronologies de- acterized by steep-walled channels entrenched into fine- veloped by Hereford (2002) and Harvey and others (2011). grained valley-fill alluvium (e.g. Bryan, 1925; Bull, 1997). This is achieved by combining detailed sedimentologic de- Historic observations suggest initiation of arroyo cutting scriptions and stratigraphic relationships at 11 study sites, from approximately A.D. 1880–1920 was accomplished by where buttress unconformities separate alluvial fills, with frequent, large-magnitude flood events (e.g. Bryan, 1925; age control derived from accelerator mass spectrometry Hack, 1942; Webb and others, 1991; Hereford, 2002). Ear- (AMS) radiocarbon dating of charcoal and optically stimu- ly hypotheses for the cause of this historic arroyo cutting lated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz sand. include land mismanagement and overgrazing following pioneer settlement (Bailey, 1935; Thornthwaite and others, Background 1942; Antevs, 1952; Patton and Boison, 1986). However, evidence for prehistoric cut-fill events exposed in arroyo KCW is a tributary of the Paria River located in Kane walls suggests non-human related causes. Current hypoth- County, Utah, approximately 45 kilometers east of the town eses for prehistoric arroyo-cutting have been centered on of Kanab. It is the main trunk stream of a drainage that as- autogenic geomorphic adjustments (Schumm and Hadley, sumes several names from its headwaters to its confluence 1957; Patton and Schumm, 1981; Patton and Boison, 1986; with the Paria River (e.g. Park Wash, Deer Springs Wash, Tucker and others, 2006) and climate change to wetter or Kitchen Corral Wash, Kaibab Gulch, and Buckskin Gulch). drier conditions (Antevs, 1952; Karlstrom, 1988; Hereford, However, for the purpose of this study the name KCW will 2002; Mann and Meltzer, 2007). be used for the Park Wash (PW) and Deer Spring Wash This study examines the Holocene alluvial stratig- (DSW) reaches from the base of the White Cliffs and the raphy of Kitchen Corral Wash (KCW), a tributary of the main KCW alluvial valley that extends from the base of Paria River in southern Utah. Currently, KCW is in an the Vermillion Cliffs to the intersection with Kaibab Gulch incised state, and stratigraphic evidence indicates that it at U.S. Highway no. 89 (figure 1). From its headwaters in

1Utah State University Department of Geology, Logan, UT; [email protected] Huff, W.M., and Rittenour, T.R., 2014, Holocene alluvial stratigraphy of Kitchen Cor- 2USU Luminescence Laboratory, Logan, UT; [email protected] ral Wash, southern Utah, in MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., editors, Geology of Utah’s Far South: Utah Geological Association Publication 43, p. 77–96. 78 HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. mudstones, and coal interbeds (Doelling and others, 2000). slope-forming sandstones, cliff-forming of made is which Wahweap Formation overlies the Straight Cliffs Formation, the of sandstone to mudstone interbedded The sandstone. subarkose of composed is and Formation Claron the neath be unconformably lies Formation Cliffs.Kaiparowits The Gray upper the to change Cliffs Pink lower the as ments sedi Formation Cliffs Straight and Formation, Wahweap Formation, Kaiparowits Cretaceous through incising tinue ince of the Colorado Plateau. From here the drainages con uppermost unit of the Grand Staircase physiographic prov the as exposed are Cliffsthat Pink the forms Formation on Clar 2).The (figure Plateau Paunsaugunt the of mudstone and siltstones, sandstones, Formation Claron Eocene) dle (combining PW, DSW, andKCW)isabout28kilometers. area study the of reach-length total The fill. valley alluvial trenched approximately 2–12 meters within its fine-grained en is that arroyo continuous a occupies and south to north approximately flows KCW level. sea above meters 1800 below just to meters 2500 about from elevation in ranges and kilometers square 511 is KCW of area drainage total the Gulch, Kaibab of head the to Plateau Paunsaugunt the Figure 1. C has n etay upr aecn t mid to Paleocene (upper Tertiary in heads KCW Pink Clis LocationmapofKCWandsurroundingdrainagesinsouthernUtah. 0 Gray Clis 2 . Paunsaugunt Plateau 5 White Clis White 5 7

Vermillion Clis

. 5 Deer Springs Wash Springs Deer 1 A 0 K i l om C et

s Wash Park KCW G B Park Wash KCW1 D F VCKCW H I KCW2 K J Kaibab GulchatHighway-89 37°30'0"N 37°0'0"N ------112°30'0"W 112°30'0"W Kanab Creek fied by steep, arroyo walls ranging from 12 to <5 meters in stones andsandstones oftheKaibabFormation. lime Permian within entrenched becomes and narrows it Moenkopi Formation, KCW is renamed Buckskin Gulch as disconformity-bounded the exiting after Finally,Member. Forest Petrified the of wood fossilized contains also and conglomerates and sandstone, mudstones, interbedded of composed primarily is Formation Chinle The Formations. Moenkopi and TriassicChinle crosses then and Cliffs lion Vermilthe of base the at Formation Moenave the through PW and DSW form the main channel of KCW, which exits Vermillion of upper confluence the Cliffs.The and mation For Kayenta Jurassic through incise and DSW and PW into converge headwaters drainage the Cliffs, White the Exiting 2000). others, and (Doelling sand medium-grained and fine- tan-colored to white of composed primarily are and crossbedding eolian high-angle by characterized are Sandstone Navajo Jurassic the of Cliffs White the units, sedimentary two these Below sediments. Formation mel Car and Sandstone Entrada Jurassic Middle and Late into transitioning until Cliffs Gray the of base the at sandstone The drainages continue through resistant Dakota Formation 0 5 L E The modern channel of KCW in the study area is typi e leva

1 Johnson Wash UT g 0 e n L H KCW t i o UGA Publication 43(2014) d i o 2 g w 0 K n (m) h i

o : Highway-89 :

1 2 e 6 te 8 1 r s 6 1 9 112°0'0"W

East Kaibab Monocline 112°0'0"W Paria River Paria Locations Study Site study sites Hereford (2002) KCW studyarea

Upper Escalante River —Geology of Utah'sFar South ¹ 111°30'0"W Lake Powell 111°30'0"W 37°0'0"N 37°30'0"N - - - - - B 2500 A Tc (Claron Fm) ~10 m

Kk, Kw (Kaiparowits Fm, Wawheap Fm) 2400 Knickpoint 1 in Park Wash

2300

Ks Pink Clis (Straight 2200 Clis Fm) 6 m ~7 m

Gray Clis HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – )

m 2100 Knickpoint 2 in Park Wash Knickpoint 3 in KCW ( Kt (Tropic Shale) o n ti a v e

l (A-A’) Headwaters of Park Wash

E 2000 (Dakota and Cedar to Intersection at Kaibab Gulch Kd Mountain Fm) (B-B’) Headwaters of Deer Springs Wash Je (Entrada Ss) to conuence with main KCW channel 1900 White Clis Jc (Carmel-Pages Fm) Knickpoint 1 Knickpoint 2 Vermillion Clis

1800 Study Area Knickpoint 3 KCW-B KCW-D KCW-A KCW-F Jn (Navajo Ss) KCW-G 1700 KCW-C KCW-H KCW-E KCW-I B’ KCW-J (Moenave Fm) TR (Chinle Fm) KCW-K Jk (Kayenta Fm) c Jmo TRm (Moenkopi Fm) A’ 1600 P (Kaibab Fm) 0 10 20 30 40 50 ~50x V.E. Distance (km)

