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CQR Campaign Finance Published by CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. www.cqresearcher.com Campaign finance Does big money in politics subvert democracy? fter four decades of court decisions lifting restrictions on campaign spending, Americans are going to the polls this year in the most expensive presi - A dential campaign in U.S. history, financed mainly by a handful of wealthy individuals and business and labor groups . Public outrage over the big spending fuels some of the popularity of GOP billionaire Donald Trump’s largely self-financed campaign and that of Democratic Sen. Bernie Sanders of vermont, who is supported mostly by small individual donors. But money did not Demonstrators at the U.S. Capitol on April 12, 2016, demand an end to big money in politics. About 900 of help the top spender in the Republican presidential primaries: for - the Democracy Spring protesters, who had marched from Philadelphia to Washington, were arrested mer florida Gov. Jeb Bush abandoned his well-financed candidacy for obstructing traffic. amid weak voter support. Conversely, Sanders has run an unex - pectedly strong campaign against deep-pocketed former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Stymied by GOP congressional o pposition and partisan gridlock on the federal Election Commission , opponents I of big-dollar politics are successfully pushing some states and THIS REPORT N THE ISSUES ....................411 cities to rein in election spending. But advocates of less regulation S BACKGROUND ................418 say limiting money in politics infringes on free speech. I CHRONOLOGY ................419 D CURRENT SITUATION ........424 E CQ Researcher • May 6, 2016 • www.cqresearcher.com AT ISSUE ........................425 Volume 26, Number 18 • Pages 409-432 OUTLOOK ......................427 RECIPIENT Of SOCIETY Of PROfESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AwARD fOR BIBLIOGRAPHY ................430 EXCELLENCE N AmERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILvER GAvEL AwARD THE NEXT STEP ..............431 CAmPAIGN fINANCE May 6, 2016 THE ISSUES SIDEBARS AND GRAPHICS Volume 26, Number 18 EXECUTIVE EDITOR: Thomas J. Billitteri • Does big money in politics 412 Conservatives Outspending [email protected] 411 subvert democracy? Liberals in 2016 Races ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITORS: Kenneth • Should corporations be re - They also spent more in the fireman, [email protected], quired to report all political three previous federal races. Kathy Koch , [email protected], Chuck mcCutcheon , spending? [email protected], • Should public funds help Conservative Super PACs 413 Lead 2016 Spending Scott Rohrer, [email protected] finance congressional, state Six have supported now- and local campaigns? SENIOR CONTRIBUTING EDITOR: inactive Republican candidates. Thomas J. Colin [email protected] Majority Opposes Citizens BACKGROUND CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Brian Beary, 416 United Ruling marcia Clemmitt, Sarah Glazer, Kenneth Jost, four in five Americans say Reed Karaim, Peter Katel , Barbara mantel, 418 Curbing Political Money the 2010 decision should be Tom Price In 1876 Congress prohibited overturned. administrations from soliciting SENIOR PROJECT EDITOR: Olu B. Davis contributions from federal Guide to Campaign ASSISTANT EDITOR: Ethan mcLeod workers. 417 Finance Terms Concepts range from super INTERN: molly mcGinnis Dark Money 420 PACs to straw donors. FACT CHECKERS: Eva P. Dasher, Nonprofit donations prolifer - michelle Harris, Nancie majkowski, ated after a 1959 Treasury Chronology Robin Palmer rule change. 419 Key events since 1876. 422 Dismantling Restrictions More Firms Lifting Veil on Court decisions over four 420 Political Activities decades weakened spending Advocacy group finds trans - limits. parency on the rise. An Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. Pet Causes Spur Wealthy VICE PRESIDENT AND EDITORIAL DIRECTOR, CURRENT SITUATION 422 to Open Their Wallets HIGHER EDUCATION GROUP: from Israel to climate change, michele Sordi Super PACs 424 policy issues drive political EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, ONLINE LIBRARY AND Top-spending political action giving. REFERENCE PUBLISHING: committees work closely with Todd Baldwin presidential campaigns. At Issue: 425 Does big money in politics Copyright © 2016 CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Pub - State, Local Actions subvert democracy? lications, Inc. SAGE reserves all copyright and other 426 Arizona and wisconsin re - rights herein, unless pre vi ous ly spec i fied in writing. cently loosened spending No part of this publication may be reproduced regulations. FOR FURTHER RESEARCH electronically or otherwise, without prior written permission. Un au tho rized re pro duc tion or trans mis - 426 Congress Stalls For More Information sion of SAGE copy