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Waste Incinerators • "Mobile Sources" As Motor Vehicles, Aircraft Etc

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Waste Incinerators • ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ دورﻩ ﺁﻣﻮزش ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ارزﻳﺎﺑﯽ اﺛﺮات زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﯽ EIA ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺁﻣﻮزﺷﯽ دوم ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ( ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻮ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﯽ ) ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺁﻣﻮزش : ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻮ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﯽ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﺁﻣﻮزﺷﯽ : ١٩٢٠ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ( ٣٢ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ) ﻣﺪرﺳﻴﻦ: ١ - دﮐﺘﺮ ﺳﺤﺮ رﺿﺎﻳﺎن ( اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ) ٢ - دﮐﺘﺮ رﺿﺎ ﻣﺮﻧﺪﯼ ( هﻮا ، هﻴﺪروﻟﻮژﯼ ، ﺧﺎﮎ ، ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ) ٣ - دﮐﺘﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﻬﻴﻤﯽ ( زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ، ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯽ ) ۴ - دﮐﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪ ﻗﺴﻴﻤﯽ ( ﺻﻮت ) هﺪف از ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺁﻣﻮزش : ﺁﺷﻨﺎﺋﯽ داﻧﺸﭙﺬﻳﺮان ﺑﺎ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎزﯼ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻮ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﯽ، ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮهﺎﯼ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ، هﻮا ، ﺻﺪا وارﺗﻌﺎش ، ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁب و ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ، آﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁب ، زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ـ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻧﻴﻚ و ﻟﺮزﻩ ﺧﻴﺰي ، ﺧﺎﮎ و ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺟﺰوﻩ درﺳﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻮ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﯽ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ رﻳﺸﻪ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﺁب وهﻮاﮐﻪ درزﺑﺎن ﻋﺮﺑﻲ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮدﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻠﻴﻤﺎ (Klima) اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ درﺗﻤﺎم زﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ازهﻤﻴﻦ رﻳﺸﻪ اﻗﺘﺒﺎس ﺷﺪﻩ اﺳﺖ. درﻟﻐﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ دهﺨﺪا اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﮔﻲ ؛ اﻧﺤﻨﺎ و اﻧﺤﺮاف واﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ واﻧﺤﺮاف ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ اي اززﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻓﺘﺎب ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ دادﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ اﺳﺖ، درﻓﺮهﻨﮓ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ اﻳﺴﺖ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻤﻠﮑﺖ ،ﮐﺸﻮر،ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ وﻗﻄﻌﻪ اي اﺳﺖ ازﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﮐﻪ ازﻟﺤﺎظ ﺁب و هﻮا و ﺳﺎﻳﺮاوﺿﺎع و اﺣﻮال ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ازﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ وﻗﻄﻌﻪ دﻳﮕﺮﺟﺪاﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ،ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻴﺎن ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﺸﮑﻲ هﺎي ﻋﺎﻟﻢ را ﺑﻪ هﻔﺖ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدﻩ وهﺮﻗﺴﻤﺖ رااﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ اﻧﺪ . آﻠﻤﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ در زﻣﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ هﻤﺎن اﻗﻠﻴﻢ را ﻣﻲ رﺳﺎﻧﺪ و اﺻﻄﻼﺣ ﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ هﻔﺖ ﺷﻬﺮ و هﻔﺖ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ در ادﺑﻴﺎت ﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. درﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﻤﻴﺖ هﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ وﺿﻊ هﻮاﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮازﻟﺤﻈﻪ وﻗﻮع ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ وﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮاﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﮑﺎن اﺳﺖ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ زﻣﺎن ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﺪارد . ﺑﺮﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺮهﻨﮓ هﻮاﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ هﺮﮔﺎﻩ ازاﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻳﮏ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮدﻣﻨﻈﻮرﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي درﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ هﺮﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ هﻤﺮاﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات زﻣﺎﻧﻲ، اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺁن ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ راﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ دهﺪ. ﻟﺰوم اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ از دادﻩ هﺎﯼ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﯽ ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﯼ از ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ و ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺳﺎزﻩ هﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻌﻴﺎرهﺎي هﻮا ﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﻲ و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﻌﻴﺎرهﺎي اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﻣ ﺜ ﻼً اﺣﺪاث ﻳﻚ ﺳﺪ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي ذﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺁب را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ. ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﻮري ﺑﺎﺷﺪ آﻪ رواﻧﺎب ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ را در ﺧﻮد ﺟﺎي دهﺪ . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺁن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار ﺁﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ آﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً هﺮ ﺳﺎل در رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺟﺎري ﻣﻴﺸﻮد. ﻟﺬا اﻳﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﺁب و هﻮاﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺁب ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺁﺑﻲ اﺳﺖ آﻪ در درازﻣﺪت در ﻋﻤﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺳﺪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان در هﺮ ﺳﺎل اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﺁن را داﺷﺖ. اﻣﺎ ﻣ ﺜ ﻼً ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺮرﻳﺰ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺣﺪاآﺜﺮ دﺑﻲ هﺎي ﻟﺤﻈﻪ اي آﻪ در اﺛﺮ رﻳﺰش ﺑﺎراﻧﻬﺎي ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲ اﻓﺘﺪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ؛ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮرﻳﺰ ؛ ﺑﺎرﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ آﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ هﻮا در ﻳﻚ زﻣﺎن ﺧﺎص اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺪ . ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎراﻧﻲ را ﻧﻤﻴﺘﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ داﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ هﻮاﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. از اﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻔﺮ ﻣﺘﺨﻀﺾ هﻴﺪروﻟﻮژي هﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از وﺿﻌﻴﺖ هﻮاﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و هﻢ ﺗﺎ اﻧﺪازﻩ اي از وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺁن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي از ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ ﮐﻪ اﺛﺮات ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرهﺎي اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺁن ، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ هﻤﮕﻨﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ، ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻮع اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ، اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﻄﻮر آﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ؛ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪي اﺳﺖ آﻪ ﺑﻪ آﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ را آﻪ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮهﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺒﺎهﺖ دارﻧﺪ و داراي وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮآﻲ هﺴﺘﻨﺪ را از دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺠﺰا ﻣﻲ آﻨﺪ و در ﻳﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ دهﺪ . در ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ دو ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ را ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ داﺷﺖ: ١- ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﺎرهﺎي ﻻزم ﺟﻬﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ٢- ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺮز ﺑﻴﻦ دو ﮔﺮوﻩ ﻳﺎ دو ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺁب و هﻮاﻳﻲ اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪﻩ آﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ از ﻣﺪارهﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ اﺳ ﺘﻮا ؛ راس اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن و ﻣﺪار ﻗﻄﺒﻲ آﻪ آﺮﻩ زﻣﻴﻦ را ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺁب و هﻮاﻳﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﺳﺘﻮاﻳﻲ ؛ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﻪ و ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺪاﻧﺎن اﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺮوي از داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺎن ﺁن روزﮔﺎر را ﺑﻪ هﻔﺖ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ و ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻬﺎي اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻬﺎي اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺗﻮاﺑﻌﻲ هﺴﺘﻨﺪ آﻪ در ﺁﻧﻬﺎ دو ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ و ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻋﺪدي آﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻧﻮع ﺁب و هﻮاي ﺁن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ را ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ . در ﺟﺪول ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺎم ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن و هﺪف و اﺳﺎس ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺁوردﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺎم ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺳﺎل هﺪف ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي اﺳﺎس ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي دﻣﺎرﺗﻦ 1909 ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻪ ﮔﺮوﻩ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس دﻣﺎ وﺑﺎرش ﭘﻨﮏ 1910 ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺁب وهﻮاﻳﻲ ﺳﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﻔﺎوت درﻧﻮع ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ وهﻮازذﮔﻲ ﮐﻮﭘﻦ 1918 اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس دﻣﺎ وﺑﺎرش ﻣﺎهﺎﻧﻪ وﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺁب وهﻮاﻳﻲ وارﺗﺒﺎط ﭘﻨﺞ ﮔﺮوﻩ ﺁب وهﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺳﺮدﺗﺮﻳﻦ وﮔﺮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎهﻬﺎي واهﻞ 1919 ﺑﺎﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎهﻲ ﺳﺎل راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎهﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﺎرژ 1924 وﺁب وهﻮا ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎهﻲ ﻓﺪروف 1927 اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ازﺁﻣﺎرروزاﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس وﺿﻊ ﺑﺎدﻏﺎﻟﺐ،دﻣﺎ،ﺑﺎرش ووﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﺮ 1931 ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺁب وهﻮاﻳﻲ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس دﻣﺎ وﺑﺎاﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ازﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎهﻲ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺳﺮدﺗﺮﻳﻦ وﮔﺮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎهﻬﺎي ﺳﺎل ﻓﻴﻠﻴﭙﺴﻮن 1933 ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺁب وهﻮاﻳﻲ وﺑﺎرش ﭘﻨﺞ ﮐﻤﺮﺑﻨﺪاﺻﻠﻲ ﺁب وهﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس دﻣﺎ،ﺑﺎرش وﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻠﻴﺮ 1942 ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺁب وهﻮاي ﺟﻬﺎن ﮔﻴﺎهﻲ ﮔﻮرزﻳﻨﺴﮑﻲ 1945 ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ دﻳﺴﻴﻤﺎل ﭘﻨﺞ ﮐﻤﺮﺑﻨﺪﺁب وهﻮاﻳﻲ وﺗﺎﮐﻴﺪﺑﺮﺁب وهﻮاي ﻗﺎرﻩ اي واﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻲ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺁب وهﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺎاﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ازروش ﮐﻮﭘﻦ وﺑﺮاﺳﺎس دﻣﺎوﺑﺎرش وﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺁن ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮن وﺳﻴﻤﻦ 1948 درارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎهﻲ واﺣﺪهﺎي ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﻌﻴﻦ ﺁب وهﻮاﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﻮرﻧﺖ واﻳﺖ 1948 ﻧﻴﺎزﺁب ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎاﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ازﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮوﺗﻌﺮق ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ وواﻗﻌﻲ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺁب وهﻮاﺑﺎﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﻌﺪادﻣﺎهﻬﺎي ﻣﺮﻃﻮب وﺗﻌﺪادروزهﺎي ﮐﺮﺗﻴﺰﺑﺮگ 1950 ﮔﻴﺎهﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ازﺑﺮف ﮔﺎﻳﮕﺮﭘﻮل 1953 ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺗﻴﭗ هﺎي ﺁب وهﻮاﻳﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﮐﻮﭘﻦ ﺑﺎﮐﻤﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺗﺮاورﺗﺎ 1954 ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﺁب ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﮐﻮﭘﻦ ﺑﺎﮐﻤﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات وﺿﻌﻴﺖ هﺮﻣﺎﻩ ازﻧﻈﺮراﺣﺘﻲ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺎاﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ازدﻣﺎي ﺧﺸﮏ ﺑﺮازول 1954 ﮐﻤﺮﺑﻨﺪراﺣﺘﻲ اﻧﺴﺎن وﺗﺮ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺁب وهﻮاﺑﺎﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ دوﻧﻮع ﺁب وهﻮاي ﺑﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ وﻏﻴﺮﺑﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﻮﺳﺎن ﺁﻣﺒﺮژﻩ 1955 زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ دﻣﺎ ودوام ﺗﺎﺑﺶ روزاﻧﻪ ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ١٢ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺁب وهﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﺸﮑﻲ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﮐﻨﻮﻟﺰوﮔﻮﺳﻦ 1957 ﺁب وهﻮاي ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﮏ ﺳﺮدﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻩ وﺁﻣﺎرﺑﺮف وﻳﺨﺒﻨﺪان ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺪﮔﻲ اﻧﺮژي درارﺗﺒﺎط ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﺴﺒﺖ اﻧﺮژي ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺮژي اﻧﺮژي ﺑﻮدﻳﮑﻮ 1958 ﺑﺎﺑﻴﻼن ﺁب ﻻزم ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮورﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺗﻌﻌﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ دﻣﺎي ﺣﺪاﻗﻠﻬﺎ،ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ دﻣﺎي ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮهﺎ ﭘﻮﻧﺘﺎم 1960 ﺟﻬﺎن وﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻣﺎهﺎﻧﻪ وﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﺎرش ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ازﻳﮏ ﻧﻤﻮدارﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﺷﮑﻞ وﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺁﻣﺎردﻣﺎ وﺑﺎرش ﭘﮕﻲ 1961 ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺁب وهﻮاﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺁب وهﻮا وﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎي ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﻮﺳﺎن روزاﻧﻪ وﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ دﻣﺎ وﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﺎهﻬﺎي ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺗﺮول 1963 ﺣﻴﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎهﻬﺎي ﺧﺸﮏ ﺗﻮان ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺁب ﭘﺎﭘﺎداﮐﻴﺲ 1966 وهﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ هﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪ ازﻧﻈﺮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﮐﺎرﺗﺮ 1966 ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮرﻧﺖ واﻳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺗﺮﺟﻮﻧﮓ 1968 ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺁب وهﻮا ﺑﺮراﺣﺘﻲ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ (De