Identity, Place and Displacement in the Visual Art of Female Artists at the Vaal University of Technology (VUT), 1994-2004 by Ju
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Identity, place and displacement in the visual art of female artists at the Vaal University of Technology (VUT), 1994-2004 by Judy Ramgolam Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DPhil (Visual Studies) in the FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA April 2011 Promoter: Prof J van Eeden © University of Pretoria SUMMARY Title of thesis: Identity, place and displacement in the visual art of female artists at the Vaal University of Technology (VUT), 1994-2004 Name of student: Judy Ramgolam Promoter: Promoter: Prof J van Eeden Department of Visual Arts Degree: DPhil (Visual Studies) The first ten years of democracy (1994-2004) in South Africa was an important period marked by a plethora of research activities in South Africa. The 2004 exhibition of artworks by academic staff from the Vaal University of Technology (VUT) was an example of one such event. A critical reading of these artworks exhibited diverse representations of their world views and also informed the initial research for this study. All the artworks on exhibition illustrated a commonality of purpose in the artists‘ interrogation and representation of their fragmented identities in a transforming political landscape. Therefore, this thesis considers a political reading of the ideas of identity, place and displacement in the artworks of thirteen female artists at VUT from 1994 to 2004. The rationale of this thesis was to examine in what way the artists‘ construction and representations of identity, place and displacement were influenced by the environmental factors of the historical, political and academic culture in the microcosm of the Vaal region. However, the inclusion of Tracey Rose in this study extended the discourses of identity, place and displacement to consider the disjunctures and ii continuities of cultural practices in ethnicities in South Africa. This thesis furthermore proposed to address the gendered omissions of female artists from contemporary literature and therefore focuses on the creative productions of female artists from VUT. The significance of this study lies in the contribution of knowledge on the existing body of literature of art and artists in South Africa and in initiating the exercise of documenting the visual history of the Vaal region. The theoretical underpinnings are informed by the discourses of cultural studies, postcolonial studies and feminism/s. The thesis delimits the political and historical events of South Africa from pre-history to contemporary South Africa. A postcolonial reading of history is carried out in order to draw attention to inconsistencies and fallacies inherent in the colonial recording of historical events relevant to this study. The influential historical and political events in the discourse of place and displacement have been included in view of their depiction or references made by the artists discussed in this study and to contextualise the geopolitical space of the Vaal Triangle. The political events before and after the decline of apartheid were included to frame the strategy of decolonisation of the new political dispensation. A context for the shifting identities of the artists in a neoliberal democracy, namely the political and historical events germane to the Vaal Triangle and to the artists dealt with in this study, is provided to position the ideological divide between Afrikaner nationalism and a neoliberal democracy. The thesis provides a brief overview of South African art in order to delineate a national perspective and framework for the discussion of the artworks later in the study that are located predominantly in the Vaal Triangle. An average of three artworks per artist were selected for discussion. The selected artworks reflect heterogeneous interpretations of the discursive themes of landscape, the positions of women, shifting timelines and contemporary politics in South African social and cultural practice. There was an observable divide in the artworks that displayed explicit and implicit signifiers referring to the constructs of identity, place and displacement. Identities formed in the spaces of colonisation and in the dislocated, displaced, raced and gendered identities, inform the world views of the artists selected for this study. iii KEY TERMS: Female artists, identity, place, displacement, landscape, political reading, postcolonial, Vaal University of Technology iv DECLARATION I __________________________________________________ Student number __________________________________________________ Declaration 1. I understand what plagiarism entails and am aware of the University‘s policy in this regard. 2. I declare that this thesis is my own, original work. Where someone else‘s work was used (whether from a printed source, the Internet or any other source) due acknowledgement was given and reference was made according to departmental requirements. 3. I did not make use of another student‘s previous work and submit it as my own. 4. I did not allow and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of presenting it as his or her own work. Signature ______________________________ Date _______________________ v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to my promoter, Prof. J van Eeden, for her excellent academic supervision and her valuable theoretical support. My heartfelt gratitude is also extended to the purposive sample population of this study, Annelise Bowker, Louisemarié Combrink, Barbara Hopley, Sanshi Leibach, Olga Lewis, Thea Luus, Reshma Maharaj, Tracey Rose, Avitha Sooful, Rita Tasker, Linette van Greunen, Maggie van Schalkwyk and Colette Vosloo. The assistance and support from Lousie Cilliers, Alisha Himchall, Jonathan Minter, Caitlin Harper, John Shirley, Eugene Hön, Farieda Nazier and Cailin Els is greatly appreciated. This thesis is dedicated to my children, Prishani Meera and Sainesh and to my family, Ester Peter, Christopher Peter, Daphne Peter, Cheyenne Peter, Cheryl Dirks, Biko Peter, Samora Peter, Neo Merckle, Alex Bhiman, Jinal Bhiman, Amilcar Bhiman, Jezrel Bhiman, Silas Peter, Jayshree Peter, Jayden Peter, Ethan Peter, Jineve Peter, Paul Peter, Michelle Peter, Damian Peter, Nicole Peter, Drissica Carls, Rakhee Ramgolam and the extended Peter family for their patience, support, endurance and encouragement during my period of study. Finally, I also dedicate this thesis to the memories of Majorie Peter, GB Peter, Steven Peter, Jinny Bhiman and Melanie Peter. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................ii DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... xiv LIST OF ADDENDA .......................................................................................................xv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background and aims of the study ................................................................ 1 1.1.1 The geopolitical place of the Vaal Triangle .............................................. 10 1.1.2 A history of the Vaal University of Technology (VUT) ............................. 11 1.1.3 Transformational policies in South Africa ................................................ 15 1.2 Literature review ............................................................................................ 19 1.2.1 Cultural studies ....................................................................................... 19 1.2.2 South African cultural studies .................................................................. 21 1.2.3 South African identity .............................................................................. 21 1.2.4 Race ........................................................................................................ 22 1.2.5 Ethnicity ................................................................................................... 22 1.2.6 Feminism/s .............................................................................................. 22 1.2.7 Place and displacement .......................................................................... 23 1.3 The theoretical approach of the study ......................................................... 25 1.4 Research methodology ................................................................................. 25 1.5 Overview of chapters ..................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER TWO: IDENTITY, PLACE AND DISPLACEMENT: A POLITICAL THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................... 32 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 32 2.2 Introduction to cultural studies .................................................................... 32 2.3 South African cultural studies .....................................................................