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Addictions and the Brain
9/18/2012 Addictions and the Brain TAAP Conference September 14, 2012 Acknowledgements • La Hacienda Treatment Center • American Society of Addiction Medicine • National Institute of Drug Abuse © 2012 La Hacienda Treatment Center. All rights reserved. 1 9/18/2012 Definition • A primary, progressive biochemical, psychosocial, genetically transmitted chronic disease of relapse who’s hallmarks are denial, loss of control and unmanageability. DSM IV Criteria for dependency: At least 3 of the 7 below 1. Withdrawal 2. Tolerance 3. The substance is taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended. 4. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use. 5. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects. 6. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of the substance use. 7. The substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance. © 2012 La Hacienda Treatment Center. All rights reserved. 2 9/18/2012 Dispute between behavior and disease Present understanding of the Hypothalamus location of the disease hypothesis. © 2012 La Hacienda Treatment Center. All rights reserved. 3 9/18/2012 © 2012 La Hacienda Treatment Center. All rights reserved. 4 9/18/2012 © 2012 La Hacienda Treatment Center. All rights reserved. 5 9/18/2012 Dispute regarding behavior versus disease © 2012 La Hacienda Treatment Center. All rights reserved. 6 9/18/2012 © 2012 La Hacienda Treatment Center. -
Medications and Alcohol Craving
Medications and Alcohol Craving Robert M. Swift, M.D., Ph.D. The use of medications as an adjunct to alcoholism treatment is based on the premise that craving and other manifestations of alcoholism are mediated by neurobiological mechanisms. Three of the four medications approved in the United States or Europe for treating alcoholism are reported to reduce craving; these include naltrexone (ReVia™), acamprosate, and tiapride. The remaining medication, disulfiram (Antabuse®), may also possess some anticraving activity. Additional medications that have been investigated include ritanserin, which has not been shown to decrease craving or drinking levels in humans, and ondansetron, which shows promise for treating early onset alcoholics, who generally respond poorly to psychosocial treatment alone. Use of anticraving medications in combination (e.g., naltrexone plus acamprosate) may enhance their effectiveness. Future studies should address such issues as optimal dosing regimens and the development of strategies to enhance patient compliance. KEY WORDS: AOD (alcohol and other drug) craving; anti alcohol craving agents; alcohol withdrawal agents; drug therapy; neurobiological theory; alcohol cue; disulfiram; naltrexone; calcium acetylhomotaurinate; dopamine; serotonin uptake inhibitors; buspirone; treatment outcome; reinforcement; neurotransmitters; patient assessment; literature review riteria for defining alcoholism Results of craving research are often tions (i.e., pharmacotherapy) to improve vary widely. Most definitions difficult to interpret, -
Alcohol-Medication Interactions: the Acetaldehyde Syndrome
arm Ph ac f ov l o i a g n il r a n u c o e J Journal of Pharmacovigilance Borja-Oliveira, J Pharmacovigilance 2014, 2:5 ISSN: 2329-6887 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6887.1000145 Review Article Open Access Alcohol-Medication Interactions: The Acetaldehyde Syndrome Caroline R Borja-Oliveira* University of São Paulo, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil *Corresponding author: Caroline R Borja-Oliveira, University of São Paulo, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil, Tel: +55-11-30911027; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: August 21, 2014, Accepted date: September 11, 2014, Published date: September 20, 2014 Copyright: © 2014 Borja-Oliveira CR. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Medications that inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase when coadministered with alcohol produce accumulation of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde toxic effects are characterized by facial flushing, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia and hypotension, symptoms known as acetaldehyde syndrome, disulfiram-like reactions or antabuse effects. Severe and even fatal outcomes are reported. Besides the aversive drugs used in alcohol dependence disulfiram and cyanamide (carbimide), several other pharmaceutical agents are known to produce alcohol intolerance, such as certain anti-infectives, as cephalosporins, nitroimidazoles and furazolidone, dermatological preparations, as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, as well as chlorpropamide and nilutamide. The reactions are also observed in some individuals after the simultaneous use of products containing alcohol and disulfiram-like reactions inducers. -