Martonne): در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮدازﻳﻢ: دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪاﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪارﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎاﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ازﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﺸﮑﻲ ﮐﻪ ازراﺑﻄﻪ (I = P / (T+10 ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ راﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮد . ﻻزم ﺑﻪ ذﮐﺮاﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻳﻦ روش ﻣﻮرداﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻲ ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺖ وﻟﻲ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﭼﻨﺪاﻧﻲ از ﺁن ﻧﮑﺮدﻧﺪ. I = P /(T+10) I= ﺿـــﺮﻳﺐ ﺧـﺸﮑﻲ P= ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ(mm) T= دﻣﺎي ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ (C) ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻓﺮﻣﻮل دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ ۶ ﻧﻮع ﺁب و هﻮا ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪﻩ اﻧﺪ: ﻧﻮع ﺧﺸﻚ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻣﺮﻃﻮب اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ١٩.٩10<I< I<10 >٢٣.٩20<I I>35 28<I<34.9 24<I<27.9 ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮي ار ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ در اﻳﺮان در ذهﻦ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس دادﻩ هﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﺷﻬﺮهﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺪراﻧﺰﻟﻲ ؛ راﻣ ﺴﺮ؛ ﺳﻨﻨﺪج و ﺁﺑﺎدان ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ۶٨(ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ) ؛ ٣٠ (ﻣﺮﻃﻮب)؛ ٢٠ (ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي) و ۵ (ﺧﺸﻚ) ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ. و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ١/٢۶٩ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮوﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ دﻣﺎي ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺁن ۵/٢۴ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاداﺳﺖ،ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﺸﮑﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ٨/٧ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮﺧﺸﮏ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. I=269.1/(24.5+10)=7.8 اﮔﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ هﻮا در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺳﺮد ﻣﺜﻼ ١٠- درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ ﺑﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ آﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن دهﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺮﻃﻮب اﺳﺖ ﺣﺎل ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺁن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ هﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ روش دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ اﻳﺮادهﺎﻳﻲ وارد اﺳﺖ . ﺑﻬﻤﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ اﮔﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ دﻣﺎي هﻮا از ﺻﻔﺮ آﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ از ﻓﺮﻣﻮل دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ﻧﻤﻴﺸﻮد . در ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت هﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ دﻣﺎ و ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ روي ﻳﻚ دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت آﻪ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮزهﺎي اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻬﺎي دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ روي ﺁن رﺳﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ اﺳﺖ ﺁوردﻩ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﺗﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدد آﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ در آﺪاﻣﻴﻚ از داﻣﻨﻪ هﺎي ﺁب و هﻮاﻳﻲ ﻗﺮار دارد.ﭼﻨﻴﻦ دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺗﻲ را اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎي دوﻣﺎرﺗﻦ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ . ﻣﺜﻼ (ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﻤﻮدار) ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻳﻚ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺁﺑﺮﻳﺰ از ﻧﻈﺮ دﻣﺎي ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ٢٠ درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس و ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ۴٠٠ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ در داﻣﻨﻪ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد. Air Pollution History The primary air pollutants found in most urban areas are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter (both solid and liquid). These pollutants are dispersed throughout the world's atmosphere in concentrations high enough to gradually cause serious health problems. Serious health problems can occur quickly when air pollutants are concentrated, such as when massive injections of sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter are emitted by a large volcanic eruption. Sources of Pollutants The two main sources of pollutants in urban areas are transportation (predominantly automobiles) and fuel combustion in stationary sources, including residential, commercial, and industrial heating and cooling and coal-burning power plants. Motor vehicles produce high levels of carbon monoxides (CO) and a major source of hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Whereas, fuel combustion in stationary sources is the dominant source of sulfur dioxide (SO2). Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the major pollutants in the atmosphere.
