DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterization of Puccinia Recondita, the Causal Agent of Brown Rust: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterization of Puccinia Recondita, the Causal Agent of Brown Rust: a Review AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES DOI: 10.22616/rrd.25.2019.051 CHARACTERIZATION OF PUCCINIA RECONDITA, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF BROWN RUST: A REVIEW Kintija Peksa1,2, Biruta Bankina1 1Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Latvia 2Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics, Latvia [email protected] Abstract Brown rust caused by Puccinia recondita is a significant disease in cereal growing areas worldwide. On average, brown rust can cause yield losses from 10% to 40% resulting in economic losses. The disease damages the leaves, stems and glumes of cereals. Classification of the pathogen causing brown rust has undergone several revisions. There are two different opinions about the causal agent causing brown rust on rye and wheat. Some scientists consider that the causal agent of brown rust in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale) is included in the broad species of P. recondita defined by Cummins, but other scientists consider that there are two species causing brown rust – P. recondita in rye and P. triticina in wheat. There are many studies about the races of P. recondita in wheat: in North America, 70 races are collected every year; in Canada, 35 races have been found; in Europe, 105 races have been found. Unfortunately, there are no studies about the races of the pathogen of rye. P. recondita is a heteroecious fungus with a complicated life cycle. For successful development, the fungus requires cereals as primary hosts and different alternative hosts, depending on the specialization of the pathogen. Specific studies about the biology, distribution and harmfulness of Puccinia recondita in Latvia are necessary. Monographic method was used for this study. The aim of this article is to summarize the information from the literature about Puccinia recondita, the causal agent of brown rust, with emphasis on the occurrence, harmfulness, taxonomy, and life cycle of P. recondita f. sp. secalis. Key words: taxonomy, cereal, fungal diseases, rye, Uredinales. Introduction urediniospores on cereal hosts, and pycniospores and Brown rust (also called brown leaf rust) caused by aeciospores on the alternative hosts. Puccinia recondita (syn. Puccinia triticina) can infect Genetic resistance is most commonly used to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale), prevent yield losses caused by brown rust. The triticale (×Triticosecale), and barley (Hordeum identification of pathogens’ races is very important for vulgare). Brown rust is widespread in major wheat the breeding of resistant varieties (Bolton, Kolmer, & production regions such as America, Africa and Europe Garvin, 2008). (Ordonez, German, & Kolmer, 2010; Huerta-Espino There are many studies about the races of brown et al., 2011). Brown rust is the most widespread and rust in wheat, but no research has been carried out on prevalent disease of wheat in South America (German the races of P. recondita in rye. et al., 2007). In the USA, epidemics of brown rust on The aim of this article is to summarize the winter wheat have occurred in the southern part of the information from the literature about Puccinia country more frequently than in the areas in north of recondita, the causal agent of brown rust, with the country. Brown rust is the most important wheat emphasis on the occurrence, harmfulness, taxonomy, disease in Mexico (Roelfs, 1989). Level of yield and life cycle of P. recondita f. sp. secalis. losses caused by leaf rust are different, depending on various weather conditions, availability of inoculum Materials and Methods and cultivar susceptibility (Teferi, 2015). The disease Monographic method was used for this study. can cause yield losses in wheat from 5% to 10% in Scientific literature from different countries related to Canada, from 10% to 22% in the USA, and up to 40% Puccinia recondita (the causal agent of cereal brown in Mexico (Moschini & Perez, 1999). rust), its biology, evolution and distribution was Brown rust caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. summarized. secalis occurs regularly in all areas where rye is growing. This disease is one of the most significant Results and Discussion diseases of rye in Europe (Miedaner et al., 2012), and Distribution and harmfulness of brown rust it is common also in Latvia (Bankina et al., 2013). Brown rust occurs on wheat (Triticum aestivum Early infection of brown rust in continental climates L.), rye (Secale cereale), triticale (×Triticosecale), can cause yield losses of up to 40%, and if the and barley (Hordeum vulgare). The occurrence of epidemic is early and strong – even up to 60 – 80% in brown rust is high in all regions where rye, wheat rye (Kobylanski & Solodukhina, 1996). and triticale are produced. Under Latvia’s climatic Puccinia recondita is a heteroecious fungus, conditions, brown rust in rye sowings appears every macrocyclic, and has five distinct stages of year, but wheat and triticale sowings are seldom development: teliospores, basidiospores, and infected (Treikale, 2010, 2016). 