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Docteur De L'université De Bordeaux THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DE DROIT (E.D. 41) SPÉCIALITÉ DROIT PUBLIC par Thi Phuong Nhung TRAN L’ASSOCIATION DES NATIONS DE L’ASIE DU SUD -EST (ASEAN) Contribution à l’étude du processus d’institutionnalisation dans le droit international public Sous la direction de M. Olivier DUBOS , Professeur des Universités Soutenue le 23 juillet 2014 Membres du jury : Mme BOISSON DE CHAZOURNES Laurence , Professeur à l’Université de Genève. Mme BOUVERESSE Aude , Professeur à l’Université de Strasbourg, rapporteur . M. CABANIS André , Professeur à l’Université Toulouse 1 Capitole. M. DUBOS Olivier , Professeur à l’Université de Bordeaux, directeur de thèse . M. GRELLOIS Christian , Profes seur à l’Université de Bordeaux. M. NGUYEN Tien Vinh , Maître de Conférences à Université Nationale du Vietnam à Hanoï, rapporteur . Titre : L’Association des Nations de l’Asie du sud -est (ASEAN). Contribution à l’étude du processus d’institutionnalisation dans le droit public Résumé : L’Association des nations de l’Asie du sud -est (ASEAN) est l’une des organisations régionales les plus anciennes en Asie. Créée en 1967 par la Déclaration de Bangkok, une déclaration interétatique, l’ASEAN n’avait pas un statut juridique clair jusqu’en 2007, date de l’adoption de sa Charte constitutive. A défaut d’une base conventionnelle, l’ASEAN ne manquait pourtant pas des caractéristiques d’une organisation internationale. Pendant les quarante années qui ont suivi sa création, elle avait choisi un mode de fonctionnement fondé principalement sur les relations (relationship-based ) et non sur les règles de droit. La prédominance du politique dans le fonctionnement de l’ASEAN a donc laissé aux règles de droit une place secondai re voire ambigüe. Cette spécificité, appelée ASEAN way , a fait de l’ASEAN une organisation au service des intérêts individuels de ses membres. En 2007, l’ASEAN s’est dotée d’une Charte constitutive, qui tente à la transformer en une organisation fondée sur des règles ( rule-based ). Cette Charte qui a ouvert une nouvelle ère pour l’ASEAN, l’a mise au rang d’organisation internationale, sujet dérivé du droit international. Elle semble remettre en cause la place du politique dans le fonctionnement de cette organisation. Néanmoins, la Charte a renforcé l’ASEAN way , ce qui démontre les limites de l’ASEAN. L’étude de l’institutionnalisation de l’ASEAN vise à démontrer les causes de la prééminence de l’ASEAN way sur le droit et ses répercussions sur les relations entre les Etats. Cette présente étude procède à l’examen de l’articulation entre les objectifs et principes comme cadre axiologique de l’ASEAN, son système institutionnel et son ordre juridique. Mots clés : [ASEAN] [ASEAN way] [objectifs] [principes] [organes] [processus décisionnel] [personnalité juridique] [ordre juridique] [primauté] [effet direct] [mise en œuvre] [suivi] [contrôle] [règlement des différends] Title: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Contribution to the study of institutionalization in International Public Law Abstract : The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one of the most ancient regional organizations in Asia. Created in 1967 by the Bangkok Declaration, an interstate declaration, ASEAN did not have a clear legal status until 2007, date of its constituent Charter adoption. Lacking a conventional basis, ASEAN however did not lack the characteristics of an international organization. During the 40 years following its creation, it had chosen a mode of functioning mainly based on relationship and not on rules of law. The political predominance in the ASEAN functioning therefore left only a secondary place to the rules of law, somewhat ambiguous. This particularity, so-called ASEAN way , has made ASEAN an organization geared towards the individual interests of its members. In 2007, ASEAN adopted a constituent Charter, whose aim is to transform ASEAN into a rule-based organization. This Charter, opening a new era for ASEAN, raised it to the rank of international organization – derived subject of international law. It seems to call into question the place of politics in its functioning. The Charter nevertheless reinforced the ASEAN way , which shows the limits of ASEAN. The study of the ASEAN institutionalization aims at proving the cause of the predominance of ASEAN way on the law and its repercussions on interstate relationships. This present study carries out the examination of the link between the aims and the principles as an axiomatical framework of ASEAN, of its institutional system and its legal order. Keywords : [ASEAN] [ASEAN way] [aims] [principles] [organs] [decision-making process] [legal personality] [legal order] [primacy] [direct impact] [implementation] [monitoring] [supervision] [dispute settlement] Unité de recherche [Centre de Recherches et de Documentation Européennes et Internationales (CRDEI), EA 4193, Collège Droit, Sciences Politiques, Economie et Gestion, Université de Bordeaux, Avenue Léon Duguit, 33608 