right ed material is a violation of The Democratic minority 429 Organizations to contact. federal law car ry ing civil fines of up to $100,000. hopes to limit corporate spending. CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional Bibliography Quarterly Inc. 430 Selected sources used. CQ Researcher (ISSN 1056-2036) is printed on acid-free OUTLOOK The Next Step paper. Pub lished weekly, except: (march wk. 4) (may 431 Additional articles . wk. 4) (July wks. 1, 2) (Aug. wks. 2, 3) (Nov. wk. 4) 427 Supreme Court Is Key and (Dec. wks. 3, 4). Published by SAGE Publications, A new justice could reshape Citing CQ Researcher Inc., 2455 Teller Rd., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Annual campaign finance law. 431 Sample bibliography formats. full -service subscriptions start at $1,131. for pricing, call 1-800-818-7243. To purchase a CQ Researcher report in print or electronic format (PDf), visit www.cqpress. com or call 866-427-7737. Single reports start at $15. Bulk purchase discounts and electronic-rights licensing are also available. Periodicals postage paid at Thousand Cover: Getty Images/ CQ Roll Call /Al Drago Oaks, California, and at additional mailing offices . POST - mAST ER: Send ad dress chang es to CQ Re search er , 2600 virginia Ave., N.w., Suite 600, wash ing ton, DC 20037. 410 CQ Researcher Campaign finance BY TOM PRICE PACs during the entire 2012 THE ISSUES campaign. 3 Right To Rise USA, which uring the run-up to spent $81 million supporting the 2016 political former florida GOP Gov. Jeb D campaigns last Au - Bush, so far has raised the most gust, five Republican presi - among super PACs, $121 mil - dential candidates along with lion. 4 Two-fifths of super PAC several governors, senators contributions came from just and U.S. representatives gath - 50 organizations and wealthy ered at the St. Regis monarch families. most — 36 — gave Beach, a luxury resort along to GOP organizations. 5 the Southern California coast. while most big donors have They were attending one of supported conservative causes, the twice-yearly conferences or - wealthy liberals contribute as ganized by conservative multi - well, though much less overall. billionaire industrialists Charles h (See graph, p. 412. ) Since 2005, c s and David Koch, who invite u for example, the 100 members B several hundred wealthy com - w of Democracy Alliance have e h patriots to discuss how to re - t raised and contributed more t make America according to con - a than $500 million to left-leaning M / servative or libertarian beliefs. s think tanks, research organi - e g Conversations in posh set - a zations and political support m I 6 tings are just part of their ef - y groups . t t forts to influence voters and e The cost of campaigning public affairs. The brothers’ G Billionaire businessman Donald Trump, the presumptive has soared since the Supreme far-flung network of affiliated GOP presidential nominee, arrives in Laredo, Texas, Court began lifting restrictions organizations seeks to change during a trip to the U.S.-Mexican border on July 23, on contributions and expen - federal, state and local policies, 2015. Grassroots anger over big money in politics has ditures in the 1970s, raising such as repealing the Afford - helped fuel support for Trump, whose campaign is fears that American democ - able Care Act (ACA), cutting largely self-financed, and Democratic Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont, whose $182 million war chest racy could be threatened by business regulations and re - mainly has come from small, individual contributions. the outsized influence of a ducing business subsidies. It few wealthy donors. includes a data-mining operation and of that money secret. And they are Supporters of reform are pushing cadres of organizers seeking to replicate just one example of how the very rich for stricter federal, state and local regu - political parties’ grassroots operations. — both conservatives and liberals — lations, but opponents seek to reduce Also part of the Koch operation are are helping to make this the most ex - or even eliminate spending restrictions. organizations that provide scholarships, pensive campaign season in history. while this year’s big spending on medical checkups and tax-preparation Spending to influence the presidential losing candidates Bush and Sen. marco services to various demographic groups, and congressional elections could reach Rubio of florida appears to negate such as Latinos, along with warnings $10 billion. 1 the idea that money controls elections, about the dangers of the ACA and the from early 2015 through April 29 grassroots anger over big money in minimum wage. of this year, 2,272 super PACs — political politics is helping to feed activism All told, the Koch brothers and their action committees that can raise and coalescing around non-mainstream wealthy associates plan to spend nearly spend unlimited
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