AN OPEN RANDOMIZED STUDY COMPARING DISULFIRAM and ACAMPROSATE in the TREATMENT of ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AVINASH DE SOUSA* and ALAN DE SOUSA
Alcohol & Alcoholism Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 545–548, 2005 doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh187 Advance Access publication 25 July 2005 AN OPEN RANDOMIZED STUDY COMPARING DISULFIRAM AND ACAMPROSATE IN THE TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AVINASH DE SOUSA* and ALAN DE SOUSA Get Well Clinic And Nursing Home, 33rd Road, Off Linking Road, Bandra, Mumbai 400050, Maharashtra State, India (Received 11 March 2005; first review notified 6 June 2005; in final revised form 21 June 2005; accepted 2 July 2005; advance access publication 25 July 2005) Abstract — Aims: To compare the efficacy of acamprosate (ACP) and disulfiram (DSF) for preventing alcoholic relapse in routine clinical practice. Methods: One hundred alcoholic men with family members who would encourage medication compliance and accom- pany them for follow-up were randomly allocated to 8 months of treatment with DSF or ACP. Weekly group psychotherapy was also available. The psychiatrist, patient, and family member were aware of the treatment prescribed. Alcohol consumption, craving, and adverse events were recorded weekly for 3 months and then fortnightly. Serum gamma glutamyl transferase was measured at the start Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/40/6/545/125907 by guest on 27 September 2021 and the end of the study. Results: At the end of the trial, 93 patients were still in contact. Relapse (the consumption of >5 drinks/40 g of alcohol) occurred at a mean of 123 days with DSF compared to 71 days with ACP (P = 0.0001). Eighty-eight per cent of patients on DSF remained abstinent compared to 46% with ACP (P = 0.0002). -
Consent for Treatment with Disulfiram
CONSENT FOR TREATMENT WITH DISULFIRAM • Disulfiram (Antabuse) is a medication that is used to help prevent relapse to alcohol. • The body is not able to process alcohol while taking disulfiram. This includes even very small doses that may be absorbed from perfume, hand sanitizer, food items (dressings, vinegars, marinades, sauces, extracts, etc.) and alcoholic beverages. It is important to check labels of items that will go in or on your body. • Disulfiram should NOT be taken if you have consumed alcohol within the past 12 hours. • A disulfiram-alcohol reaction may include: trouble breathing, throbbing pain in head and neck, nausea, vomiting, sweating, thirst, palpitations, weakness, dizziness, blurred vision, and confusion. Severe reactions may involve respiratory failure, heart failure, unconsciousness, seizure, and death. • The larger the dose of the alcohol, the stronger the disulfiram-alcohol effect. The reaction can last from 30 minutes to several hours, or as long as it takes for the alcohol to be metabolized. • Disulfiram-alcohol reaction may occur for up to 2 weeks after stopping medication. • This medication can affect your liver. Blood will be drawn before starting treatment, again soon after starting treatment, and then as needed to make sure your liver is healthy. Tell your treatment team or seek emergency care if you develop any of these symptoms: o Yellowing of the skin or eyes o Dark urine o White stool or diarrhea o Stomach pain or loss of appetite o More tired than normal • Allergic reactions can happen when taking disulfiram. Alert your treatment team or get immediate medical help if you have any of these symptoms: o Skin rash o Chest pain o Trouble breathing or wheezing o Dizziness or fainting o Swelling of eyes, mouth, tongue, or face • The most common side effect of disulfiram is drowsiness, but severe adverse reactions have occurred in some individuals. -
PRESCRIBED DRUGS and NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS K a Grosset, D G Grosset Iii2
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.2004.045757 on 16 August 2004. Downloaded from PRESCRIBED DRUGS AND NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS K A Grosset, D G Grosset iii2 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75(Suppl III):iii2–iii8. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.045757 treatment history is a fundamental part of the healthcare consultation. Current drugs (prescribed, over the counter, herbal remedies, drugs of misuse) and how they are taken A(frequency, timing, missed and extra doses), drugs tried previously and reason for discontinuation, treatment response, adverse effects, allergies, and intolerances should be taken into account. Recent immunisations may also be of importance. This article examines the particular relevance of medication in patients presenting with neurological symptoms. Drugs and their interactions may contribute in part or fully to the neurological syndrome, and treatment response may assist diagnostically or in future management plans. Knowledge of medicine taking behaviour may clarify clinical presentations such as analgesic overuse causing chronic daily headache, or severe dyskinesia resulting from obsessive use of dopamine replacement treatment. In most cases, iatrogenic symptoms are best managed by withdrawal of the offending drug. Indirect mechanisms whereby drugs could cause neurological problems are beyond the scope of the current article—for example, drugs which raise blood pressure or which worsen glycaemic control and consequently increase the risk of cerebrovascular disease, or immunosupressants -
