Un Monde En Réseaux LE FILM CHORAL DEPUIS LES ANNÉES 1990

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Un Monde En Réseaux LE FILM CHORAL DEPUIS LES ANNÉES 1990 Revue Proteus no 6, le spectateur face à l’art interactif Un monde en réseaux LE FILM CHORAL DEPUIS LES ANNÉES 1990 Avec la sortie de Short Cuts (1993) de Robert Alt- nomes, sans toutefois basculer du côté du film à man, ce qui était d’abord une forme narrative sketches3, un genre limitrophe. Dans certains cas, commence à devenir un véritable genre à part on a l’impression que le réalisateur a réuni plu- entière. Rapidement, le film choral se répand dans sieurs films en un seul. Cela témoigne du degré le paysage cinématographique du début des d’autonomie nécessaire au genre, car chaque his- années 1990. Il faut dire qu’Altman n’est pas le toire pourrait être, en quelque sorte, auto-suffi- créateur du genre ; plusieurs réalisateurs avaient sante. Mais l’intérêt du film choral vient de la ren- déjà essayé de présenter un microcosme, une plu- contre, des frôlements directs ou indirects entre ralité de personnages dont les tranches de vie chaque histoire. C’est leur coprésence et leurs s’entrecroisent au fil de la narration. Cependant, la croisements qui font la richesse du film. En plus plupart constituent des cas isolés. Qu’on pense à d’une certaine autonomie, paradoxalement, des Les Uns et les Autres (1981) de Claude Lelouch, liens doivent aussi exister entre les différentes his- Dimanche d’août (1950) de Luciano Emmer ou toires. Nous nous proposons de relever quelques- Grand Hotel (1932) d’Edmund Goulding, cette unes de ces stratégies unificatrices, tout en explo- forme narrative existait bien avant Altman. rant, au passage, certaines formes littéraires qui D’ailleurs, ce dernier nous avait déjà habitués aux reprennent la structure chorale. Nous aborderons trames narratives multiples grâce à Nashville également le concept de réseau, à notre avis (1975) et A Wedding (1978), mais c’est véritable- incontournable. Ce faisant, nous serons en ment à partir des années 90 que l’on remarque un mesure de mieux saisir les particularités du film intérêt exponentiel pour cette façon si particulière choral, tout en questionnant le rôle du spectateur, de raconter une histoire. David Bordwell lui- de moins en moins passif. même consacre tout un chapitre de son ouvrage Malgré l’intérêt critique, il est difficile de déter- Poetics of Cinema1 au fonctionnement des « net- miner avec précision le tout premier film choral. work narratives », dont fait partie le film choral, et Margrit Tröhler, s’intéressant à la genèse de ce Maria del Mar Azcona, en 2010, publie un livre qu’elle nomme le film mosaïque4, mentionne que qui étudie les films à protagonistes multiples, dans « ces récits s’inscrivent dans une lointaine conti- une perspective plus large que la nôtre2. À notre nuité du Querschnittfilm allemand des années avis, l’étiquette « film à protagonistes multiples », 1920 […] et davantage dans la continuité de ce bien qu’elle recoupe notre objet d’étude, n’est que les néoréalistes avaient appelé le film cho- cependant pas assez précise pour circonscrire avec ral5 ». Il semblerait donc que l’appellation film justesse le film choral. En effet, outre la multipli- choral soit attribuée aux néoréalistes italiens. Mais cité de protagonistes, d’autres facteurs essentiels au genre sont à prendre en compte. Selon nous, le film choral doit d’abord mettre en scène au moins 3. Pensons à Paris, je t’aime (2006), par exemple. trois protagonistes, ces derniers possédant une 4. Ce terme est, à notre avis, un synonyme du film choral. importance relativement égale. Les trames narra- Bien que la métaphore visuelle de la mosaïque soit tives ou les histoires dans lesquelles ils évoluent pertinente, son emploi n’est pas aussi répandu que l’appellation film choral. Pour Tröhler, les films mosaïques doivent, quant à elles, être suffisamment auto- « présentent de nombreux petits groupes et couples de personnages ou des personnages solitaires dispersés, incarnant autant de modes de vie différents qui se 1. David BORDWELL, Poetics of Cinema, New York, confrontent ». Cf. Margrit TRÖHLER, « Les films à Routeledge, 2008. protagonistes multiples et la logique des possibles », dans 2. Maria del Mar AZCONA, The Multi-Protagonist Film, Iris, vol. 29 (Printemps), 2000, p. 86. Oxford, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. 5. Margrit TRÖHLER, op. cit., p. 86. 