Figure 2. Longitudinal profile of KCW from the headwaters of Park Wash to the intersection of Kaibab Gulch (A-A') and from the headwaters of Deer Springs Wash to the confluence with the main KCW trunk stream (B-B'). Three bedrock knickpoints in Park Wash and KCW range from 6–10 meters in height. height, which were produced by the most recent arroyo cut- crosses KCW near the channel head of DSW. The East Kai- ting event between A.D. 1880 and 1920 (Hereford, 2002). bab monocline, expressed as the Cockscomb near KCW, The active channel is 20–100 meters wide and is inset into is a prominent, northeast-trending feature that is locally Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. Holocene alluvium that lies within a broad (>1 kilometers faulted. Neither of these features crosses the project study wide) Quaternary alluvial valley bounded by Pleistocene- area, and no Quaternary activity has been reported along aged terraces that are mantled with cobble- to gravel-sized the several small-scale faults that exist within the catch- alluvium. Although mainly an alluvial channel, in places ment of the KCW. KCW narrows to several meters and is surrounded by bed- Semi-arid conditions and ongoing arroyo cut-fill ac- rock outcrops where it transitions from weak lithologic for- tivity in KCW have limited the effect of soil-formation mations (e.g. Chinle Formation) to a more resistant lithol- processes within alluvial deposits resulting in widespread ogy (e.g. Moenkopi Formation) and exposes >6-meter-tall but discernible entisols. Within the KCW study area, these knickpoints in PW and at the confluence of PW and DSW soils may occur on top of the youngest alluvial terraces or (figure 2). as buried soils inset between alluvial deposits. These in- Structural features within and surrounding the KCW cipient soils formed in valley-fill alluvium and can be used catchment include folds initiated from the Sevier orogeny, as stratigraphic markers of a hiatus in sedimentation. early-Tertiary faults formed during the Laramide Orogeny, and faulting formed during Basin and Range extension METHODS starting around 15 Ma (Doelling and others, 2000). The most significant features include the Paunsaugunt Fault Stratigraphy and Sedimentologic Descriptions and East Kaibab monocline. The Paunsaugunt Fault is a high-angle normal fault that extends from northern Ari- This study explores the stratigraphic cut-fill rela- zona through central Utah (Doelling and others, 2000) and tionships, sedimentology, and ages of alluvial packages

MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., editors 79 80 HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. tions ofallstudysites. descrip detailed for (2013) Huff See (2011). others and Harvey following identified then were associations facies and 1) (table facies depositional Key contact. basal the of bioturbation or evidence of soil development, and character sorting, and grading structures, sedimentary and size grain piled by noting bed thickness and geometry, Munsell color, com were outcrop each from fills alluvial of descriptions Sedimentologic units. stratigraphic conformity-bounded five studysites(KCW-E, -G,-H,-I,and-J). of descriptions stratigraphic and sedimentologic detailed presents paper KCW-K)KCW-J,This 2013). (Huff,and I, exposures in the main-stem KCW stream (KCW-H, KCW- in PW (KCW-B, KCW-D, KCW-F, and KCW-G), and four exposures KCW-E),four (KCW-A,KCW-C,and DSW in ure 1), which included three arroyo-wall outcrop exposures nel-migration. A total of 11 study sites were identified (fig chan recording only deposits with exposure an selecting of wall. odds the reduce paleoarroyo to order in the chosen were criteria of These base the at stratigraphy the in preserved deposit wedge colluvial a had and stratigraphy, the within unconformity buttress near-vertical one least at displayed height, in meters >5 typically was description detailed and sampling for chosen outcrop Each chitecture. identify outcrops with the best expressed arroyo cut-fill ar to order in 2012 and 2011 A.D. in traversed were DSW, and PW including and 89 no. Highway U.S. of tersection in the at starting channel, alluvial KCW the of kilometers 28 Approximately KCW. in walls arroyo along exposed The arroyo wall stratigraphy was separated into un into separated was stratigraphy wall arroyo The Table 1. in Miall (2000). OSL and radiocarbon samples were primarily targeted within the lithofacies highlighted in gray. in highlighted lithofacies (2000).the Miall in within targeted OSL primarily and were radiocarbon samples a List of the most common sedimentary facies evident within the KCW study area. Facies codes closely follow those described those follow KCWthe area. study codes closely Facies within evident facies most List the of common sedimentary Facies Facies Code Fsmv Sm Gh Sh Gt Fl Sr St Sl P Keydepositionalfaciesdescribedintext. a Horizontally bedded or massive bedded Horizontally Interbedded massive and thin massive Interbedded or laminated , thinnly Isolated Horizontally/Planar bedded Horizontally/Planar Incipient soil, bioturbation soil, Incipient Sedimentary Structures Low-angle crossbeds Low-angle Trough crossbeds Ripple crossbeds Ripple dessicated beds dessicated Crossbedded laminations Massive Clay, silt, very fine sand often containing containing sand often fine very silt, Clay, Sand, very fine to coarse with variable to coarsevariable with fine Sand, very to coarsevariable with fine Sand, very to coarsevariable with fine Sand, very to coarsevariable with fine Sand, very to coarsevariable with fine Sand, very Clast or matrix supported gravels and Clast or gravels supported matrix and Clast or gravels supported matrix Variegated clay, silt, very fine sand fine very clay, silt, Variegated amounts of gravels and amounts pebbles gravels of and amounts pebbles gravels of and amounts pebbles gravels of and amounts pebbles gravels of and amounts pebbles gravels of roots and burrows Sedimentology ------Clay, Silt Clay, pebbles pebbles coal or thin lenses of charcoal separating alluvial deposits. alluvial separating charcoal of lenses thin or coal material typically consisted of large concentrations of char targeted redeposition, charcoal from inaccuracies age tial poten to Due sampling. opportunistic of instead selective within each of the aggradational fill packages, allowing for abundance its of because sampling for targeted was coal others and Harvey (2011), and three were by collected by Hereford (2002). Char collected were study this in used KCW.from collected samples Tworadiocarbon additional AMS RadiocarbonDating alluvial fills. unconformity-bounded of top and base the near from collected were samples general, In results. aberrant for comparing the ages of alluvial deposits and reconciling means a provided also but field, the in opportunities pling ing techniques in tandem not only allowed for greater sam dat these Using dating. OSL and radiocarbon using AMS material. redeposited collecting of odds the reduce to order in coal ed, attention was paid to the size and angularity of the char target was layer charcoal-rich a Once evident. were tures struc sedimentary if collected only and deposits massive in present if avoided was charcoal detrital However, able. avail were debris woody or charcoal of sources other no were targeted where sediment fragments for OSL dating charcoal was poor and (detrital) isolated instances, few a In hrysvn ape fr aicro dtn were dating radiocarbon for samples Thirty-seven obtained was deposits alluvial KCW for control Age UGA Publication 43(2014) Lower-Upper Lower-Upper Flow Flow Regime Upper Upper Upper Lower Upper Lower Lower Geochronology Scour-fill, transverse or transverse Scour-fill, Backswamp, marsh, or Soil formation along aalong formation Soil overbank flood, levee levee flood, overbank Supercritical climbing climbing Supercritical Overbank or Overbank waning flood, channel Inner Bedform migration Bedform linguoid bedforms linguoid Plane bed flow flow bed Plane cienga deposit cienga Interpretation stable surface stable flood deposit flood Channel Fills Channel Depositional Lag deposits —Geology of Utah'sFar South deposit ripples

------Sixteen of the 37 samples collected were sent to the lines described in Huff (2013) and Summa-Nelson and UC Irvine Keck AMS Laboratory for analysis, and an ad- Rittenour (2012). Special attention was paid to the sedi- ditional 17 samples were pretreated by the lead author at mentology and stratigraphy of alluvial fills targeted for the University of Arizona NSF-AMS Laboratory in Tuc- sample collection. First, sampling preference was given to son and later analyzed by the AMS lab staff. One of the thin (<0.4 meters) ripple-cross laminated sand beds, which 37 radiocarbon samples was not analyzed because it did were indicated by Summa-Nelson and Rittenour (2012) to not survive pretreatment chemistry and three other samples have more likely been exposed to adequate sunlight. Beds were deemed unnecessary for analysis. Sample ages were displaying sedimentary structures indicative of rapid depo- converted from radiocarbon years to calendar years B.P.2010 sition and/or high sediment concentrations were avoided using Calib 6.0 and the IntCal09 dataset (Reimer and oth- because they were likely exposed to limited sunlight prior ers, 2009). Results are reported in B.P.2010 as a weighted to burial. Additionally, bioturbated beds and soils were mean of the calibrated ages (Telford and others, 2004) with avoided because of the possibility of sediment mixing. an asymmetric 2-sigma error (table 2). Reporting as cal kyr Twenty-nine OSL samples (two from Harvey and oth-