70 RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2019, VOLUME 2 CHARACTERIZATION OF PUCCINIA RECONDITA, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF BROWN RUST: A REVIEW Kintija Peksa, Biruta Bankina Wheat brown rust can cause a reduced number 1885, it was considered that more than one species of kernels per head and kernel weight (Kolmer, can cause brown rust on various plants. Later, many 2013). Grain losses can reach up to 30 – 70% even species were described and named according to host in susceptible varieties in South America (Ordonez, specialization. The classification of causal agents of German, & Kolmer, 2010). Different results have been brown rust proceeded to be modified from time to obtained in Europe, where yield losses in susceptible time (Liu et al., 2013). cultivars reached 14 – 29%, mainly due to reductions In 1894 and 1899, Eriksson and Henning described in kernel weight (Huerta-Espino et al., 2011). Findings many species (P. agropyrina, P. bromina, P. dispersa, of American researchers confirm that yield losses P. glumarum, P. holcina, H. mollis, P. simplex, P. caused by rust can make 5 – 15% in Canada, 10 – 22% triseti, P. triticina), which before were grouped as one in the USA, 9 – 51% in Argentina, and even up to 40% species – Puccnia rubigo-vera. Arthur and Fromme, in Mexico (Moschini & Pérez, 1999). in contrast, united all forms of P. rubigo-vera with Brown rust in rye can cause significant yield losses, alternative host plants from Ranunculaceae family especially when infection is early. In continental into one species with one name – Dicaeoma clematidis. climates, yield losses can reach up to 40%, and if the Mains in 1933 suggested to place all featured species epidemic is early and strong – even up to 60 – 80% causing brown rust back into one species under name (Kobylanski & Soludhkina, 1996). Disease severity in Puccinia rubigo-vera. In 1934, Arthur accepted the Latvia in some years increased up to 15% (Treikale, causal agents of brown rust as one species P. rubigo- 2010, 2016). vera. Cummins and Caldwell in 1956 suggested Brown rust is a significant disease for winter Puccinia recondita as the valid binomial for the causal triticale in Poland, and the infections caused by P. agents of brown rust of grasses and cereals. This broad recondita can result in substantial yield losses (Wooe, species concept was widespread in North America Maekowiak, & Cichy, 1994). (Huerta-Espino et al., 2011). Harmfulness of brown rust depends on the time of P. recondita has alternative hosts in four infection – earlier appearance of disease leads to more families of plants (Balsaminaceae, Boraginaceae, substantial yield losses. Hydrophyllaceae, and Ranunculaceae). Cummins There are findings which confirm that brown in 1956 and Caldwell in 1971 placed all causal rust infection depends on the cultivar. In Finland, agents of brown rust into one species, because of rye cultivars differed in brown rust infection level; spore morphology and host range was similar. Other however, the effect of cultivar was also directly scientists arranged these pathogens into more than one related to the time and location of sowing (Serenius et species, because of small but permanent differences al., 2005). In Latvia, observations showed that disease in the morphology of teliospores, aeciospores and severity differed depending on the cultivar, but clear uredospores (Savile, 1984). There are two diverse regularities were not found (Bankina et al., 2013). opinions about the P. recondita complex: some of Characterisation of the pathogen researchers hold the opinion that the causal agent of Causal agents of brown rust belong to the genus brown rust in wheat and rye is included in the broad Puccinia, family Pucciniaceae, order Pucciniales, species of P. recondita, but some consider that there phylum Basidiomycota in the kingdom Fungi. are two species that cause brown rust – P. recondita in The classification of these pathogens has undergone rye and P. triticina in wheat. several revisions. The fungi develop on two different The causal agents of cereal brown rust have been hosts: uredospores, teliospores and basidiospores divided into various species including Puccinia develop on the principal host, and pycniospores aegilopis (Maire, 1914), Puccinia dispersa (Gaumann, and aeciaspores develop on the alternative