Alcoholism Treatment by Disulfiram and Community Reinforcement Therapy
1. Lkhav. 7%~. &Exp. Psjrhiot. Vol. 13. No. 2. pp. 105-112, 1982. 0005~7916/82/020105-08 103.00/o Printed in Great Britain. 0 1982 Permmon Press Ltd. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT BY DISULFIRAM AND COMMUNITY REINFORCEMENT THERAPY N. H. AZRIN, R. W. SISSON, R. MEYERS and M. GODLEY Anna Mental Health and Developmental Center and Nova University Summary-Traditional disulfiram treatment has often been ineffective because of a failure to maintain usage. The present study with 43 alcoholics compared: (1) a traditional disulfiram treatment, (2) a socially motivated Disulfiram Assurance program and (3) a Disulfiram Assurance program combined with reinforcement therapy. About five sessions were given for each program. At the 6-month follow-up, the traditional treatment clients were drinking on most days and no longer taking the medication. The Disulfiram Assurance treatment resulted in almost total sobriety for married or (cohabitating) clients but had little benefit for the single ones. The combined program produced near-total sobriety for the single and married clients. These results indicate a promising integration of chemical, psychological and social treatment of alcoholism. Because of the adverse physical reaction which indicates that when disulfiram adherence has results from drinking alcohol while under been assured, drinking has been effectively disulfiram (Antabuse (R))medication, that drug reduced. Bourne, Alford and Bowcock (1966) has been widely used as a pharmacological and Haynes (1973) found favorable results adjunct for the treatment of alcoholism (Fox, when alcoholics were encouraged by the court 1967). In clinical studies, however, disulfiram to take disulfiram regularly under supervision of has generally not been found to be as effective a relative or probation officer as an alternative as might be expected (Lundwall and Baekeland, to a jail sentence; Liebson and Bigelow (1972) 1971). -
Nano-Enabled Disulfiram for Cancer Therapy
Nano-enabled disulfiram for cancer therapy Erazuliana Abd Kadir A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University College London UCL School of Pharmacy 29-39 Brunswick Square London, WC1N 1AX February 2017 Declaration The thesis describes the research conducted in the UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London between 2012 and 2016 under the supervision of Professor Andreas Schätzlein. I, Erazuliana Abd Kadir, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature : Date : 17th February 2017 ii ABSTRACT The hypothesis was that encapsulation of labile disulfiram (DS) in a high capacity nanoemulsion stabilized by quaternary ammonium palmitoyl glycol chitosan (GCPQ) could protect DS from degradation in the blood and increase its delivery to tumours. GCPQ was synthesized from glycol chitosan and characterized. GCP20Q11 polymer was chosen to be incorporated with DS in soybean oil into homogenous DS-GCP20Q11-E nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsions showed capability of oil-loading up to 50% v/v for a stable entrapment of high drug content. With increasing oil content (5 to 50%) the mean particle size increased, as did overall polydispersity (190 to 359 nm and 0.14 to 0.21, respectively). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed existence of heterogeneous particles with a size below 100 nm. The drug load and colloidal stability were improved in lower oil-content formulations stored at low temperature. Formulations showed highly positive particle surface charge (51 mV at pH 4.50), proving the ionic stability of the individual particles. -
Pharmaceutical Appendix to the Tariff Schedule 2
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007) (Rev. 2) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007) (Rev. 2) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names (INN) which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known. ABACAVIR 136470-78-5 ACIDUM LIDADRONICUM 63132-38-7 ABAFUNGIN 129639-79-8 ACIDUM SALCAPROZICUM 183990-46-7 ABAMECTIN 65195-55-3 ACIDUM SALCLOBUZICUM 387825-03-8 ABANOQUIL 90402-40-7 ACIFRAN 72420-38-3 ABAPERIDONUM 183849-43-6 ACIPIMOX 51037-30-0 ABARELIX 183552-38-7 ACITAZANOLAST 114607-46-4 ABATACEPTUM 332348-12-6 ACITEMATE 101197-99-3 ABCIXIMAB 143653-53-6 ACITRETIN 55079-83-9 ABECARNIL 111841-85-1 ACIVICIN 42228-92-2 ABETIMUSUM 167362-48-3 ACLANTATE 39633-62-0 ABIRATERONE 154229-19-3 ACLARUBICIN 57576-44-0 ABITESARTAN 137882-98-5 ACLATONIUM NAPADISILATE 55077-30-0 ABLUKAST 96566-25-5 ACODAZOLE 79152-85-5 ABRINEURINUM 178535-93-8 ACOLBIFENUM 182167-02-8 ABUNIDAZOLE 91017-58-2 ACONIAZIDE 13410-86-1 ACADESINE 2627-69-2 ACOTIAMIDUM 185106-16-5 ACAMPROSATE 77337-76-9 -