Pessac] REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier vivement Monsieur le Professeur Olivier DUBOS pour avoir accepté de diriger ma thèse, pour m’avoir suggéré ce beau sujet, pour sa confiance, son soutien constant et ses avis pertinents tout au long de cette recherche. Mes remerciements vont également à Madame le Professeur Aude BOUVERESSE, à Monsieur Tien Vinh NGUYEN , maître des conférences, pour avoir accepté d’être rapporteurs de cette thèse, à Madame le Professeur Laurence BOISSON DE CHAZOURNES, à Monsieur le Professeur André CABANIS et à Monsieur le Professeur Christian GRELLOIS pour avoir accepté de participer au jury de ma soutenance. Mes remerciements s’adressent ensuite au Gouvernement français et à l’Université de Bordeaux qui m’ont donné l’occasion de revenir en France pour parfaire ma formation en droit international ainsi que de séjourner à Singapour, dans le cadre d’un stage de recherche, pour que je puisse préparer la présente thèse dans de bonnes conditions. Je tiens également à remercier les institutions et les personnes qui m’ont facilité l’accès aux sources documentaires. Parmi celles-ci, à Paris, à l’Institut de Sciences Politiques, j’ai pu utiliser plusieurs fonds intéressants. À Singapour, l’Institut of Southeast Asian Studies m’a permis d’accéder à un grand nombre de documentations. Je tiens particulièrement à remercier Celina Kiong , Publication Unit, l’Institut of Southeast Asian Studies pour sa gentillesse durant mon stage de recherche. Ma profonde et interminable gratitude va à Roland Dubeaux, mon beau-père regretté, à qui cette thèse tenait à cœur. Il s’impliquait beaucoup dans la relecture de mon travail. Sa capacité intellectuelle, sa passion pour ma thèse, sa relecture méticuleuse, les discussions que j’avais eues avec lui sur l’histoire, la politique française et internationale , m’ont beaucoup aidé. Cette thèse est donc un cadeau pour lui à qui je rends hommage. Je ne saurais manquer de remercier Marie-Claire Dubeaux, ma belle-mère pour sa compréhension, son soutien et ses encouragements ; à mes parents au Vietnam pour leur amour, leur patience, leur soutien grâce auxquels j’ai pu dépasser des moments de nostalgie ; à ma petite sœur , Oanh, pour son aide technique et à mon grand frère, Nam, pour ses encouragements. A Lydia Lebon mes très vifs remerciements pour sa gentillesse, son accompagnement, ses encouragements de tout le temps, ses critiques constructives sur ma thèse et sa relecture d’ une partie du manuscrit de cette thèse. Mes profonds remerciements vont également à Cécile Habault, Olivier Vidal et Michel Blanchard pour leur relecture méticuleuse. Mes sincères remerciements sont aussi dédiés à Clémentine Mazille, Cyrielle Cassan et Victor Guset pour leur enthousiasme. Leurs connaissances sur le droit de l’Union européenne et leur œil extéri eur m’ont permis d’éclairer des points d’ombre dans ma thèse. à Delphine Chadoin, Mélanie Gonzalez, Valérie Cavillan et Annick Hervé, avec qui j’avais passé d’agréables instants à un moment ou à un autre lors de mon doctorat à l’Université de Bordeaux. Enf in, je ne peux pas manquer d’exprimer, ici, avec tendresse, toute ma reconnaissance à mon époux, Baptiste Dubeaux, pour son amour, sa patience incroyable et ses encouragements sans cesse au quotidien qui m’ont permis de s urmonter les moments de stress et de doute lors de la réalisation de cette thèse. À la mémoire de mon beau-papa LISTE DES PRINCIPALES ABRÉVIATIONS AFDI Annuaire Français de Droit International AJPS Asian Journal of Political Science al. alliance AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations Coll. Collection CEE Communauté économique européenne CEPT Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff contre c/ dir. sous direction de GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade JDI Journal du Droit International LGDJ Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence ONU Organisation des Nations Unies OMC Organisation mondiale du commerce OTAN Organisation du traité de sécurité collective de l’Atlantique du nord PIB Produit intérieur brut PUF Presses Universitaires de France pt. Point Rec. Recueil RCADI Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit international à La Haye RFDC Revue française de droit constitutionnel RGDIP Revue générale de droit international public RNB Revenu national brut SYBIL Singapore Year book of International Law SFDI Société Française de Droit International t. Tome TUE Traité sur l’Union européenne TFUE Traité sur le fonctionnement de l’Union europ éenne V. Voir vol. Volume Sommaire PREMIÈRE PARTIE. LES ÉVOLUTIONS DU CADRE AXIOLOGIQUE DE L’ASEAN CHAPITRE 1. LA DIVERSIFICATION DES OBJECTIFS DE L’ASEAN Section 1. L’ASEAN comme instrument d’accomplissement des objectifs individuels des États membres Section 2. L’émergence de nouveaux objectifs de l’ASEAN CHAPITRE 2. L’AMBIGUÏTÉ DES PRINCIPES DE L’ASEAN Section 1. Le renforcement des principes visant à préserver la souveraineté de l’ État Section 2. Une volonté de reconnaître des principes de la démocratie DEUXIÈME PARTIE.
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