host. At 1959), Puccinia persistens (Urban, 1992), P. rubigo- the beginning, the causal agent of brown rust was vera (Arthur, 1934), Puccinia tritici-duri (Viennot- designated as Uredo rubigo-vera in 1815 by Augustin Bourgin, 1941), and Puccina triticina (Savile, 1984), de Candolle. Winter in 1884 placed the causal agent of and P. recondita as well (Cummins, 1971). The causal this disease in the species complex of P. rubigo-vera. agent of brown rust in wheat and rye is included in the Eriksson in 1899 was the first one to report Puccinia broad species of P. recondita; however, some scientists triticina as a single species. At the beginning of the separated this pathogen into two species – P. recondita 20th century, it was adopted by many scientists in (rye group) and P. triticina (wheat group) (Savile, North America and Europe that some species infect 1984; Swertz, 1994) or P.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mapping Non-Host Resistance to the Stem Rust Pathogen in an Interspecific Barberry Hybrid Radhika Bartaula1, Arthur T
    Bartaula et al. BMC Plant Biology (2019) 19:319 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1893-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Mapping non-host resistance to the stem rust pathogen in an interspecific barberry hybrid Radhika Bartaula1, Arthur T. O. Melo2, Sarah Kingan3, Yue Jin4 and Iago Hale2* Abstract Background: Non-host resistance (NHR) presents a compelling long-term plant protection strategy for global food security, yet the genetic basis of NHR remains poorly understood. For many diseases, including stem rust of wheat [causal organism Puccinia graminis (Pg)], NHR is largely unexplored due to the inherent challenge of developing a genetically tractable system within which the resistance segregates. The present study turns to the pathogen’salternate host, barberry (Berberis spp.), to overcome this challenge. Results: In this study, an interspecific mapping population derived from a cross between Pg-resistant Berberis thunbergii (Bt)andPg-susceptible B. vulgaris was developed to investigate the Pg-NHR exhibited by Bt. To facilitate QTL analysis and subsequent trait dissection, the first genetic linkage maps for the two parental species were constructed and a chromosome-scale reference genome for Bt was assembled (PacBio + Hi-C). QTL analysis resulted in the identification of a single 13 cM region (~ 5.1 Mbp spanning 13 physical contigs) on the short arm of Bt chromosome 3. Differential gene expression analysis, combined with sequence variation analysis between the two parental species, led to the prioritization of several candidate genes within the QTL region, some of which belong to gene families previously implicated in disease resistance. Conclusions: Foundational genetic and genomic resources developed for Berberis spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Induced Resistance in Wheat
    https://doi.org/10.35662/unine-thesis-2819 Induced resistance in wheat A dissertation submitted to the University of Neuchâtel for the degree of Doctor in Naturel Science by Fares BELLAMECHE Thesis direction Prof. Brigitte Mauch-Mani Dr. Fabio Mascher Thesis committee Prof. Brigitte Mauch-Mani, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland Prof. Daniel Croll, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland Dr. Fabio Mascher, Agroscope, Changins, Switzerland Prof. Victor Flors, University of Jaume I, Castellon, Spain Defense on the 6th of March 2020 University of Neuchâtel Summary During evolution, plants have developed a variety of chemical and physical defences to protect themselves from stressors. In addition to constitutive defences, plants possess inducible mechanisms that are activated in the presence of the pathogen. Also, plants are capable of enhancing their defensive level once they are properly stimulated with non-pathogenic organisms or chemical stimuli. This phenomenon is called induced resistance (IR) and it was widely reported in studies with dicotyledonous plants. However, mechanisms governing IR in monocots are still poorly investigated. Hence, the aim of this thesis was to study the efficacy of IR to control wheat diseases such leaf rust and Septoria tritici blotch. In this thesis histological and transcriptomic analysis were conducted in order to better understand mechanisms related to IR in monocots and more specifically in wheat plants. Successful use of beneficial rhizobacteria requires their presence and activity at the appropriate level without any harmful effect to host plant. In a first step, the interaction between Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 (CHA0) and wheat was assessed. Our results demonstrated that CHA0 did not affect wheat seed germination and was able to colonize and persist on wheat roots with a beneficial effect on plant growth.