B.P.2010 allows for a direct comparison to OSL ages. ers, 2011) were collected from the 11 study sites in KCW HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – and processed at the USU Luminescence Lab (table 3). Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dating Samples were wet-sieved to specific grains size fractions OSL dating provides an age-estimate of the last time (150–250 microns or 180–250 microns) and pretreated with sediment was exposed to light prior to burial (Huntley and 10% hydrochloric acid to dissolve carbonates and chlorine others, 1985). During transport, quartz or feldspar grains are bleach to remove organics. Heavy minerals were separated exposed to sunlight (or heat) and their luminescence signal using sodium polytungstate (2.7 g/cm³), and then targeted is reset (bleached) when electron charges stored in mineral sediments were treated with concentrated hydroflouric acid defects are released (Aitken, 1998). Following deposition, for 90 minutes to remove feldspars and etch quartz grains defects in the crystal lattice begin to accumulate electrons and re-sieved at 75 microns to remove partially dissolved produced by ionizing radiation from surrounding sediments grains. and from cosmic rays, which cause the luminescence signal to grow over time. In this study, the dose-rate surrounding DATA PRESENTATION each sample was calculated using ICP-MS analysis of K, U, Th, and Rb content and conversion factors of Guerin Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of KCW and others (2011). Single-grains of quartz sand were analyzed using the single-aliquot regenerative technique of The alluvial stratigraphy of KCW is characterized by Murray and Wintle (2000) and equivalent dose (De) values very fine- to coarse-grained sand deposited as either broad- were calculated using the minimum-age-model (MAM) of ly tabular or lenticular beds. Colors are primarily 10YR Galbraith and others (1999). (yellowish-brown), 2.5YR (red), and 5R (reddish-brown). OSL dating was used in concert with AMS radiocar- These distinct colors are a result of sediment being derived bon dating in this study because samples can be collected from upstream sources, as opposed to more local bedrock from any sandy deposit not otherwise containing charcoal surrounding the study reaches, and allowed individual beds Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. or organic materials. However, as with radiocarbon dating, and units to be more easily distinguished. The yellowish- OSL dating has its own set of problems that can lead to erro- brown sand units are fine- to medium-grained, well-sort- neous ages. In fluvial environments, such as KCW, the most ed, sub- to well-rounded, and composed of frosted quartz challenging problem to overcome is incomplete resetting of grains predominately derived from the eolian Jurassic the luminescence signal, commonly referred to as partial Navajo Formation upstream of the field area (figure 2). The bleaching (see reviews by Wallinga, 2002; Rittenour, 2008). red to reddish-brown sand units are poorly to moderately Partial bleaching may occur for a number of reasons in dry- sorted and composed of very fine- to medium-grained, sub- land fluvial systems due to flashy flow and high-magnitude angular to sub-rounded sands with variable amounts of discharge events, limited transparency of the water column, clay and silt. These are predominately derived from mud- and/or rapid deposition. In fact, a previous study from KCW dier bedrock lithologies proximal to the study area includ- (Harvey and others, 2011) and studies in nearby drainages ing the Jurrasic Kayenta and Moenave Formations and the (Hayden, 2011; Summa-Nelson and Rittenour, 2012) have Triassic Chinle and Moenkopi Formations. In agreement identified partial bleaching as a significant problem. Partial with Harvey (2009), the yellowish-brown beds are consid- bleaching can lead to significant overdispersion and high ered mainstem sediments because of their upstream Navajo positive skew of De values and might contribute to signifi- Formation source whereas the red and reddish-brown sand cant age overestimations (e.g. Wallinga and others, 2001; were likely sourced from smaller tributaries of the main- Murray and Olley, 2002; Rittenour, 2008). stem. To reduce the possibility of sampling partially bleach- Arroyo wall exposures vary in height. Those located ed sediments, OSL sample collection was based on guide- directly downstream of a knickpoint are the tallest (about

MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., editors 81 82 HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. Table 2. Summaryofradiocarboninformationandages. UGA Publication 43(2014) —Geology of Utah'sFar South

8–12 meters), and sites located directly upstream of a settings. Incipient soils have been grouped separately and knickpoint and in the downstream reach of KCW are the are commonly distinguishable as highly bioturbated or bur- shortest (about 2–5 meters). The tallest arroyo-wall expo- ied entisols or inceptisols. The protofacies of an incipient sures were the most helpful in reconstructing the arroyo soil may be one of any previously mentioned facies textures cut-fill stratigraphy of KCW and identifying the sedimen- (e.g. Sl, St, Sm, Fsmv). tary facies in alluvial fills. The least common facies assemblage includes matrix- A total of ten sedimentary facies were identified in or clast-supported pebble-gravels that are commonly im- KCW and are primarily defined by their grain size and sed- bricated and horizontally bedded (Gh) or crossbedded (Gt). imentary structures. Three depositional facies associations, These facies are most commonly seen in basal deposits that similar to those described by Harvey and others (2011), generally occur as lenticular beds extending only a few me- have been identified and include channel-bottom, channel- ters. They are commonly seen within or underlying other margin, and valley-surface. Additionally, two new subsets lenticular deposits of Sh, St, Sl, Sr, or Sm sand. were identified and include channel-margin slackwater and

valley-surface colluvial wedge facies associations. See Facies Associations HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Huff (2013) for more detail. The channel-bottom facies association is character- Depositional Facies ized by basal stratum and includes thalweg or other axial channel deposits. These deposits are relatively coarse Detailed stratigraphic and sedimentologic descrip- and include horizontally bedded or crossbedded, matrix tions were made at each arroyo wall exposure prior to sam- or clast-supported pebble-gravel and medium- to coarse- pling for radiocarbon and OSL dating. These descriptions grained sand. They usually have a lenticular geometry, and were used to extract and compile a list of the most frequent- because they are deposited during high-energy scour-fill ly observed depositional facies comprising KCW alluvial events in the active channel they may be imbricated. fills. Ten depositional facies (table 1) have been identified As with Harvey and others (2011), the channel-mar- and have been given a facies code primarily based upon gin facies association is the most abundant in the arroyo grain size and sedimentary textures or structures closely wall stratigraphy and is primarily composed of tabular to following those described in Miall (2000). broadly lenticular, laterally extensive, very fine- to coarse- The most common facies assemblage in KCW con- grained sand that is deposited adjacent to the main channel sists of trough crossbedded (St), ripple crossbedded (Sr), thalweg or as unconfined sheet-flows filling paleoarroyo low-angle (<15º) crossbedded (Sl), and horizontally bed- channels and adjacent flood plains. Upper flow regime sed- ded (Sh) very fine- to medium-grained sand. Deposits with iments may be deposited as St, Sr, or Sm deposits, whereas these characteristics are generally about 20–50 centimeters low flow regime sediments may be Sl or Sh. Massive sand thick, display tabular or broadly lenticular geometries, and deposits are generally very fine- to medium-grained sands, are representative of medium- to low-energy depositional but may also contain variable amounts of clay, silt, or even environments (table 1). coarse-grained sands depending on the source of the allu- The second most common facies assemblage through- vium. In addition, thick sand deposits may be capped with out KCW alluvial fills is represented by very fine- to coarse- thinly bedded silty sand that was deposited during a wan- Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. grained structureless sands, which often have variable ing flow. Because these channel-margin deposits are usu- amounts of clays and silts. These sand units range from a ally associated with vertical accretion, they tend to display few centimeters to tens of centimeters thick that are broadly broadly tabular bedding geometries with thicknesses that tabular and fall into three sedimentary facies classifica- most often range from thin (<20 centimeters) to sub-meter tions: massive sands (Sm), thinly laminated or desiccated scale. clays and silty-sands (Fl), variegated clay, silt, and very-fine Within the channel-margin but distal to axial channel sand interbeds (Fsmv). Massive sand deposits are typified flows and sediment sources, deposits may be composed by moderately to well-sorted, fine- to coarse-grained sand of thin, very fine-grained laminated sands and Fsmv beds likely deposited during high energy and high sediment yield or as very fine to fine-grained Sm beds. These beds are events (upper flow regimes). Individual beds of thinly lami- interpreted to have been deposited in quiet water settings nated (<10 centimeters) or dessicated clays and silty-sands and are generally identifiable as channel-margin slack- are often interbedded with very fine- to coarse-sand facies water deposits. These slackwater deposits are a subdivi- (Sh, St, Sr, Sl) and are deposited as a high flow event begins sion of the original channel-margin facies association of to wane within the channel. Thinly bedded (<5 centimeters), Harvey and others (2011) and display a broadly tabular commonly variegated, clayey-silt to very fine-grained and geometry that may be continuous for tens of meters. As laminated sand deposits are typically over 30 centimeters channel-margin slackwater deposits are not part of the ac- thick and are one of the most recognizable facies through- tive channel, they are often subject to bioturbation or soil out KCW. Fsmv facies deposits are often laterally traceable formation and may sometimes appear as structureless Sm for tens of meters and were likely deposited in slackwater deposits or contain incipient soils that include roots and

MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., editors 83 84 HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. of buried soils, and secondarily based on stratigraphically on based secondarily and soils, buried of presence the and relationships crosscutting on based rily Holocene in age, ranging from approximately 7.3 to 0.2 ka. late to middle are fills alluvial unconformity-bound KCW that suggest ages OSL and radiocarbon general, In 2013). (Huff, values De calculate to (1999) others and Galbraith of analysis statistical MAM and dating single-grain using necessitated which bleaching, partial of evidence showed sample OSL every Additionally,2013). (Huff, Creta coal of ceous analysis the or redeposition charcoal of dence evi revealed ages radiocarbon eight However, 2). (table ages consistent stratigraphically returned samples carbon radio the of all Nearly study. this alluvial for chronostratigraphy an build to used were ages OSL 10 and [2002]) Hereford from three and [2011] others and Harvey from migration. channel contemporaneous during formed those from ment entrench helps arroyo to due This developed unconformities discern period. significant a for stable was arroyo face the wall that indication good a is arroyo an of toe the at deposits colluvial valley-surface these of presence The exposures. arroyo-wall of slopes and base the at deposits failure mass modern to similar are deposits These cision. in following deposited and alluvium older from derived commonly identified as colluvial wedges that are generally are deposits These sediment. older cohesive of blocks and clasts rip-up cobble-sized to gravel- contain and structures very fine- to coarse-grained sands that have no sedimentary and silts, clays, of composed primarily are deposits These walls. paleoarroyo separating unconformities buttress of base the at deposited or covering deposits colluvial face valley-sur identify to subdivided been has (2011) others and typicallycapolderincipientsoils. fine-grained primarily are sediments eolian while surface, valley the at deposition scour-fill from resulting beds Sm as characterized generally are sediments Hillslope sands. and silts, clays, of amount variable of composed are bioturbation and considerable to due structures sedimentary of devoid are soils Incipient period. extended an for stable was floodplain valley the where com soils incipient more as monly, or, channel-margin the of outside deposited fluvial deposits that are either hillslope or eolian sediments cutting. arroyo historic to prior stream regional many in observed environments cienega the to similar be may deposits these of forms organic-rich Identification of alluvial fill packages wasprima fill packages alluvial of Identification compiled two (plus radiocarbon AMS 32 of total A and Harvey of association facies valley-surface The The valley-surface facies association consists of non- Chronostratigraphic Observations and Interpretations Geochronology ------Gulch (figure 1). This north-facing site is 6.9 meters tall, meters 6.9 is site north-facing This 1). (figure Gulch Kaibab and 89 no. Highway U.S. of upstream kilometers 9.5 approximately bend meander a along area study KCW KCW-E Observations can befoundinHuff (2013). sites study all of Descriptions KCW. in sites study select from ages deposit and observations sedimentologic and ic entrenchment. The following sections describe stratigraph grading prior to the approximately A.D. 1880–1920 arroyo B.P. kyr 7.30 to prior aggrade to began the package fill oldest (2002), Hereford from age radiocarbon recalibrated a on Based (2011). others and Harvey by identified ages pack aggradational four the and (2002) Hereford by tified more than the three aggradational packages originally iden (2002) have been identified in the KCW study area. This is Hereford by described and dated unit older one and study this from packages fill aggradational Holocene-aged Five results. OSL and radiocarbon AMS from ages consistent KCW-E Interpretations not analyzed. was fill channel younger the of middle the from collected B.P.kyr cal 0.14 ± 0.2 of age an returned deposit channel-margin permost B.P. an age produced grade of channel modern 0.87 the above meters 1.5 about collected (14C-12) sample bon tains broadly tabular interbeds of Sl, St, and Fl. A radiocar the of deposit younger fill. This deposit uppermost is about 2.5 meters thick the and con by overlain is and deposit Fsmv this of top the across extends surface erosional An 3). (figure formation soil of evidence showing deposit er slackwat- sub-meter-thick a with capped are These posit. de the of top the near tabular broadly to transitioning and lenticular basally thick, centimeters 10–30 are that beds Fl and St, Sr,Sl, by draped and on-lapped is wedge colluvial luvial wedge draped across the buttress unconformity. This of 1.14±0.19ka(figure3;table2). age an produced surface the below meters 1.1 about lected ± 0.02 cal kyr B.P. 1.38 of age an produced fill this of base the near collected (14C-11) sample soil. Aradiocarbon incipient an of dence evi shows also that bed Sm an 1-meter-thick approximately with capped is and formation soil of evidence shows and tabular, St, Sl, and Fl sands (figure 3). An upper St bed lenticular broadly colored, 10YR to 2.5YR of composed is and thick meters 4.5 least at is fill alluvial older The 3). (figure unconformity buttress a by separated are that ages pack fill alluvial two displays architecture cut-fill its and 2010 KCW-E is located in the DSW tributary of the main the of tributary DSW the in located is KCW-E Age control and stratigraphic evidence at study site study at evidence stratigraphic and control Age col a contains fill inset thick 6.9-meter younger The and another another and 2010 , whereas the youngest fill package stopped ag stopped package fill youngest the whereas , UGA Publication 43(2014) 2010 2010 (table 2). (table OSLAn (USU-1191)sample 14 and an OSL sample (USU-1192) col C sample from the base of the up the of base the from sample C —Geology of Utah'sFar South - 0.11 +0.10 - 0.20 +0.18 cal kyr kyr cal cal cal ------East KCW-E West A 14C-13 10 + 0.14 Qf5’ 0.20 - 0.14

USU-1191 6.9 m 4 Qf5 8 3 USU-1192 1.14 ± 0.19 14C-12 7 HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Qf4 0.87 + 0.10 2 - 0.11 6 5

14C-11 1 1.38 + 0..02 - 0.02

P Sl B St Fl Sl Fl Sl P Fsmv St St Sr St/Fl Sl 6.9 m Sm/P St/Fl St St St Fl Sr/Fl Fl Sl St Sl Fl Fl St Sm Sl St Fl St Sr Fl Covered Incipient Soil Sl St Radiocarbon (cal kyr BP2010) Colluvial OSL (cal ka) Sr Wegde CMs Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. CM VS VSc 1:1 Scale

Figure 3. Study site KCW-E showing a 6.9-meter-tall arroyo wall with two alluvial packages (Qf4, Qf5) separated by an erosional surface with: A. Radiocarbon and OSL age results, and B. Stratigraphic facies and depositional facies associations.

KCW-E suggest the presence of two alluvial fills and indi- KCW-G Observations cate that the channel incised to or below its current grade Study site KCW-G is located approximately 12 kil- prior to 1.38 ± 0.02 cal kyr B.P.2010 (figure 3). This was followed by aggradation until a brief hiatus in sedimentation ometers upstream of U.S. Highway no. 89 and Kaibab shortly after 1.14 ± 0.19 ka, as indicated by an OSL sample Gulch, and nearly 3 kilometers upstream of a 6-meter-tall age and buried soil. Deposition resumed at this location for bedrock knickpoint (knickpoint 3) (figure 1 and 2). This site some amount of time until aggradation was interrupted by is a 5-meter-high west-facing arroyo wall that shows evi- + 0.10 dence of four alluvial fill packages separated by soils and another episode of entrenchment prior to 0.87 - 0.11 cal kyr erosional unconformities (figure 4). The oldest fill is com- B.P.2010. Aggradation of the younger alluvial fill persisted until at least 5 meters of alluvium had been deposited, at posed of tabular St and Sl beds overlain by a 1-meter-thick which time slackwater sedimentation ensued at the chan- Sm deposit, and an approximately 65-centimeter-thick, red nel margin and soil formation followed prior to 0.2 ± 0.14 buried soil that is highly bioturbated and has no visible 14 cal kyr B.P.2010. This was followed by localized erosion and sedimentary structures (figure 4). A C sample (14C-21) channel-margin sheetflow deposition prior to historic chan- was collected near the base of this fill and returned an age nel cutting. of 3.73 ± 0.04 cal kyr B.P.2010 (table 2).

MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., editors 85 86 HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. surfaces with: Figure 4. radiocar 4). A (figure Fsmv of units interbedded two and Fsmv and St Sh, Sm, Sl, of beds alternating by onlapped is that wedge colluvial thin a of composed is and formity 2). (table unit this of base the from collected (1.18 14C-17 samples Radiocarbon formation. soil of shows evidence also that deposit Fsmv 80-centimeter-thick an capped by is and interbeds Sl and St basal of composed fill 0.41 ka these beds against 3). is (table Onlapped a younger ± 2.35 of age an produced and fill intermediate this of 3) (unit bed Sl the from collected was (USU-1181) sample 4). OSL (figure An soil incipient de an of evidence with posit Sm and (Fsmv) sands and silts variegated overlying Nor 5 m 5 m 3.73 14C-21 S The youngest fill is inset against a buttress uncon abuttress against inset is fill youngest The and bed Sl tabular a is units fill oldest the Overlying - 0.13 + 0.14 B t Sl A th Study site KCW-G showing a 5-meter-tall arroyo wall with four alluvial packages (Qf1,Qf3, Qf4, Qf5) separated by two erosional - 0.04 + 0.04 cal kyr B.P. kyr cal P 1 2 3 4 A. Sm Radiocarbonand OSL ageresults,and Q f1 2010 ) and 14C-20 (not analyzed) were were analyzed) (not 14C-20 and ) Q f3 P Fsm Sm Sl v OSL (calk R adiocar S cale 1:1 I bon (calk ncipien a) t S yr BP oil USU-1181 2.35 ±0.41 USU-1181 2010 ) B. Stratigraphicfacies anddepositionalfacies associations. C K o - - - v C er ed W Fsm 13 - suggests a long period of surface stability nearly 3 meters 3 nearly stability surface of period long a suggests soil buried massive a of Evidence entrenchment. of riod B.P.kyr cal 0.04 ± 3.73 after sometime beginning fill oldest the of aggradation with fills alluvial KCW-G Interpretations 4). (figure deposit valley-surface overlying an with contact upper erosional an across formation soil of centimeters 20 about indicates fill youngest the in bed slackwater uppermost The analyzed. not was but OSL package an and 2), (table this of middle the from fill collected was (USU-1186) sample this of base the from lected (0.68 14C-18 sample bon S G t 6 v Q 1.18 14C-17 The stratigraphy at site KCW-G, suggests at least 4 least at suggests KCW-G, site at stratigraphy The f4 Fsm P v - 0.13 + 0.14 UGA Publication 43(2014) S 5 t 14C-20 S t 7 Sl C W olluvial egde CM F l 14C-19 - 0.06 +0.05 CMs 10 11 12 S Sh S 8 9 S t t S t t a kr B.P. kyr cal Sm Sh Fsm —Geology of Utah'sFar South VS v Sm 0.68 14C-18 Q USU-1186 USU-1186 Sh VS f5 2010 Q c f5’ - 0.06 + 0.05 following a pe a following Sl F 2010 l C ws col was ) o v er S ed outh - - above the modern channel bottom that was eventually fol- KCW-H Observations lowed by an episode of aggradation that capped these older deposits by 2.35 ± 0.41 ka (figure 4). Aggradation of this The KCW-H study site is located approximately 7.5 intermediate fill was interrupted by a hiatus in sedimenta- kilometers upstream of Kaibab Gulch and U.S. Highway + 0.14 no. 89 and less than 1 kilometer downstream from knick- tion and subsequent channel incision prior to 1.18 - 0.13 cal point 3 in the main trunk channel of KCW (figures 1 and 2). kyr B.P.2010. Aggradation of this younger fill continued with channel-margin and slackwater deposition until sometime It is a mostly north-facing, 10.7-meter-tall arroyo wall that + 0.05 wraps around a meander bend whose sediments have been prior 0.68 - 0.06 cal kyr B.P.2010 when aggradation ceased and the stream entrenched to its modern grade, producing partially deposited along outcropping bedrock of Triassic a buttress unconformity (figure 4). Ensuing aggradation of Chinle Formation (figure 5). The arroyo-wall stratigraphy the youngest fill continually shifted from channel-margin at KCW-H shows evidence of at least three alluvial fills to slackwater deposition until a final hiatus in sedimenta- that are separated by erosional unconformities. An addition at 4.9 meters above the modern channel. This was fol- tional 4-meter-tall fill between the oldest and intermediate lowed by a period of soil formation and sheetflood deposi- appears to be a separate alluvial fill. However, it contains HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – tion prior to historic arroyo cutting. discontinuous, lenticular beds and is considered to be part

East KCW-H West

A USU-1104

10.7 m 16 13 4 14C-23

12 Qf4 Qf5 7 3 USU-1103 11 Qf1 1 14C-25 1.23 ± 0.16 6 2 15 2.28 + 0.12 10 14C-22 - 0.21 14C-24 USU-1102 + 0.06 + 0.04 3.82 - 0.07 8 1.08 - 0.05 5 1 14C-27 14 9 0.83 + 0.13 USU-1101 - 0.09 14C-26 + 0.07 3.76 ± 0.61 4.14 - 0.09 Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R.

P 10.7 m St, Sl, Fl Covered P Sm Sm

Fsmv Sm Fl St Sm Sm St Fl Fl Fl Sl Sl Sh St Sm Sh Sl Sm Sl Sm Sh, Sl, Gt Sh Sl Fl St, Sr St St Gt Sm Colluvial Sh Incipient Soil Gt Wedge Sl Sl Gt St St Sl Radiocarbon (cal kyr BP2010) Gt Gh Colluvial Sl OSL (cal ka) Gt Wedge Fl/St Sr Covered Gh

Scale =1:1 CB CM CMs VS VSc

Figure 5. Study site KCW-H showing a 10.7-meter-tall arroyo will with three alluvial packages (Qf1, Qf4, Qf5) separated by erosional surfaces with: A. Radiocarbon and OSL age results, and B. Stratigraphic facies and depositional facies associations.

MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., editors 87 88 HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. - 0.09 +0.07 B.P. to1.08 prior aggrading began fill in termediate The fill. alluvial older the of surface stable the along occur to pedogenesis allowed and event incision another B.P. kyr cal by aggradation in the channel until oc- sometime after 3.82 grade 4.14 to channel prior modern curred the below or at trenchment En 5). (figure packages fill alluvial three exposes outcrop KCW-H Interpretations low thevalleysurfacebutwasnotanalyzed. be meter 2). 1 OSL(USU-1104)collected An sample was 0.83 of age an yielded wedge colluvial the of outside collected (14C-27) 2.28 of age an ed (14C-25) was collected from the colluvial wedge and yield sample radiocarbon AFl. and Sr, and St, Sl, Sh, Gt, beds lenticular broadly containing deposits channel of sequence a by onlapped is that fill youngest the within wedge luvial overestimation. from ages the same fill, it appears that USU-1103 is producing an age radiocarbon the to Compared ka. 0.16 ± 1.23 of age an produced and grade channel modern the above meters 4 approximately collected (USU-1103)was sample OSL An 5). (figure sand bioturbated massive and deposit slackwater a by overlain are that interbeds Sl and Sh, Sm, St, channel-margin of package 5-meter-thick erosional a is the surface of Downstream collected. were analyzed) (1.08 14C-24 sample radiocarbon which of interbeds, Sm and Sl by St and Sl beds and overlying 10- to 20-centimeter-thick, of the erosional contact contain lenticular Gh beds overlain upstream deposits channel-bottom Basal 5). (figure raphy age contains an erosional contact within the general stratig in theoldestfillatKCW-G. observed that to similar be to appears soil This formation. soil of evidence clear shows and bioturbated highly now is that deposit sand massive meters) (2.2 thick a of posed com is package alluvial oldest this of portion uppermost 3.82 of age an yielded and sample OSLthis above meters 2 about collected was (14C-22) ple sam radiocarbon 3). Another (table ka 0.61 ± 3.76 of age an produced and this above meter 1 extracted was 1101) from the base of this alluvial fill and yielded an age of 4.14 wascollected (14C-26) sample A radiocarbon 5). (figure beds Sm and Sh, Sl, alternating tabular several of consists a range of sediment sources (figure 5). suggesting The oldest alluvial fill sediments, hued 2.5YR and 7.5YR, 10YR, of composed are that beds 50-centimeter-thick to 10- tains con predominantly outcrop This fill. intermediate the of 2010 a kr B.P. kyr cal tairpi eiec ad g cnrl ugs this suggest control age and evidence Stratigraphic Buttressed against this intermediate fill is a small col pack fill oldest the against inset fill intermediate An - 0.05 +0.04 and filled to a level similar in height as the older fill. cal kyr B.P.kyr cal 2010 pue n eietto ws asd by caused was sedimentation in pause A . - 0.09 +0.13 2010 tbe ) ad n S sml (USU- sample OSL an and 2), (table - 0.16 +0.18 cal kyr B.P.kyr cal