Disulfiram | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
PATIENT & CAREGIVER EDUCATION Disulfiram This information from Lexicomp® explains what you need to know about this medication, including what it’s used for, how to take it, its side effects, and when to call your healthcare provider. Brand Names: US Antabuse [DSC] Warning Do not take this drug for at least 12 hours after drinking alcohol or taking drugs that have alcohol in them. What is this drug used for? It is used to help you stop drinking alcohol. What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take this drug? If you are allergic to this drug; any part of this drug; or any other drugs, foods, or substances. Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had. If you have heart problems. If you have psychosis. If you drink alcohol or take any drugs that have alcohol. If you are taking metronidazole. If you are breast-feeding. Do not breast-feed while you take this drug. This is not a list of all drugs or health problems that interact with this drug. Disulfiram 1/6 Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems. You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take this drug with all of your drugs and health problems. Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug without checking with your doctor. What are some things I need to know or do while I take this drug? Tell all of your health care providers that you take this drug. -
Identification of Novel Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors from Ligand Based Virtual Screening
Identification of novel monoamine oxidase B inhibitors from ligand based virtual screening A thesis submitted to Kent State University in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science By Mohammed Alaasam August, 2014 Thesis written by Mohammed Alaasam B.S., University of Baghdad, 2007 M.S., Kent State University, 2014 Approved by Werner Geldenhuys , Chair, Master’s Thesis Committee Richard Carroll , Member, Master’s Thesis Committee Prabodh Sadana , Member, Master’s Thesis Committee Eric Mintz , Director, School of Biomedical Sciences James Blank , Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ii Table of Contents List of figure ...................................................................................................................... vi List of tables ..................................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................ xiv Chapter one: Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1.Parkinson's disease ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2.Monoamine oxidase enzymes ....................................................................................... 7 1.3.Structures of MAO enzymes ....................................................................................... 12 1.4.Three dimentiona -
Treatment for Cocaine Addiction
(19) TZZ¥_Z_T (11) EP 3 170 499 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 24.05.2017 Bulletin 2017/21 A61K 31/27 (2006.01) A61K 31/16 (2006.01) A61P 25/00 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 16204193.3 (22) Date of filing: 31.08.2011 (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventors: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB • LEDERMAN, Seth GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO New York, NY 10022 (US) PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR • HARRIS, Herbert New York, NY 10022 (US) (30) Priority: 01.09.2010 US 379095 P (74) Representative: Bassil, Nicholas Charles et al (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in Kilburn & Strode LLP accordance with Art. 76 EPC: 20 Red Lion Street 11832859.0 / 2 611 440 London WC1R 4PJ (GB) (71) Applicant: Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Remarks: New York, NY 10022 (US) This application was filed on 14.12.2016 as a divisional application to the application mentioned under INID code 62. (54) TREATMENT FOR COCAINE ADDICTION (57) A novel pharmaceutical composition is provided therapeutic dose application or a single dose of a com- for the control of stimulant effects, in particular treatment bined therapeutically effective composition of disulfiram of cocaine addiction, or further to treatment of both co- and selegiline compounds or pharmaceutically accepta- caine and alcohol dependency, including simultaneous ble non-toxic salt thereof. EP 3 170 499 A1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) 1 EP 3 170 499 A1 2 Description and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), better