    [Show full text]
  • First Checklist of Rust Fungi in the Genus Puccinia from Himachal Pradesh, India
    Plant Pathology & Quarantine 6(2): 106–120 (2016) ISSN 2229-2217 www.ppqjournal.org Article PPQ Copyright © 2016 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/ppq/6/2/1 First checklist of rust fungi in the genus Puccinia from Himachal Pradesh, India Gautam AK1* and Avasthi S2 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Abhilashi University, Mandi-175028, India 2 Department of Botany, Abhilashi Institute of Life Sciences, Mandi- 175008, India Gautam AK, Avasthi S 2016 – First checklist of rust fungi in the genus Puccinia from Himachal Pradesh, India. Plant Pathology & Quarantine 6(2), 106–120, Doi 10.5943/ppq/6/2/1 Abstract A checklist of rust fungi belonging to the genus Puccinia was prepared for Himachal Pradesh, India. All Puccinia species published until 2014 are included in this list. A total of 80 species have been reported on 91 plant species belonging to 33 families. The family Poaceae supports the highest number of species (26 species) followed by Ranunculaceae (8), Asteraceae (7), Apiaceae and Polygonaceae (6 each), Rubiaceae and Cyperaceae (3 each), Acanthaceae, Berberidaceae, Lamiaceae and Saxifragaceae (2 each). The other host plant families are associated with a single species of Puccinia. This study provides the first checklist of Puccinia from Himachal Pradesh. Key words – checklist – Himachal Pradesh – Puccinia spp. – rust fungi Introduction Himachal Pradesh is a hilly state situated in the heart of Himalaya in the northern part of India. The state extends between 30° 22’ 40” – 33° 12’ 20” north latitudes and 75° 44’ 55” – 79° 04’ 20” east longitudes. The total area of the state is 55,670 km2, covered with very high mountains to plain grasslands.
    [Show full text]
  • Image-Based Wheat Fungi Diseases Identification by Deep
    plants Article Image-Based Wheat Fungi Diseases Identification by Deep Learning Mikhail A. Genaev 1,2,3, Ekaterina S. Skolotneva 1,2, Elena I. Gultyaeva 4 , Elena A. Orlova 5, Nina P. Bechtold 5 and Dmitry A. Afonnikov 1,2,3,* 1 Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected] (M.A.G.); [email protected] (E.S.S.) 2 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia 3 Kurchatov Genomics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia 4 All Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] 5 Siberian Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding, Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; [email protected] (E.A.O.); [email protected] (N.P.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-(383)-363-49-63 Abstract: Diseases of cereals caused by pathogenic fungi can significantly reduce crop yields. Many cultures are exposed to them. The disease is difficult to control on a large scale; thus, one of the relevant approaches is the crop field monitoring, which helps to identify the disease at an early stage and take measures to prevent its spread. One of the effective control methods is disease identification based on the analysis of digital images, with the possibility of obtaining them in field conditions, Citation: Genaev, M.A.; Skolotneva, using mobile devices. In this work, we propose a method for the recognition of five fungal diseases E.S.; Gultyaeva, E.I.; Orlova, E.A.; of wheat shoots (leaf rust, stem rust, yellow rust, powdery mildew, and septoria), both separately Bechtold, N.P.; Afonnikov, D.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Wheat Leaf Rust
    Marcia McMullen Jack Rasmussen Plant Pathologist Plant Pathologist PP589 (Revised) NDSU Extension Service Agricultural Experiment Station WHEAT LEAF RUST Wheat leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina (formerly recondita f. sp. tritici), reduces wheat yields in susceptible varieties when weather conditions favor rust development and spread. The most notable signs of leaf rust infection are the reddish-orange spore masses of the fungus breaking through the leaf surface (Figure 1). These spore masses, called pus- tules or uredinia, are first detected on wheat in North Dakota in late May or early June, generally in the Figure 1. Top: Resistant reaction; Center: Moderately resistant reac- southern-most counties. Normally, tion; Bottom: Susceptible reaction. only a few pustules are visible on susceptible varieties in early June because spore numbers are still low. The disease develops prior to this period on susceptible winter or spring wheat crops grown in states farther south. The leaf rust spores are carried by wind currents, and the disease advances progressively northward across the Great Plains as the wheat crops develop (Figure 2). The leaf rust pathogen has only occasionally over-wintered in North Dakota, during a mild winter or when protected by deep snow. Figure 2. Leaf rust disease cycle. North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105 JULY 2002 The Disease The following factors must be present for wheat leaf rust infection to occur: viable spores; susceptible or moder- ately susceptible wheat plants; moisture on the leaves (six to eight hours of dew); and favorable temperatures (60 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit). Relatively cool nights combined with warm days are excellent conditions for disease development.