- 0.09 +0.07 2010 cal kyr B.P.kyr cal ) and OSLand USU-1102) sample (not cal kyr B.P.kyr cal 2010 - 0.06 +0.07 (figure 5; tables 1 and 1 tables 5; (figure 2010 2010 , while a while , cal kyr B.P. and was followed was and

- 0.05 +0.04 14 C sample C 2010 cal kyr cal . The

- 0.06 +0.07 ------younger alluvial fill is about 7 meters thick and iscom thick 7meters about is fill alluvial younger kyr B.P. 2.3 and ka 0.30 ± 2.28 of ages returned (2011)and others and Harvey by deposit this from collected viously pre were samples (14C-39) radiocarbon and (USU-531) a by capped thick Fsmv bed are that shows signs of soil formation. that An OSL Sl and St, Sm, of interbeds tabular of composed is fill oldest The sediments. hued 2.5YR 10YR and contain mostly and thick 50-centimeters to 10- ly general are outcrop this in Beds 6). (figure conformities un buttress three by separated packages fill alluvial four shows stratigraphy wall Arroyo 6). and 2 (figures 89 no. Highway U.S. and Gulch kil Kaibab 5.5 from over upstream ometers just located is and west the arroyo faces that 10-meters-tall wall a nearly a contains (2011), others KCW-I Observations 10.7 metersofaggradationpriortohistoricarroyocutting. 0.83 to event lowered the channel to near its modern position prior arroyo-cutting an suggests unconformity buttress steep A KCW-I Interpretations under thenameKCW-A. (2011)others and Harvey in described KCW-Iare of tions 0.66 of others (2011) from the middle of this fill and yielded an age radiocarbon sample (14C-38) was collected by Harvey and 6). (figure A fill intermediate the of unconformity buttress Fl. These beds onlap a thick colluvial wedge that drapes the and Sh, Sl, of beds tabular and Gh of lenses of composed is and fills, alluvial other all overtops thick, meters 9 least 0.05 ± cal kyr B.P. 1.72 of age an yielded fill this of base the near sample radiocarbon Asoil. incipient 1-meter-thick approximately an is package fill this Capping 6). (figure beds Fsmv) (e.g. slackwater and Sm) Sr, Sl, Fl, Sl, (e.g. channel-margin lar fill package composed of basal Gh beds overlain with tabu but wasnotanalyzed. position higher slightly a from collected was (USU-1025) sample OSL Another underestimation. age and producing and radiocarbon ages at KCW-I, it appears that USU-530 is OSL other to comparison a and stratigraphy fill on Based de posit returned a single-grain age of channel-bottom 1.31 ± 0.17 ka (table inset 3). an from (2011) others and vey B.P. kyr cal >46 of age an returned and fill the of base the near wascollected (14C-29) sample A radiocarbon 6). (figure places in base erosional an has and formation soil in cipient of evidence shows bed Sm This bed. Sm red thick, a by capped and beds Sl and Sm St, Sh, tabular broadly by overlain are that beds St and Gh lenticular basal of posed 2010 Study site KCW-I, previously studied by Harvey and Harvey by studied KCW-I,previously site Study ae o srtgahc eainhp ad S and OSL and relationships stratigraphic on Based younger a is fill intermediate the against Buttressed and an OSL sample (USU-530) collected by Har by collected (USU-530) sample OSL an and - 0.09 +0.13 - 0.08 +0.06 2010 , respectively (figure 6; tables 1 and 2). The next UGA Publication 43(2014) a kr B.P. kyr cal a kr B.P. kyr cal 2010 (table 2). The youngest alluvial fill is at 2010 2010 n ws olwd y t least at by followed was and tbe ) diinl observa Additional 2). (table —Geology of Utah'sFar South

- 0.09 +0.06 cal cal ------results, and 6. Figure No r 9m 9m B A th CB Study site KCW-I showing a 9 m tall arroyo wall displaying four alluvial packages (Qf2, Qf3, Qf4, Qf5) separated by erosional surfaces with: surfaces erosional by separated Qf5) Qf4, Qf3, (Qf2, packages alluvial four displaying wall arroyo tall m KCW-I9 site a Study showing 0.66 14C-38 B. - 0.08 + 0.06 CM Stratigraphic facies and depositional associations. This site was previously visited by Harvey others (201 Gh/Sl/Sh/ F CMs C l W olluvial 15 edge VS Gh 1.72 14C-28 V S Sh/Sl 4 Gh c - 0.05 + 0.05 16 Sl/Sh 10 Gh HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – 5 Q f5 1.31 ± 0.17 USU-530 11 S Fs m Sm 12 t F l/Sl v Sr Sl Sl Sl 13 Gh Sm Sh 4 Sh/Sl Sl S >46 14C-29 t 6 Q f4 Sl P C o K v e r 9 C P ed Sm W Q -I f3 Sh Sl Sl/Sr 14 Sm 7 8 USU-1025 Sr Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. Sh/Sl/ S F l t Sm/P 1) and has been reinterpreted in this study. Sm C W olluvial A. edge R OSL (cal k adioca r Radiocarbon and OSLand Radiocarbon age S I 1 cale 1:1 bon (cal k ncipie n a) S 2.28 ± 0.30 USU-531 Fs m t 2 v Sl Sm 3 P t S yr BP 2.30 14C-39 S Q t oil S f2 outh 2010 Sl/ S - 0.09 + 0.06 ) Sm t

MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., editors 89 90 HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. bounding buttresses suggest three aggradational fill pack fill aggradational three suggest buttresses bounding Unconformable direction. north-south a in bend meander a of meters 50 over well expands KCW-J of architecture cut-fill the study, this in exposures longest the of one As meters above the modern alluvial channel (figures 1 and 7). has an exposed arroyo wall rising and between 5 meters Gulch and 6.6 Kaibab and 89 no. Highway U.S from stream KCW-J Observations cretion of the youngest fill and historic arroyo cutting event. - 0.08 0.66 +0.06 to prior event cutting arroyo prehistoric final a until topofthis fill suggests another long hiatus in sedimentation metersabove the modern channel grade. Aburied soil at the B.P. ond youngest fill started to aggrade prior to 1.72 sec the event, incision prehistoric third a Following ation. tion of the second oldest alluvial fill anddeposi incipient soil form by followed was and unconformity buttress a by identified is ka 0.30 ± 2.28 after entrenchment of episode mentation as indicated by a buried soil (figure 6). A second sedi in a hiatus by interrupted briefly was fill alluvial est 2.30 to prior occurred depth modern its below or to site this at entrenchment that appears It 6). (figure KCW-I in present are packages alluvial identified four results, radiocarbon 2010 cal kyr B.P.kyr cal - 0.09 +0.06 Site KCW-J is located approximately 5 kilometers up andcontinued untilovertopping theoldest fill 7.5at cal kyr B.P. kyr cal 2010 , which was followedwhichverticalwasthe,by ac 2010 Table 3. . Ensuing aggradation of the old the of aggradation Ensuing . Single-grainquartzOSL ages. - 0.05 +0.05 cal kyr cal ------face andyielded anageof0.97±0.19ka (table3). sur valley the below meters 1.5 collected was USU-1029 are primarily structureless due to bioturbation. OSL sample some evidence of low-angle cross-bedding at their base but show beds All soils. incipient with beds tabular turbated, older fill packages and is characterized by three highly bio two the over drapes largely but places in inset erosionally spectively (tables 1 and 2). The youngest alluvial deposit is 2.52 and kyr, of1.29 cal >31.7 ka, 0.25 ages ± returned and fill alluvial this of middle the from collected were 14C-33) (14C-30, samples diocarbon ra two and (USU-1026) sample OSL An 7). (figure posit de Fsmv slackwater 0.8-meter-thick a by capped are that beds Sh and St, Sl, lenticular and tabular broadly both of B.P. kyr 1.85 of age an produced deposit Fsmv upper the B.P. a and (USU-1027) ka 0.25 ± 1.58 and (USU-1028) ka 0.19 ± 1.70 yield of and ages single-grain fill this of base the near collected were 2) and 1 (tables samples OSL and Radiocarbon facies. rounding sur the to conform not does and deposit Fsmv the inset below is sorting of evidence no with cobbles and pebbles tabular and blocky 50-centimeter-thick, to 30- with filled are capped by a thick Fsmv deposit (figure 7). A Sm deposit that sands Sm and Sl, St, tabular broadly and hued, 2.5YR and 10YR of composed primarily are that deposits margin channel- fillcontains alluvial oldest The 7). (figure ages 2010 (14C-31). from sample Additionally,radiocarbon a 2010 . The next younger inset alluvial fill consists fill alluvial inset younger next The . UGA Publication 43(2014) 14 ae f 1.70 of age C —Geology of Utah'sFar South - 0.12 +0.24

