Belma Melda Abidin Thèse Présentée Pour L'obtention Du Grade De Philosophiae Doctor En Immunologie Et Virologie Jury D'évaluation

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Belma Melda Abidin Thèse Présentée Pour L'obtention Du Grade De Philosophiae Doctor En Immunologie Et Virologie Jury D'évaluation Université du Québec INRS-Institute Armand Frappier Récepteur Wnt Non-Canonique Frizzled-6 Régule Hématopoïèse Induite Par Les Stress Non-canonical Wnt Receptor Frizzled-6 Regulates Stress-Induced Hematopoiesis by Belma Melda Abidin Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae doctor en immunologie et virologie Jury d’évaluation Président du jury et Claude Daniel examinateur interne INRS -Institut Armand Frappier Examinateur externe Christian Beauséjour Université de Montréal Département de pharmacologie et physiologie Examinateur externe Tatiana Scorza L'Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) Département des sciences biologiques Directeur de recherché Krista Heinonen INRS-Institut Armand Frappier © Belma Melda Abidin, 2017 2 Robert Heinlein said, “Love is that condition in which the happiness of another person is essential to your own.” With this ideal in mind, I dedicate my thesis to my rock, my wonderful mother, for her endless love, measureless support, encouragement and understanding, and to the memory of my father for his constant love and support from the Heaven. Without them, this journey would not have been possible. 3 RÉSUMÉ L’homéostasie du sang est maintenue par l’équilibre entre l’auto-renouvellement et la différenciation des cellules souches/progénitrices hématopoïétiques (HSPC). Bien que les cellules souches hématopoïétiques (HSC) soient principalement maintenues dans un état de dormance, elles peuvent entrer rapidement dans le cycle cellulaire et se différencier en précurseurs lymphoïdes et myéloïdes pour reconstituer les cellules immunitaires suite à une myelosuppression ou à des infections systémiques. La signalisation de Wnt a été suggérée pour maintenir l’équilibre dynamique du pool de HSPC en régulant leur division et les signaux provenant du microenvironnement de la cellule souche. Récemment, notre groupe a montré que la protéine Wnt4 augmente l’expansion des HSPC par une voie de la polarité planaire cellulaire (PCP). Cependant, l’impact physiologique de la voie PCP sur l’hématopoïèse reste à être identifié. Pour aborder cette question, nous avons examiné le rôle d’un récepteur central de la PCP, Frizzled-6 (Fzd6), dans la spécification de la lignée et la fonction des HSPC pendant l’homéostasie et la réponse au stress. À l’état de base, nous n’avons observé aucune différence dans le nombre de HSC phénotypiquement enrichis dans la moelle osseuse (MO) Fzd6-/-. Cependant, nos expériences de transplantations compétitives ont démontré que les HSPC des souris Fzd6-/- n’ont pas réussi à reconstituer une hématopoïèse à court et long terme chez les souris receveuses en raison d’une forte activation de la caspase-3. Pour tester si les HSC Fzd6-/- répondent à une hématopoïèse d’urgence induite par une inflammation, nous avons injecté les souris Fzd6-/- avec une dose sous-létale de lipopolysaccharides bactériens (LPS) et de parasites Leishmania donovani qui établissent une infection chronique dans la MO et la rate. Les HSPC Fzd6-/- se sont peu multipliées et ont produit moins de progéniteurs myéloïdes dans les deux modèles. Cette diminution est accompagnée d’une production réduite de monocytes inflammatoires Ly6Chi dans la MO et d’une diminution de l’accumulation de cellules myéloïdes dans la rate. Par conséquent, les souris Fzd6-/- sont plus sensibles à l’inflammation aiguë induite par l’endotoxine, mais présentent un faible taux de parasites dû à un nombre moins élevé de cellules monocytes/macrophages. Nos résultats établissent un lien mécanique entre la signalisation de Fzd6 et la régulation de la réponse des HSC pendant le stress. Nous pensons que la signalisation de Fzd6 est une 5 cible thérapeutique prometteuse pour moduler l’activation des HSC pour de nouveaux concepts de traitement afin de surmonter les limites de la transplantation de MO. En outre, nos observations reliant Fzd6 à la myélopoïèse peuvent également avoir des implications pour les infections aiguës et chroniques. Mots clés: cellules souches hématopoïétiques, signalisation Wnt/Frizzled, auto- renouvellement, myélopoïèse, inflammation, infection chronique ABSTRACT Blood homeostasis is maintained by the fine balance between self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Although hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are maintained in a predominantly quiescent state, they can rapidly enter the cell cycle and differentiate into committed lymphoid and myeloid precursors to replenish immune cells in response to hematopoietic injury or systemic infections. Wnt signaling has been suggested to maintain the dynamic balance of HSPC pool by regulating HSPC divisions and the signals derived from the