    [Show full text]
  • Cereal Rye Section 9 Diseases
    SOUTHERN SEPTEMBER 2018 CEREAL RYE SECTION 9 DISEASES TOOLS FOR DIAGNOSING CEREAL DISEASE | ERGOT | TAKE-ALL | RUSTS | YELLOW LEAF SPOT (TAN SPOT) | FUSARIUM: CROWN ROT AND FHB | COMMON ROOT ROT | SMUT | RHIZOCTONIA ROOT ROT | CEREAL FUNGICIDES | DISEASE FOLLOWING EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS SOUTHERN JANUARY 2018 SECTION 9 CEREAL rye Diseases Key messages • Rye has good tolerance to cereal root diseases. • The most important disease of rye is ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It is important to realise that feeding stock with ergot infested grain can result in serious losses. Grain with three ergots per 1,000 kernels can be toxic. 1 • Stem and leaf rusts can usually be seen on cereal rye in most years, but they are only occasionally a serious problem. 2 • All commercial cereal rye varieties have resistance to the current pathotypes of stripe rust. However, the out-crossing nature of the species will mean that under high disease pressure, a proportion of the crop (approaching 15–20% of the plant population) may show evidence of the disease. Other diseases are usually insignificant. • Cereal rye has tolerance to take-all, making it a useful break crop following grassy pastures. 3 • Bevy is a host for the root disease take-all and this should be carefully monitored. 4 General disease management strategies: • Use resistant or partially resistant varieties. • Use disease-free seed. • Use fungicidal seed treatments to kill fungi carried on the seed coat or in the seed. • Have a planned in-crop fungicide regime. • Conduct in-crop disease audits to determine the severity of the disease. This can be used as a tool to determine what crop is grown in what paddock the following year.