cal kyr B.P.kyr cal - 0.07 +0.06 - 0.06 +0.08 2010 cal kyr cal , re , l a c ------OSL age results, and Figure 7. C o v er No r A B th 6.6m 6.6m Study site KCW-J showing a 5.0–6.6-meter-tall arroyo will displaying three alluvial packages (Qf3, Qf4, Qf5/Qf5’) separated by erosional surfaces with: 1.29 ± 0.25 USU-1026 Sl Sl Sl Sl 2.52 14C-33 Sh B. Sl Sl Sl Stratigraphic facies and depositional associations. S - 0.12 + 0.24 t >31.7 14C-30 11 10 9 7 8 Fs m v Q Sl K f4 5 C Sl Gh W K C - W C J hannel F HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – 6 Sl/P Sl/P l o C Sl/P W olluvial w edge 1.58 ± 0.25 USU-1027 Sl Sl 1 Sl 1.70 14C-31 - 0.07 + 0.06 Fs m v 3 4 Gh Sl Q f5/ Q Q f3 S t f5’ C C o S S o v t v outh e r er ed

~4m of separation ~4m of separation No r 1:1 S 5m 5m B A th cale 11 C Sl/P o 1.85 14C-32 v e r ed - 0.06 + 0.08 0.97 ± 0.19 USU-1029 R OSL (cal k adioca r I ncipie n bon (cal k a) t S Sl/P 9 oil yr BP Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. S l , S 2010 10 t Fs m 4 ) 3 v Q f3 Sl Sl Sl Q Sl/P f5/ Q CB Sm K f5’ Sl C F W C l CM hannel F pebbles and c A Sl Sl lso c o n 2 CMs tains tabular l o w obbles VS Sl 1 V S Sm c A. Radiocarbon and 1.70 ± 0.19 USU-1028 S outh Sl

MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., editors 91 92 HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. aggradation of the older fill of Hereford (2002). Alluvial fill continued of representative is fill alluvial Qf1 the possible is it However, 3). and 2 tables (see overlap to appear not do fills two these from results age because Qf1 from sode epi aggradation separate a as identified been has (2002) Hereford of fill floor. older channel The modern the above meters 3.0–8.5 about generally is that surface its at oped devel soil red thick unique a has package fill alluvial This ka. 4.35–3.4 about of range age KCW-Han and has G and research and maynolongerbepreserved. field during seen not was exposure the because study this in described not is (2002) Hereford of fill older The Qf5. and Qf4, Qf3, Qf2, Qf1, as here identified andalluvial fills (2002), Hereford by identified (approximately ka) fill 7.3–4.75 older an are: aggradation alluvial of OSL age control. From oldest to youngest, the six episodes evidence from the study sites and secondarily from stratigraphic on based primarily was episodes aggradation these of identification The ofprehistoric 8). (figure entrenchment arroyo episodes five following floor, channel ern refilled the arroyo system to varying levels above the mod repeatedly aggradation Holocene late to middle of sodes epi six leastat indicate thatKCW in sites studyeleven at to historicarroyocutting. are some of the youngest alluvium and were deposited prior they suggests position stratigraphic their but (USU-1029), overestimation age OSL slight a to due limited is deposits soil horizon (figure 7). Age control for these upper capping buried a of presence the by indicated as sedimentation in posit tabular sheetflood beds at this site, with several lapses ka. Sometime after 1.29 ± 0.25 ka the channel began to de 1.29±0.25 underwayby aggradationwas vial fillsuggests contemporaneous. are allu younger next the from control Age scour channel the of side either on deposits suggests control age current but packages, alluvial aged dividually in two suggest may package fill oldest the in stratigraphy activity.anthropogenic to the of interpretations Alternative due placed been have may and source bedrock any from far are deposit deposits. Sm the in cobbles and slackwater and pebbles tabular The overbank by infilled later was that scour channel inset an left and site this past migrated channel the of thalweg the until channel the to proximal began fill oldest the to of similar Aggradation channel. grade modern a the at was KCW ka, 0.19 ± 1.70 to Prior by site. separated this at preserved are unconformities buttress and soils fills alluvial Holocene three that suggest J KCW-J Interpretations Development ofHoloceneChronostratigraphy The oldest alluvial fill, Qf1, is evident at sites KCW- sites at evident is Qf1, fill, alluvial oldest The Arroyo-wall chronostratigraphic relationships observed KCW- site from control age and stratigraphy The DISCUSSION 14 C and ------primary problems with radiocarbon dating was mistakenly was dating radiocarbon with problems primary the of One techniques. dating the to inherent problems to incision and deposition events in KCW were primarily due above themodernchannelfloor. meters 11.0 about of height maximum a reaches and area study the in deposit capping or thickest the commonly is and has an age range of about 0.7–0.12 ka. This alluvial fill KCW in site every at evident is Qf5, fill, alluvial youngest proximately 2.0–9.0 meters above the modern channel. The surface heightsofthisalluvial fillpackagerangesfromap Preserved ka. 1.3–0.8 about from ranging age an has and KCW-E,KCW-G, KCW-H,KCW-I, KCW-J,KCW-K and channel. KCW-C, KCW-B, modern sites at exposed is fill the alluvial Qf4 The above meters 4.5–7.5 about from ranges fill alluvial this of surface preserved The ka. 1.45 2.15– about of range age an has and KCW-J and KCW-I, KCW-A, sites soils. at located is Qf3 KCW-D,fill Alluvial developed weakly by characterized is and channel modern face of the Qf2 ranges from about 5.0–7.5 meters above the sur preserved The ka. 3.2–2.25 about of range age an has and KCW-I KCW-F,and KCW-C, sites at located is Qf2 exposures (figure 8). In general, the two youngest alluvial youngest two the general, In 8). (figure exposures showed (KCW-G-H)evidence for three or more alluvial fills in their arroyo wall sites four Only KCW. varied packages throughout fill alluvial of preservation techniques, carbon andOSL ages(figure8;table3). radio other and site each at stratigraphy wall arroyo the to compared when inversions age (KCW-J)show USU-1029 (KCW-B)USU-1177and samples OSL MAM, and dating singe-grain of use the OSLDespite resultant age. and dose (e.g. Galbraith and others, 1999) to calculate the equivalent MAM and dating single-grain using by reduced were lems prob these of Most 2012). Rittenour, and Summa-Nelson 2007; others, and Arnold 2006; Arnold, and Bailey (e.g. systems fluvial dryland from studies OSL-related by previous indicated as expected was This deposited. being fore be light to exposed sufficiently been have not may grains indicated in the alluvial stratigraphy suggest that most sand dating. The flashy flow and high sediment-discharge events nal within sandy alluvium was the primary concern for OSL bon agesonlyprovideamaximumageofdeposition. radiocar the Hence, dated. organism the of death the after dating in general is that sample deposition occurred shortly radiocarbon with assumption major Moreover,a ages. bon relied on OSL ages or stratigraphically consistent radiocar constraining the timing of aggradation at each of these sites Hence, KCW-K(14C-35). and KCW-J(14C-33), and 25), (14C- KCW-H (14C-9), KCW-D sites study at reversals age four for accounted and problematic equally was coal char of Redeposition 2). table B.P. 8; kyr (figure cal 49.4 turned near-infinite ages ranging from approximately 42.6– re samples radiocarbon Five coal. Cretaceous analyzing Complications involved in determining the timing of timing the determining in involved Complications In addition to problems with geochronologic dating geochronologic with problems to addition In Partial bleaching or resetting of the luminescence sig UGA Publication 43(2014) —Geology of Utah'sFar South ------Chronology of Aggradation and Incision - KCW Upstream Downstream A B C D E F G H I J K Modern Channel Alluvium (Harvey et al., 2011 and this study) 0

14C-13 HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Qf5 14C-1 14C-36 14C-3 14C-8 14C-38 14C-15 14C-18

1000 14C-27 14C-12* USU- USU- USU- USU- 14C-34 1189 117* USU-1187 14C-24 530** 1029** 14C-9* USU-1192 Qf4 14C-4 14C-17 USU- USU- USU- 1103 1026 USU-1176 1178 14C-7 14C-11 USU-1027 14C-31 14C-28* USU-1028 2000 Qf3 USU-1194 14C-32 14C-2 USU- Years ago 1181 14C-35*

14C-25* USU- 14C-39 531

14C-5 14C-33*

3000 Qf2

14C-21 USU- 4000 1101 14C-22 Qf1 14C-26

5000 ? Hereford (2002) “Older Fill” Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. 6000

* Indicates possible redeposition of charcoal, old wood, AMS Radiocarbon or other radiocarbon problems.

