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Effects of Nutrient Enrichment in the Nation's Estuaries: a Decade Of

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Effects of Nutrient Enrichment in the Nation's Estuaries: a Decade Of effectsEXHIBIT of nutrient enrichment10 (AR in L.3)the nation’s estuaries: a decade of change Overall eutrophic condition unique feature, as all other regions have at least one estuary with a high rating. One system was classified • This is the least impacted region; no North as having moderate high eutrophic conditions, with Atlantic systems had high overall eutrophic chlorophyll a and nuisance/toxic blooms as the major condition (OEC). contributing symptoms. • The majority of systems had a moderate or low OEC. One notable characteristic in systems of this • There was some cause for concern for region is the annual occurrence of nuisance/toxic chlorophyll a and macroalgae. blooms, which cause shellfish bed closures. �owever, • Toxic offshore blooms which leave cysts (potential for systems such as Massachusetts, Cape Cod, Saco, future blooms) were an emerging issue. and Casco Bays, these blooms originate offshore and are advected into the systems. For this reason, the nuisance/toxic bloom rating for these systems The North Atlantic region is the least eutrophic has been adjusted to low since the blooms do not region in the nation, with the majority of systems originate within the system. An emerging issue is the having moderate or low overall eutrophic condition possibility that these blooms, mostly of Alexandrium (Figure 4.3a-b). Furthermore, no estuaries in this spp., may eventually originate within estuaries, due to region recorded high overall eutrophic condition—a cysts that have settled in the estuarine sediments. Figure 4.3. (a) Map of overall eutrophic condition (OEC) and (b) the combination of individual eutrophic symptoms which constitute OEC ratings in the North Atlantic region. a) Overall eutrophic condition 1. St. Croix R./Cobscook Bay 2. Englishman Bay 3. Narraguagus Bay 4. Blue Hill Bay 5. Penobscot Bay 6. Muscongus Bay 7. Damariscotta River 1 8. Sheepscot Bay 9. Kennebec/Androscoggin R. 10. Casco Bay 2 11. Saco Bay 3 12. Wells Bay 13. Great Bay 14. Hampton Harbor Estuary 4 15. Merrimack River 5 16. Plum Island Sound 17. Massachusetts Bay 18. Boston Harbor 6 9 7 19. Cape Cod Bay Eutrophic condition and trends 20. Waquoit Bay 8 10 High: symptoms generally occur periodically or persistently and/or over extensive area. 11 Moderate high: symptoms generally occur less 12 regularly and/or over medium to extensive area. Moderate: symptoms generally occur less 13 regularly and/or over medium area. 14 Moderate low: symptoms generally occur episodically and/or over small to medium area. 15 16 Low: few symptoms occur at more than minimal levels. 17 0 50 100 18 Unknown: Insufficient data for analysis. Kilometers Miles 0 25 50 19 Symptoms improved since 1999 assessment. No change in symptoms since 1999 assessment. 20 Symptoms worsened since 1999 assessment. Insufficient data to show trend. 42 EXHIBIT 10 (AR L.3) Chapter 4 • regional summaries • north atlantic The overall confidence in the assessments for this vegetation (SAV) were low in all eight systems for which region is low due to almost a third of the systems there were data. (eight) having inadequate data for assessment. Where data were available, confidence is moderate to high. Changes in eutrophic condition since the 1990s Overall eutrophic conditions worsened in two systems, Eutrophic symptom expressions improved in three systems, and did not change in five Systems with moderate or moderate high overall when compared to the 1999 report (Figure 4.3a-b). eutrophic condition were characterized by having one Chlorophyll a changed in more systems than any of high symptom expression, which in this region was the other symptoms, showing improvements in four most often chlorophyll a and macroalgae. systems and worsening conditions in three systems. Of While most estuaries had one high symptom the data available, dissolved oxygen displayed the least expression, the majority of symptom expressions were amount of change. low. For the primary symptoms, chlorophyll a was Of particular interest is the improvement of expressed as low in seven of the eleven estuaries for eutrophic condition in Boston �arbor, which had which the symptom was reported. Similarly, moderate high eutrophic status in the 1990s, but macroalgae symptom expressions were low in five of currently has a rating of low. All symptom the ten reported estuaries. For the secondary improvements were attributed to sewage treatment symptoms, dissolved oxygen problems were low in all upgrades and the move of the wastewater outfall from twelve systems, and losses of submerged aquatic the harbor into Massachusetts Bay. b) Overall eutrophic condition & eutrophic symptoms a Overall eutrophic condition Overall confidence expression