    [Show full text]
  • 9B Taxonomy to Genus
    Fungus and Lichen Genera in the NEMF Database Taxonomic hierarchy: phyllum > class (-etes) > order (-ales) > family (-ceae) > genus. Total number of genera in the database: 526 Anamorphic fungi (see p. 4), which are disseminated by propagules not formed from cells where meiosis has occurred, are presently not grouped by class, order, etc. Most propagules can be referred to as "conidia," but some are derived from unspecialized vegetative mycelium. A significant number are correlated with fungal states that produce spores derived from cells where meiosis has, or is assumed to have, occurred. These are, where known, members of the ascomycetes or basidiomycetes. However, in many cases, they are still undescribed, unrecognized or poorly known. (Explanation paraphrased from "Dictionary of the Fungi, 9th Edition.") Principal authority for this taxonomy is the Dictionary of the Fungi and its online database, www.indexfungorum.org. For lichens, see Lecanoromycetes on p. 3. Basidiomycota Aegerita Poria Macrolepiota Grandinia Poronidulus Melanophyllum Agaricomycetes Hyphoderma Postia Amanitaceae Cantharellales Meripilaceae Pycnoporellus Amanita Cantharellaceae Abortiporus Skeletocutis Bolbitiaceae Cantharellus Antrodia Trichaptum Agrocybe Craterellus Grifola Tyromyces Bolbitius Clavulinaceae Meripilus Sistotremataceae Conocybe Clavulina Physisporinus Trechispora Hebeloma Hydnaceae Meruliaceae Sparassidaceae Panaeolina Hydnum Climacodon Sparassis Clavariaceae Polyporales Gloeoporus Steccherinaceae Clavaria Albatrellaceae Hyphodermopsis Antrodiella
    [Show full text]
  • Virulence of Puccinia Triticina on Wheat in Iran
    African Journal of Plant Science Vol. 4 (2), pp. 026-031, February 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ajps ISSN 1996-0824 © 2010 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Virulence of Puccinia triticina on wheat in Iran S. Elyasi-Gomari Azad Islamic University, Shoushtar Branch, Faculty of Agriculture, Shoushtar, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted 12 January, 2010 Wheat leaf rust is controlled mainly by race-specific resistance. To be effective, breeding wheat for resistance to leaf rust requires knowledge of virulence diversity in local populations of the pathogen. Collections of Puccinia triticina were made from rust-infected wheat leaves on the territory of Khuzestan province (south-west) in Iran during 2008 - 2009. In 2009, up to 20 isolates each of the seven most common leaf rust races plus 8 -10 isolates of unnamed races were tested for virulence to 35 near- isogenic wheat lines with different single Lr genes for leaf rust resistance. The lines with Lr9, Lr25, Lr28 and Lr29 gene were resistant to all of the isolates. Few isolates of known races but most isolates of the new, unnamed races were virulent on Lr19. The 35 Lr gene lines were also exposed to mixed race inoculum in field plots to tests effectiveness of their resistance. No leaf rust damage occurred on Lr9, Lr25, Lr28 and Lr29 in the field, and lines with Lr19, Lr16, Lr18, Lr35, Lr36, Lr37 and the combination Lr27 + Lr31 showed less than 15% severity. A total of 500 isolates of P. triticina obtained from five commercial varieties of wheat at two locations in the eastern and northern parts of the Khuzestan region were identified to race using the eight standard leaf rust differential varieties of Johnson and Browder.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Status of Research on Rust Fungi (Pucciniales) in India
    Asian Journal of Mycology 4(1): 40–80 (2021) ISSN 2651-1339 www.asianjournalofmycology.org Article Doi 10.5943/ajom/4/1/5 Current status of research on Rust fungi (Pucciniales) in India Gautam AK1, Avasthi S2, Verma RK3, Devadatha B 4, Sushma5, Ranadive KR 6, Bhadauria R2, Prasher IB7 and Kashyap PL8 1School of Agriculture, Abhilashi University, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India 2School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India 3Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India 4 Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India 5Department of Biosciences, Chandigarh University Gharuan, Punjab, India 6Department of Botany, P.D.E.A.’s Annasaheb Magar Mahavidyalaya, Mahadevnagar, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, India 7Department of Botany, Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Panjab University Chandigarh, India 8ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Karnal, Haryana, India Gautam AK, Avasthi S, Verma RK, Devadatha B, Sushma, Ranadive KR, Bhadauria R, Prasher IB, Kashyap PL 2021 – Current status of research on Rust fungi (Pucciniales) in India. Asian Journal of Mycology 4(1), 40–80, Doi 10.5943/ajom/4/1/5 Abstract Rust fungi show unique systematic characteristics among all fungal groups. A single species of rust fungi may produce up to five morphologically and cytologically distinct spore-producing structures thereby attracting the interest of mycologist for centuries. In India, the research on rust fungi started with the arrival of foreign visiting scientists or emigrant experts, mainly from Britain who collected fungi and sent specimens to European laboratories for identification. Later on, a number of mycologists from India and abroad studied Indian rust fungi and contributed a lot to knowledge of the rusts to the Indian Mycobiota.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Molecular Signatures of Responses of Wheat to Zymoseptoria Tritici in Compatible and Incompatible Interactions
