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Gambling in Texas Gambling in Texas: 1995 Surveys of Adult and Adolescent Gambling Behavior Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse B R I N G I N G TEXAS A NEW VIEW OF HUMAN POTENTIAL. Gambling in Texas: 1995 Surveys of Adult and Adolescent Gambling Behavior by Lynn S. Wallisch, M. A. Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Austin, Texas August 1996 ii Gambling in Texas: 1995 Surveys of Adult and Adolescent Gambling Behavior Acknowledgements Special thanks are due to many people for their contributions to this study: To Rachel Volberg of Gemini Research for leading the way in the design and methodol- ogy of gambling prevalence studies throughout the US and abroad; To Janey Hart of the Texas Lottery Commission for making available special data on bingo in Texas; To Sue Cox of the Texas Council on Problem and Compulsive Gambling for consis- tently providing information, constructive suggestions, and support to all aspects of gam- bling research in Texas; To Chris Grigassy of Conflict Resolution Services for his helpful insights and interpre- tations; To James Dyer, Lisa Halperin, Kenneth Brobst and the Survey Research Lab of the Public Policy Research Institute at Texas A&M University for their expert collaboration in all aspects of this survey, including questionnaire development, sampling, data collection and field coding; To my colleagues at TCADA, especially Jane Maxwell and Dick Spence, for their sup- port and ideas which served to only strengthen the study; To Leslie Blair, TCADA Research Editor, for designing, editing and coordinating the production of the final report; And finally, to the residents of Texas who constituted the sample for this survey and thereby helped contribute to the scientific knowledge of gambling patterns in Texas. ©1996, Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse (TCADA), Austin, Texas. TCADA grants full permission to reproduce and distribute any part of this document for non-commercial use. Appropriate credit is appreciated. TCADA is a state agency headed by six commissioners appointed by the governor. TCADA provides educational materials on substance use, develops prevention, intervention, and treatment programs, and conducts studies on the problems of substance use in Texas. This publication was supported by Contract No. 270-92-0016 under the State Systems Development Program administered by the Division of State Programs, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment and Mental Health Services Administration. Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse 9001 North IH-35, Suite 105 Austin, Texas 78753-5233 (512) 349-6600, (800) 832-9623 Web site: www.tcada.state.tx.us iii Table of Contents Part I. Introduction and Methodology Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................3 Historical Changes in Gambling Availability Since 1992 ..........3 Changes in Resources for Problem Gamblers Since 1992 .........4 Chapter 2. Methodology...................................................................................5 Sampling Issues ..........................................................................5 Description of the Samples ........................................................7 Limitations of the Study ............................................................. 8 Coverage ................................................................................8 Self-Reported Information .....................................................9 Sampling Error ....................................................................... 9 Part II. Gambling Among Texas Adults Chapter 3. Gambling Prevalence Among Adults in Texas in 1995 ................ 13 Frequency of Betting .................................................................... 15 Patterns of Gambling on Particular Activities ..............................15 Texas Lottery ............................................................................15 Casino Games and Slot/Videopoker Machines ........................17 Bingo ........................................................................................ 19 Horse and Greyhound Racing ..................................................19 Non-Commercial Betting .........................................................19 Illegal Forms of Gambling .......................................................20 Other Activities ........................................................................20 Betting on Multiple Activities ......................................................20 Out-of-State Gambling ................................................................. 21 Reasons for Gambling .................................................................. 22 Gambling Preferences: Which Activity Do you Enjoy Most .......23 Age at First Bet.............................................................................23 Illegal Activities Related to Gambling ......................................... 23 People Who Have Gambled in the Past ........................................ 24 Adults Who have Never Gambled ................................................24 Did the Texas Lottery Create New Bettors? .................................25 iv Chapter 4. Expenditures on Gambling ...........................................................27 Has the Lottery Affected Other Forms of Gambling? .............. 29 Mean Monthly Amount Spent on All Gambling in 1992 and 1995 ...................................................................................30 Differences in Expenditures by Demographic Characteristics.32 Chapter 5. Problem and Pathological Gambling ............................................35 How Gambling Problems are Measured ..................................35 Prevalence of Gambling Problems ........................................... 35 Demographic Characteristics of Problem and Pathological Gamblers ..................................................................................37 Gender ..................................................................................37 Age ....................................................................................... 37 Race/Ethnicity ......................................................................37 Marital Status ....................................................................... 37 Education..............................................................................37 Working Status ..................................................................... 38 Occupation ...........................................................................38 Total Household Income ......................................................38 Religion ................................................................................38 Region ..................................................................................38 Gambling Behavior of Problem and Pathological Gamblers ...39 Out-of-State Gambling .........................................................39 Reasons for Gambling ..........................................................39 Preferred Gambling Activity ................................................39 Age at First Bet and Age at First Regular Gambling ........... 39 Played Texas Lottery ............................................................41 Frequency of Betting ............................................................41 Amount Spent on Gambling.................................................41 Concomitant Problems .........................................................42 Medical Insurance ................................................................ 42 Family Background .............................................................. 42 Association with Other Gamblers ........................................ 42 Comparison of Characteristics of Pathological Gamblers in 1992 and 1995 ..........................................................................42 Which Activities are Most Problematic ...................................43 Suffering the Consequences of Others' Problem Gambling .....45 Chapter 6. Substance Use and Gambling .......................................................47 Prevalence of Substance Use....................................................47 Problems Associated with Substance Use ................................48 Substance Use Among Gamblers ............................................. 48 v Timing of Substance Use Relative to Gambling ......................49 Substance-Related Problems Among Gamblers ....................... 49 Overall Incidence of Dual Substance/Gambling Problems Among Texas Adults ................................................................ 50 Chapter 7. Gambling and Mental Health .......................................................53 Mental Health Problems Among Gamblers .............................54 Dual Gambling/Mental Health Problems Among Texas Adults54 Chapter 8. Multiple Problems ........................................................................57 Chapter 9. Treatment for Gambling Problems ............................................... 59 Who Needs Treatment? ............................................................59 Treatment Experience of People with Gambling Problems .....59 Characteristics of Gamblers Who Have Received Treatment ..60 Gamblers in Remission ............................................................63 Part III. Gambling Among Texas Adolescents Chapter 10. Gambling by Texas Teens............................................................. 67 Gambling Activities.................................................................
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