stem cell microenvironment. Recently our group has shown that non-canonical Wnt4 signaling increases HSPC expansion through a planar cell polarity (PCP)-like pathway. However, the wider physiological impact of PCP signaling on hematopoiesis is yet to be identified. To address this question, we examined the role of a core PCP receptor, Frizzled- 6 (Fzd6) in the lineage specification and the function of HSPCs during homeostatic maintenance and the stress response. At steady-state, we did not observe any differences in the numbers of phenotypically enriched HSCs in Fzd6-/- bone marrow (BM). However, our competitive transplantation experiments demonstrated that HSPCs from Fzd6-/- mice failed to reconstitute short and long term hematopoiesis in recipient mice due to a strong activation of caspase-3 and defective engraftment. To test whether Fzd6-/- HSCs respond to inflammation-induced emergency hematopoiesis, we challenged Fzd6-/- mice with a sub-lethal dose of bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Leishmania donovani parasites that establish a chronic infection in the BM and spleen. Fzd6-/- HSPCs expanded poorly and produced significantly fewer myeloid progenitors in both models. This decrease was accompanied by a reduced production of Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes in BM and decreased accumulation of myeloid cells in spleen. L. donovani specifically induced the production of BM-derived factors that promote myeloid differentiation in both Fzd6-/- and wild-type BM. However, more pronounced elevations in inflammatory cytokines in Fzd6-/- BM resulted in decreased HSPC expansion and myeloid differentiation both in culture and in vivo. As a result, Fzd6-/- mice were more susceptible to endotoxin-induced acute inflammation but presented with lower parasite burden due to a corresponding decrease in monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. iii iv Our results establish a mechanistic link between Fzd6 signaling and demand adapted regulation of HSC response during stress. We anticipate that Fzd6 signaling is a promising therapeutic target to modulate HSC activation for new treatment concepts to overcome the limitations of BM transplantation. Furthermore, our observations linking Fzd6 to myelopoiesis may also have implications for acute and chronic infections. Key words: Hematopoietic stem cell, Wnt/Frizzled signaling, self-renewal, myelopoiesis, inflammation, chronic infection SYNOPSIS L’hématopoïèse chez l’adulte consiste en une production de cellules sanguines suite à un processus d’engagement et de différenciation des cellules souches et progénitrices. Une cellule souche hématopoïétique (hematopoietic stem cell; HSC) est une cellule unique qui peut, à elle seule, reconstituer le système hématopoïétique d’un hôte suite à une irradiation létale (Osawa et al., 1996). Pour que la reconstitution se produise, la cellule souche doit se doter de trois caractéristiques importantes. Premièrement, elle doit pouvoir s’auto-renouveler afin de produire une copie identique à la cellule d’origine et de maintenir son état indifférencié. Deuxièmement, elle doit posséder un potentiel de prolifération extensive pour repeupler le système sanguin. Finalement, elle doit aussi avoir la capacité de différenciation pour donner naissance à tous les éléments sanguins, autant lymphoïdes, myéloïdes qu’érythroïdes (Seita et al., 2010). Au sommet de la hiérarchie du système hématopoïétique, les HSC à long terme (long-term HSC; LT-HSC) possèdent le plus haut degré d’auto-renouvellement et la capacité de repeupler in vivo. Elles fournissent une reconstitution hématopoïétique à vie. Les LT-HSC ne se divisent qu’environ cinq fois au cours de la vie d’une souris adulte en l’absence de facteurs de stress externes (Wilson et al., 2008). Cette quiescence profonde protège les HSC de l’épuisement fonctionnel pour soutenir la production sanguine et prévient le développement de tumeurs malignes (Nakamura-Ishizu et al., 2014). En aval des LT-HSC, les HSC à court terme (short-term HSC; ST-HSC) maintiennent l’équilibre hématopoïétique en produisant des progéniteurs multipotents (MPP). Ces trois populations cellulaires sont dans la fraction Lin- Sca-1+ c-KIT+ (LSK) de la moelle osseuse (MO). Contrairement aux LT-HSC, leur progéniture engagée prolifère activement pour préserver l'intégrité de l’ensemble du tissu hématopoïétique (Wilson et al., 2008). Les cellules lymphoïdes et myéloïdes sont produites par des progéniteurs engagés qui comprennent les progéniteurs lymphoïdes communs (CLP), les progéniteurs myéloïdes communs (CMP), les progéniteurs lymphoïdes multipotents (LMPP), les progéniteurs de granulocytes et macrophages (GMP) et les progéniteurs de mégacaryocytes et érythrocytes (MEP). Ces progéniteurs sont générés par des MPP et ont une capacité de différenciation limitée (Adolfsson et al., 2001, Morrison, 2002, Muller-Sieburg et al., 2012). vi Les populations de cellules
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