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    EU Land Policy “The Pathway Towards Sustainable Europe“ Anna Bandlerová – Pavol Bielek - Pavol Schwarcz - Lucia Palšová NITRA 2016 Title: EU Land Policy “The Pathway Towards Sustainable Europe“ Authors: prof. JUDr. Anna Bandlerová, PhD. (2 AH), chapter 10 Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra prof. RNDr. Pavol Bielek, DrSc. (12,72 AH), chapter 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra prof. Ing. Pavol Schwarcz, PhD. (1,35 AH), chapter 2; Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra JUDr. Lucia Palšová, PhD. (2,57 AH), chapter 3, 11; Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Reviewers: prof. Ing. Dušan Húska, PhD. prof. Dr. Edward Pierzgalski, PhD. © Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Approved by the Rector of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra on 25.4.2016 as a scientific monograph. This scientific monograph was created with the support of the following international projects: Jean Monet Centre of Excelence, DECISION n. 2013-2883/001-001 Project No: 54260o-LLP-1-2013-1-SK-AJM-P, EU Land Policy “The Pathway Towards Sustainable Europe“ "This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein." "With the support of the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Union" ISBN 978-80-552-1499-3 2 Look deep in to nature and than you will understand everything better. Albert Einstein 3 CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................................................................................................. 7 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 7 2 EU AGRICULTURAL POLICY (CAP) ......................................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction to CAP ....................................................................................................
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  • Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
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  • Soils in the Geologic Record
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  • National Cooperative Soil Survey Newsletter
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  • Guidebook for Field Excursions Xllth International Symposium and Field Seminar on Paleopedology
    '1 ■ I VJ 1 ■ ’ »■ " ' . ... !■ 1|Щ 11 ■ Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow State University, Soil Science Institute V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute Institute of History and Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences Kursk State University Upetsk State University W. Alekhin Centrul-Chemozemic State Biospheric Reserve Natural Architectural-Archaeological Museum-Resort "Dhmogorid' Guidebook for Field Excursions Xllth International Symposium and Field Seminar on Paleopedology ‘Paleosols, pedosediments and landscape morphology as archives of environmental evolution” 10 -15 August, 2013, Kursk, Russia Moscow 2013 ■ ....... ... - Guidebook for Field Excursions Xllth International Symposium and Field Seminar on Paleopedology CONTENTS Introduction (S.A. Sycheva) 5 1. General characterization of the environment and soils of the Central Russian Upland (S.A. Sycheva, I. V. Kovda, A. V.Kashkin) 9 1.1. Geology and relief 9 1.2. Climate 10 1.3. Hydrology 11 1.4. Vegetation 11 1.5. Soils 12 1.6. Human history and agricultural development of landscapes 12 KURSK SITE 14 2. Aleksandrov Quarry (S.A. Sycheva, E. D. Sheremetskaya, T.M. Grigorieva, M.A. Bronnikova, S.N. Sedov, V.S. Gunova, A.N. Siniakova, P.R.Pushkina) 14 2.1. General characteristics, geochronology and stratigraphy 14 2.2. Description of the composite generalized stratigraphic section 15 2.2.1. Morphology 15 2.2.2. Analytical data 20 2.3. Ryshkov (Mikulino) paleosols and paleocatena (MIS 5e) 23 2.3.1. Ryshkov paleosol on the paleoslope (section 15): interpretation of properties 23 2.3.2. Ryshkov pedolithocomplex in the bottom 27 2.4. Early Valdai Kukuev and Streletsk paleosols (MIS 5 & MIS 5a) 28 2.4.1.
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  • Paleopedological Record Along the Loess-Paleosol Sequence in Oberlaab, Austria
    Quaternary Science Journal GEOZON SCIENCE MEDIA Volume 62 / Number 1 / 2013 / 22–33 / DOI 10.3285/eg.62.1.03 ISSN 0424-7116 E&G www.quaternary-science.net Paleopedological record along the loess-paleosol sequence in Oberlaab, Austria Elizabeth Solleiro-Rebolledo, Hector Cabadas, Birgit Terhorst How to cite: Solleiro-Rebolledo, E., Cabadas, H., Terhorst, B. (2013): Paleopedological record along the loess-paleosol sequence in Ober- laab, Austria Paleopedological record along the loess-paleosol sequence in Oberlaab, Austria. – E&G Quaternary Science Jour- nal, 62 (1): 22–33. DOI: 10.3285/eg.62.1.03 Abstract: A detailed study of a loess-paleosol sequence in Oberlaab, Upper Austria, is presented with emphasis on macro- and micromor- phological features, grain size distribution, rock magnetism properties, and weathering degree that allows correlation with oth- er loess-paleosol sequences in neighboring areas, and interpretation of main pedogenic trends. The studied sequence comprises four paleosol complexes, which likely developed during four interglacial stages MIS 11, 9, 7 and 5e, and a modern soil. The oldest paleosol complex (OL5) represents three phases of soil formation, and distinct sedimentary events never reported in the area, with strong reductomorphic properties. The OL4 profile also results from three phases of pedogenesis with increased reducto- morphic features in the deepest zone (affected by cryoturbation events). OL3 has abundant features related to gleyic/stagnic processes, but shows signs of clay illuviation. OL2 (Eemian soil) correlates with the MIS 5e. This paleosol shows higher degrees of clay illuviation and weathering, and fewer features related to reductomorphic processes. The modern soil is also polygenetic and constitutes a pedocomplex.