    Plant Pathology (2016) Doi: 10.1111/ppa.12633 Early molecular signatures of responses of wheat to Zymoseptoria tritici in compatible and incompatible interactions E. S. Ortona, J. J.Ruddb and J. K. M. Browna* aJohn Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH; and bRothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch, a serious foliar disease of wheat, is a necrotrophic pathogen that undergoes a long latent period. Emergence of insensitivity to fungicides, and pesticide reduction policies, mean there is a pressing need to understand septoria and control it through greater varietal resistance. Stb6 and Stb15, the most common qualitative resistance genes in modern wheat cultivars, determine specific resistance to avirulent fun- gal genotypes following a gene-for-gene relationship. This study investigated compatible and incompatible interactions of wheat with Z. tritici using eight combinations of cultivars and isolates, with the aim of identifying molecular responses that could be used as markers for disease resistance during the early, symptomless phase of colonization. The accumulation of TaMPK3 was estimated using western blotting, and the expression of genes implicated in gene-for- gene interactions of plants with a wide range of other pathogens was measured by qRT-PCR during the presymp- tomatic stages of infection. Production of TaMPK3 and expression of most of the genes responded to inoculation with Z. tritici but varied considerably between experimental replicates. However, there was no significant difference between compatible and incompatible interactions in any of the responses tested. These results demonstrate that the molecular biology of the gene-for-gene interaction between wheat and Zymoseptoria is unlike that in many other plant diseases, indicate that environmental conditions may strongly influence early responses of wheat to infection by Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Winter Wheat Germplasm for Resistance To
    EVALUATION OF WINTER WHEAT GERMPLASM FOR RESISTANCE TO STRIPE RUST AND LEAF RUST A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By ALBERT OKABA KERTHO In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Plant Pathology August 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title EVALUATION OF WINTER WHEAT GERMPLASM FOR RESISTANCE TO STRIPE RUST AND LEAF RUST By ALBERT OKABA KERTHO The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Maricelis Acevedo Chair Dr. Francois Marais Dr. Liu Zhaohui Dr. Phil McClean Approved: 09/29/2014 Dr. Jack Rasmussen Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), and wheat stripe rust caused by P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) are important foliar diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Breeding for disease resistance is the preferred strategy of managing both diseases. The continued emergence of new races of Pt and Pst requires a constant search for new sources of resistance. Winter wheat accessions were evaluated at seedling stage in the greenhouse with races of Pt and Pst that are predominant in the North Central US. Association mapping approach was performed on landrace accessions to identify new or underutilized sources of resistance to Pt and Pst. The majority of the accessions were susceptible to all the five races of Pt and one race of Pst. Association mapping studies identified 29 and two SNP markers associated with seedling resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Thesis
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala 2011 Taxonomic and phylogenetic study of rust fungi forming aecia on Berberis spp. in Sweden Iuliia Kyiashchenko Master‟ thesis, 30 hec Ecology Master‟s programme SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Iuliia Kyiashchenko Taxonomic and phylogenetic study of rust fungi forming aecia on Berberis spp. in Sweden Uppsala 2011 Supervisors: Prof. Jonathan Yuen, Dept. of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Anna Berlin, Dept. of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Examiner: Anders Dahlberg, Dept. of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Credits: 30 hp Level: E Subject: Biology Course title: Independent project in Biology Course code: EX0565 Online publication: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se Key words: rust fungi, aecia, aeciospores, morphology, barberry, DNA sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis Front-page picture: Barberry bush infected by Puccinia spp., outside Trosa, Sweden. Photo: Anna Berlin 2 3 Content 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 6 1.1 Life cycle…………………………………………………………………………….. 7 1.2 Hyphae and haustoria………………………………………………………………... 9 1.3 Rust taxonomy……………………………………………………………………….. 10 1.3.1 Formae specialis………………………………………………………………. 10 1.4 Economic importance………………………………………………………………... 10 2 Materials and methods……………………………………………………………... 13 2.1 Rust and barberry
    [Show full text]