Chlorophyll Macroalgae Dissolved oxygen Nuisance/toxic blooms SAV Estuary 1. St. Croix R./Cobscook Bay 2. Englishman Bay 3. Narraguagus Bay 4. Blue Hill Bay Eutrophic condition 5. Penobscot Bay in 2004 6. Muscongus Bay High Moderate high 7. Damariscotta River Moderate 8. Sheepscot Bay Moderate low 9. Kennebec/Androscoggin R. Low 10. Casco Bay Insufficient data 11. Saco Bay Overall confidence expression in 2004 12. Wells Bay High 13. Great Bay Moderate 14. Hampton Harbor Estuary Low 15. Merrimack River Change in eutrophic condition since 1999 16. Plum Island Sound assessment 17. Massachusetts Bay Improved 18. Boston Harbor No change 19. Cape Cod Bay Worsened 20. Waquoit Bay Insufficient data 43 effectsEXHIBIT of nutrient enrichment10 (AR in L.3)the nation’s estuaries: a decade of change Future outlook surfaces, and fertilizer use. For all systems, an • There was a bleak outlook for future conditions; increase in coastal population (affecting land use most systems for which an evaluation was made distribution and subsequent nutrient loads) is likely were expected to worsen in the future. to augment nutrient loads from all of these sources. • The future outlook has not changed from the Though it is premature to make conclusions about early 1990s. the accuracy of the 1999 assessment’s future outlook, in six out of nine systems (for which comparison could be made), actual changes trended in the same The overall future outlook for the North Atlantic direction as predicted. Worsening conditions due region predicts worsening conditions. Eutrophication to increased nutrient loads are expected in Boston symptoms were predicted to worsen in nine of the �arbor, Great Bay, Plum Island Sound, and Cape Cod assessed systems and to improve in only two (Figure Bay (Figure 4.4). Conversely, loads to St. Croix River/ 4.4). For the nine systems expected to worsen, Cobscook Bay and Massachusetts Bay are expected to nutrient loads are anticipated to increase due to decrease due to improvements in onsite septic tanks, wastewater treatment, urban runoff, onsite septic storm water management, restoration of eroding tanks, combined sewer overflow (Cape Cod Bay stream beds, and a reduction in salmon aquaculture. only), atmospheric deposition, increasing impervious These changes are expected to occur by 2020. Figure 4.4. Future outlook in 2004 and comparison with 1999 future outlook. Future outlook in 2004 Future outlook comparisons Future Actual change Future outlook in eutrophic outlook in 2004 condition in 1999 (1999–2004) 1 Estuary 1. St. Croix R./Cobscook Bay 2 2. Englishman Bay 3 3. Narraguagus Bay 4 4. Blue Hill Bay 5 5. Penobscot Bay 6 6. Muscongus Bay 9 7 7. Damariscotta River 8 10 Future outlook 8. Sheepscot Bay 9. Kennebec/Androscoggin R. 11 Large deterioration 10. Casco Bay 12 Small deterioration 11. Saco Bay 13 No change Small improvement 12. Wells Bay 14 Large improvement 13. Great Bay 15 16 Insufficient data 14. Hampton Harbor Estuary 17 Change in eutrophic 15. Merrimack River 18 condition since 1999 16. Plum Island Sound assessment 19 Improved 17. Massachusetts Bay 0 50 100 No change 18. Boston Harbor Kilometers 20 Miles Worsened 19. Cape Cod Bay 0 25 50 Insufficient data 20. Waquoit Bay 44 EXHIBIT 10 (AR L.3) Chapter 4 • regional summaries • north atlantic National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Oceanic and Atmospheric National Fishing boats tied up at the Portland Marine Trade Center in Portland, Maine. Monitoring use impairments is important to understanding how eutrophication influences commercial and recreational fishing. Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS) (combination of WWTP and sewer overflow), and There were seven systems for which anASSETS rating urban runoff. �owever, this information was available (combination of influencing factors, overall eutrophic for only five of the twenty systems. condition, and future outlook) could be made. Two Use impairments were reported for six systems systems were rated as good (Boston �arbor, Blue �ill (Damariscotta River, Great Bay, �ampton �arbor, Bay), four were rated as moderate (St. Croix River/ Boston �arbor, Cape Cod Bay, Waquoit Bay) with Cobscook Bay, Great Bay, Massachusetts Bay, and the most frequently noted impairment being shellfish Waquoit Bay), and one as poor (Plum Island Sound). harvesting. Other impacts include recreational and commercial fishing and fish consumption, aesthetics, Impaired uses and swimming. There does not seem to be a clear correlation • Three systems had impaired livingresources. between the level of overall eutrophic condition and • Causes of impairments were reported as river input, impacts to living resources. For instance, Waquoit wastewater treatment, combined sewer outflow, Bay (moderate OEC) had considerably impacted urban runoff, fertilizer, and onsite septics. living resources while St. Croix River/Cobscook
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