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  • Pliocene Paleoenvironments in the Meade Basin, Southwest Kansas, U.S.A
    Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2019, v. 89, 416–439 Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.24 PLIOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTS IN THE MEADE BASIN, SOUTHWEST KANSAS, U.S.A. WILLIAM E. LUKENS,1,2 DAVID L. FOX,3 KATHRYN E. SNELL,4 LOGAN A. WIEST,2 ANTHONY L. LAYZELL,5 KEVIN T. UNO,6 PRATIGYA 6 7 8 9 J. POLISSAR, ROBERT A. MARTIN, KENA FOX-DOBBS, AND PABLO PELAEZ-CAMPOMANES´ 1School of Geosciences, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, U.S.A. 2Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of Geosciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, U.S.A. and Mansfield University of Pennsylvania, Department of Geosciences, Mansfield, Pennsylvania 16933, U.S.A. 3Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, U.S.A. 4Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U.S.A. 5Kansas Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66407, U.S.A. 6Division of Biology and Paleo Environment, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, U.S.A. 7Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071, U.S.A. 8Department of Geology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington 98416, U.S.A. 9 Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Madrid, Spain ABSTRACT: Terrestrial paleoenvironmental reconstructions from the Pliocene Epoch (5.3–2.6 Ma) of the Neogene Period are rare from the North American continental interior, but are important because they provide insight into the evolutionary context of modern landscapes and ecological systems. Pliocene marine records indicate that global climate was warmer and atmospheric pCO2 was higher than pre-industrial conditions, spurring efforts to understand regional climate and environmental variability under conditions potentially analogous to future warming scenarios.
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  • The Upper Ordovician Glaciation in Sw Libya – a Subsurface Perspective
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  • A New Paleothermometer for Forest Paleosols and Its Implications for Cenozoic Climate
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  • EPSC 233: Earth and Life History
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  • "Paleosols, Pedosediments and Landscape Morphology
    Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences Ecological Soil Science Institute, Moscow State University V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute Institute of History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences Kursk State University Lipetsk State Pedagogical University Government of Kursk region, Ecological Department V.V. Alekhin Central-Chernozemic State Biospheric Reserve Natural Architectural-Archaeological Museum-Resort “Divnogor’e” "Paleosols, Pedosediments and landscaPe morPhology as environmental archives" MAterials of the XIItH INternatIonal Symposium and Field WorkshoP oN PaleopedoLoGy (ISfWP) Kursk, Russia August 10 –15, 2013 Moscow, Kursk 2013 Materials of the XIIth International Symposium and Field Workshop on Paleopedology (ISFWP) “Paleosols, pedosediments and landscape morphology as environmental archives” are presented in form of abstracts in this issue. XIIth ISFWP is the traditional activity of IUSS Commission on Paleopedology. The event is devoted to the discussion of soil, geomorphic, sedimentary records of Pleistocene and Holocene climatic changes based on the synthesis of soil scientists, geomorphologists, sedimentologists, archeologists knowledge. EDITORS: M.A. Bronnikova, S.A. Sycheva, A.O. Makeev REVIEWERS: Dr. D.I. Luri Dr. D.E. Konyushkov Issue with financial support of RFBR ISBN 978-5-89658-047-8 © Institute of Geography RAS, 2013 © Authors, 2013 XII th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND FIELD WORKSHOP ON PALEOPEDOLOGY P Loess- and tephra-paLeosoL sequences A L E O S O L STRATIGRAPHY AND INTERRIGIONAL CORRELATION S , oF THE PLEISTOCENE LOESS-PALEOSOL SEQUENCES P oF THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN rUSSIAN PLAIN E D O S Glushankova N. E D Department of Geography, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899 Russia, [email protected] I M E N The results of the chronostratigraphic subdivision of the loess-paleosol formation (LPF) of the East T S European Plain are presented.
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