7000 OSL **Indicates OSL age underestimations due to dose rate inaccuracies or overestimations due to partial bleaching. Sites discussed in this study ?

Figure 8. Chronology of aggradation events at KCW derived from detailed stratigraphic mapping, AMS radiocarbon (triangles) and OSL (circles) dating. Green = Qf5 fill, orange = Qf4 fill, blue = Qf3 fill, yellow = Qf2 fill, purple = Qf1 fill, Gray = Older fill of Hereford (2002). Space between fill packages represents a period of entrenchment.

MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., editors 93 94 HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY OF KITCHEN CORRAL WASH, SOUTHERN UTAH – Huff, W.M., Rittenour, T.R. - 0.01 +0.11 crossbedded (Sr) sand deposits in a channel-margin facies channel-margin a in deposits sand (Sr) crossbedded ripple or of (St) crossbedded trough consisted of beds sub-meter-scale primarily packages fill arroyo Meter-scale dating. OSL and radiocarbon AMS from results age and exposures wall arroyo from relationships stratigraphic ing deposit withinthestudyarea(figures3–7). fill highest and youngest the is Qf5’ that appears it nism, discontinuous (figure 7). Whatever the depositional mecha at KCW-J suggest these sheetflood episodes may have been Qf5’separating be to deposits appear alluvial that soils ied tion just before historic channel incision. Additionally, bur creased sediment supply caused renewed sheetflow deposi in or hydrology paleoflood in change a that possible is it suggest deposits Qf5’ the within development pedogenic fills theyoverlie. suggesting these deposits are younger than the Qf5 alluvial 0.2 of age modern near a returned E KCW- site at deposit Qf5’ a in soil buried a above lected low the Qf5’ deposit at site KCW-D returned an age be of 0.57 centimeters 40 collected (14C-8) sample radiocarbon KCW-Jat pear 50-centimeter-thick,a as deposit. sand Sl A ap then and KCW-I, and KCW-H at 3 knickpoint below missing initially KCW,are Qf5’of deposits main channel trunk the In 3). (figure KCW-E at meters 1.3 to thin and KCW-C at unit 2.4-meter-thick a as appear first deposits sheet-flow these DSW In 8). (figure KCW-G at out pinch KCW-F,at meters to 1.9 begin KCW-D,to and at thin ters PW, Qf5’ deposits are absent at KCW-B, thicken to 2.3 me in 1 knickpoint of Downstream fill. Qf5 of body main the from deposits these separate Qf5’to as to referred are and deposits are commonly the capping units of alluvial fill Qf5 These soil. incipient buried a overlie typically that Sh) Sr, Sl,Sm, St, (e.g. deposits sheetflow tabular broadly face, valley-sur and channel-margin of meters 1–3 with capped soil cappingthisfill(figures4and5). buried centimeters) (>65 thick a of presence the by aided waslargely (Qf1) fill alluvial oldest the of identification Importantly, deposits. older of exposure and preservation the limits and time over record sedimentary the removes system arroyo the of nature dynamic the because expected ited. Variability in preservation of alluvial fills at KCW was lim are fills these of constraints age so sites, study fewer alluvial fill packages (Qf1,Qf2, and Qf3) were preserved at these fills is the best constrained. Unsurprisingly, the oldest of aggradation the on reconstruction age so sites, study the in exposed commonly most were Qf5) (Qf4, packages fill cal kyr B.P. dtie crntairpy f C ws ul us built was KCW of chronstratigraphy detailed A minimal and ages radiocarbon proto-historic The are KCW in exposures wall arroyo of number A Deposition ofQf5’alluvium 2010 CONCLUSIONS , and a radiocarbon sample (14C-20) col

- 0.09 +0.19 cal kyr B.P. kyr cal 2010 ------,

Hayden-Lesmeister for their editorial remarks. Additional remarks. editorial their for Hayden-Lesmeister Anne and Summa-Nelson Michelle given is Appreciation Lariviere. Ben Riley,and Kerry Summa-Nelson, Michelle by provided was support lab and Field Geology. of ment Laboratory,minescence Depart University State Utah and Lu USU Society, Scientific Colorado the from Huff Will ed to Tammy Rittenour and by additional grants awarded to award (NSF-105719) grant Foundation Arroyo-CAREER arroyo entrenchment. of periods by interrupted are that ka 0.7–0.12 and ka, 0.8 approximately 4.35–3.4 ka, 3.2–2.25 ka, 2.15–1.45 ka, 1.3– Hereford (2002) and five alluvial fill deposits ranging from of Holocene aggradation: an older fill (about 7.3–5.0 ka) of episodes six least at identified chronostratigraphy veloped de Ultimately,newly ages. this aberrant eliminate to sults re of crosschecking and opportunities sampling increased for allowed methods two the combining problems, tential po to subject was method dating each While association. samples. radiocarbon our of number a process to experience the us offering for Laboratory NSF-AMS Arizona of University the at staff helpful the thank authors Specifically, the ples. sam radiocarbon analyzing and processing for Inc. Beta-ana lytic, and Laboratory, AMS NSF-AMS Arizona UC-Irvine of Laboratory, University the to due are thanks Gellis, A.C., and Elliott, J.G., 2001, Arroyo changes in selected selected in changes J.G., 2001,Arroyo Elliott, A.C.,and Gellis, R.F.,Galbraith, R.G., Roberts, G.M.,Laslett, Yoshida, H., Olley, H.H., Doelling, A.H., R.E., Blackett, Hamblin, Powell, J.D., Pol Geomor streams: ephemeral Discontinuous 1997, W.B., Bull, in (arroyo-cutting) trenching channel of Date 1925, K., Bryan, Bailey, R.W., 1935, Epicycles of erosion in the valleys of the Colo treat Statistical Tucker, 2007, G.E., R.M., Bailey, L.J., Arnold, Oxford dating: optical to introduction An 1998, M.J., Aitken, watersheds of New Mexico, Unites States, States, Unites Mexico, New of watersheds v. 41,I: Archaeometry, p. 339–364. Part Australia, shelter,rock northern Jinmium from quartz of grains multiple and single of dating 1999,J.M.,Optical v. 28, p. 198–231. Publication, Association Geological Utah monuments: and Utah’sofP.B., Geology T.C.,parks Anderson, editors, and Utah, Staircase-Escalante Monument, National Grand of Geology 2000, G.L., lock, phology, v. 19, p. 227–276. v. Science, southwest: arid the 62, p. 338–344. rado Plateau province: Journal of Geology, v. 43, p. 337–355. royo deposits: Geochronology, Quaternary v. 2, p. 162–167. ment of fluvial dosedistributions from southern Coloradoar Oxford. Press, University hs eerh a fne b te ainl Science National the by funded was research This UGA Publication 43(2014) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES in Sprinkel, D.A., Chidsey, Jr.,D.A.,Chidsey, Sprinkel, —Geology of Utah'sFar South in Harvey, M., Harvey, ------and Anthony, D., editors, Applying geomorphology to en- optically stimulated luminescence dating of sedimentary vironmental management: A special publication honoring quartz—a status review: Geochronometria, v. 21, p. 1–16. Stanley A. 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MacLean, J.S., Biek, R.F., and Huntoon, J.E., editors 95