90 Revue Proteus – Cahiers des théories de l’art bien avant les années 1950, la structure chorale trois casinos à Las Vegas. Les sous-intrigues de ce existait sous différentes formes. En dehors du film sont souvent bien minces et ne possèdent pas cinéma, on observe depuis longtemps l’existence suffisamment d’autonomie. En outre, plusieurs du genre choral en littérature, et même, dans une films catastrophe présentent de multiples protago- certaine mesure, du côté de la musique polypho- nistes évoluant dans diverses sous-intrigues, mais nique (après tout, le terme est un dérivé du mot ces dernières ne sont souvent pas très dévelop- chœur, où de multiples voix individuelles créent pées, car tous les personnages convergent vers le un effet d’ensemble). Marie-Christine Quester- même but et doivent souvent s’entraider pour y bert, dans un ouvrage consacré aux scénaristes parvenir. Dans Independence Day (1996) de italiens, fait usage du terme dans un entretien avec Roland Emmerich, dans l’Aventure du Poséidon Furio Scarpelli, qui a notamment travaillé avec le (1972) de Ronald Neame et dans Deep Impact scénariste Sergio Amidei dans les années 1950. (1998) de Mimi Leder, tous les personnages Scarpelli, également scénariste de métier, parle perdent en quelque sorte leur individualité pour ainsi de sa collaboration avec Amidei : « nous un dessein commun plus grand (généralement, il avons écrit ensemble Ces demoiselles du télé- s’agit de la survie ou de la résistance). Or, une plu- phone, déjà, sans doute, cette invention du film ralité de protagonistes, dans un film choral, choral, des histoires multiples commençait à être implique une pluralité d’intrigues et de trames un peu usée. Faire un film à sketches, ou avec des narratives. Comme nous l’avons vu, il est essentiel histoires simplement entrelacées, ce qui ne se fait de retrouver plus de deux protagonistes ayant un plus, mais dont Amidei était le maître, n’est pas statut relativement égal, évoluant dans des his- une chose facile1 ». Scarpelli pousse même plus toires possédant un certain degré d’autonomie. loin, en affirmant qu’au moment où « Amidei a Mais si les histoires sont trop autonomes, nous inventé le film à histoires multiples, cette situation nous retrouvons en présence d’un film à sketches. n’existait pas, ce qui l’a poussé c’est uniquement la Il doit donc y avoir présence de liens qui unissent nécessité qui était la sienne de représenter un les différentes histoires entre elles. ensemble. S’il avait pu bâtir des histoires sur 45 millions d’habitants, il l’aurait fait2 ». Bien que nous ayons quelques réserves sur le fait qu’Amidei Diverses techniques pour unir les soit l’inventeur du film à histoires multiples, cette histoires entre elles phrase nous fascine. Le film choral, en effet, représente toujours un ensemble. Parfois limité à Les personnages d’un film choral peuvent parfois trois protagonistes, comme dans le film 21 évoluer au sein d’un même milieu – Robert grammes (2003) par exemple, et parfois s’étendant Altman semble d’ailleurs avoir repris le concept à plus d’une vingtaine, comme la plupart des films classique d’unité de lieu (Los Angeles dans Short de Robert Altman, le film choral est le lieu de ren- Cuts (1993), un ancien manoir dans Gosford Park contre de multiples destins. D’ailleurs, le terme (2001) et un théâtre dans Prairie Home ensemble film revient souvent, en anglais, pour Companion (2006)) – ou être dispersés un peu qualifier un film mettant l’accent sur un groupe de partout sur la planète (pensons à Babel (2006) personnages. Cela dit, ce terme n’est pas, à notre d’Alejandro Gonzalez Iñarritu, par exemple). avis, assez précis, car il englobe des films limi- Pour le film The Rules of Attraction (2002) de trophes au film choral, comme les films de groupe Roger Avary, Camden College est le lieu qui unit The Breakfast Club (1985) de John Hugues et les trois protagonistes, qui ont davantage de Ocean’s 11 (2001) de Steven Soderbergh. Dans ce chances de se croiser étant donné leur proximité dernier exemple, les onze protagonistes sont tous physique. Dans certains films chorals comme reliés à l’intrigue centrale concernant le vol de Friends With Money (2006) de Nicole Holofcener, les quatre protagonistes sont d’excellentes amies et se retrouvent fréquemment ensemble, mais toutes ont la même importance 1. Marie-Christine QUESTERBERT, Les scénaristes italiens, Lausanne, 5 Continents, 1988, p. 108. individuelle. Pensons également à Happiness 2. Idem. (1998) de Todd Solondz, où trois sœurs vivent 91 Revue Proteus no 6, le spectateur face à l’art interactif des situations pour le moins perturbantes. À grandement, ce qui évite de produire un film qui l’opposé, des films comme Bobby (2006) peut sembler trop démonstratif. Citons certaines d’Emilio Estevez, Crash (2004) de Paul Haggis ou thématiques comme l’amour et ses nombreuses 21 Grammes (2003) d’Alejandro Gonzalez déclinaisons à l’approche de Noël dans Love Iñarritu, présentent une pluralité de personnages Actually (2003) de Richard Curtis, la solitude dans qui ne se connaissent pas au départ, provenant de Continental, un film sans fusil (2007) de Stéphane classes sociales variées, mais dont les destins se Lafleur et la vie quotidienne après les attentats du croiseront inéluctablement. Partons de l’idée que 11 septembre 2001 dans The Great New si les personnages se connaissent et qu’ils Wonderful (2005) de Danny Leiner. Pour le film évoluent dans le même milieu, les liens risquent Nashville (1975) de Robert Altman, politique et d’être davantage serrés, mais ce n’est pas vrai dans musique country s’entremêlent et font unité : « le tous les cas.
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