From Cave Paintings to Virtual Web-Based Information Resources: Expedition of Library Collection Formats
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Some Observations on the Nature of Papyrus Bonding
]. Ethnobiol. 11(2):193-202 Winter 1991 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURE OF PAPYRUS BONDING PETER E. SCORA Moreno Valley, CA 92360 and RAINER W. SCORA Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside, CA 92521 ABSTRACT.-Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus, Cyperaceae) was a multi-use plant in ancient Egypt. Its main use, however, was for the production of laminated leaves which served as writing material in the Mediterranean world for almost 5000 years. Being a royal monopoly, the manufacturing process was kept secret. PI~us Secundus, who first described this process, is unclear as to the adhesive forces bonding the individual papyrus strips together. Various authors of the past century advanced their own interpretation on bonding. The present authors believe that the natural juices of the papyrus strip are sufficient to bond the individual strips into a sheet, and that any additional paste used was for the sole purpose of pasting the individual dried papyrus sheets into a scroll. RESUMEN.-EI papiro (Cyperus papyrus, Cyperaceae) fue una planta de uso multiple en el antiguo Egipto. Su uso principal era la produccion de hojas lami nadas que sirvieron como material de escritura en el mundo meditarraneo durante casi 5000 anos. Siendo un monopolio real, el proceso de manufactura se mantema en secreto. Plinius Secundus, quien describio este proceso por primera vez, no deja claro que fuerzas adhesivas mantenlan unidas las tiras individuales de papiro. Diversos autores del siglo pasado propusieron sus propias interpretaciones respecto a la adhesion. Consideramos que los jugos naturales de las tiras de papiro son suficientes para adherir las tiras individuales y formar una hoja, y que cual quier pegamento adicional se usa unicamente para unir las hojas secas individuales para formar un rollo. -
Burmese Buddhist Imagery of the Early Bagan Period (1044 – 1113) Buddhism Is an Integral Part of Burmese Culture
Burmese Buddhist Imagery of the Early Bagan Period (1044 – 1113) 2 Volumes By Charlotte Kendrick Galloway A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University November 2006 ii Declaration I declare that to the best of my knowledge, unless where cited, this thesis is my own original work. Signed: Date: Charlotte Kendrick Galloway iii Acknowledgments There are a number of people whose assistance, advice and general support, has enabled me to complete my research: Dr Alexandra Green, Dr Bob Hudson, Dr Pamela Gutman, Dick Richards, Dr Tilman Frasch, Sylvia Fraser- Lu, Dr Royce Wiles, Dr Don Stadtner, Dr Catherine Raymond, Prof Michael Greenhalgh, Ma Khin Mar Mar Kyi, U Aung Kyaing, Dr Than Tun, Sao Htun Hmat Win, U Sai Aung Tun and Dr Thant Thaw Kaung. I thank them all, whether for their direct assistance in matters relating to Burma, for their ability to inspire me, or for simply providing encouragement. I thank my colleagues, past and present, at the National Gallery of Australia and staff at ANU who have also provided support during my thesis candidature, in particular: Ben Divall, Carol Cains, Christine Dixon, Jane Kinsman, Mark Henshaw, Lyn Conybeare, Margaret Brown and Chaitanya Sambrani. I give special mention to U Thaw Kaung, whose personal generosity and encouragement of those of us worldwide who express a keen interest in the study of Burma's rich cultural history, has ensured that I was able to achieve my own personal goals. There is no doubt that without his assistance and interest in my work, my ability to undertake the research required would have been severely compromised – thank you. -
Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The
Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The Neighbouring Countries 1 Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The Neighbouring Countries The Project Gutenberg eBook, Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The Neighbouring Countries, by William Griffith, Edited by John M'Clelland This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re−use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The Neighbouring Countries Author: William Griffith Release Date: February 25, 2005 [eBook #15171] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO−646−US (US−ASCII) ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNALS OF TRAVELS IN ASSAM, BURMA, BHOOTAN, AFGHANISTAN AND THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES*** This eBook was produced by Les Bowler from the 1847 edition. JOURNALS OF TRAVELS IN ASSAM, BURMA, BHOOTAN, AFGHANISTAN AND THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES By William Griffith. Arranged by John M'Clelland. [Sketch of William Griffith: pf.jpg] CONTENTS. Notice of the author from the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society, and Extracts from Correspondence. CHAPTER IProceeding with the Assam Deputation for the Examination of the Tea Plant. II Journal of an Excursion in the Mishmee Mountains. III Tea localities in the Muttock Districts, Upper Assam. IV Journey from Upper Assam towards Hookum. V Journey from Hookum to Ava. VI Botanical Notes written in pencil, connected with the foregoing Chapter. Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The Neighbouring Countries 2 VII General Report on the foregoing. -
Writing Systems Reading and Spelling
Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems LING 200: Introduction to the Study of Language Hadas Kotek February 2016 Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Outline 1 Writing systems 2 Reading and spelling Spelling How we read Slides credit: David Pesetsky, Richard Sproat, Janice Fon Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems What is writing? Writing is not language, but merely a way of recording language by visible marks. –Leonard Bloomfield, Language (1933) Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems Writing and speech Until the 1800s, writing, not spoken language, was what linguists studied. Speech was often ignored. However, writing is secondary to spoken language in at least 3 ways: Children naturally acquire language without being taught, independently of intelligence or education levels. µ Many people struggle to learn to read. All human groups ever encountered possess spoken language. All are equal; no language is more “sophisticated” or “expressive” than others. µ Many languages have no written form. Humans have probably been speaking for as long as there have been anatomically modern Homo Sapiens in the world. µ Writing is a much younger phenomenon. Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems (Possibly) Independent Inventions of Writing Sumeria: ca. 3,200 BC Egypt: ca. 3,200 BC Indus Valley: ca. 2,500 BC China: ca. 1,500 BC Central America: ca. 250 BC (Olmecs, Mayans, Zapotecs) Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems Writing and pictures Let’s define the distinction between pictures and true writing. -
Be a Scribe Papyrus Lansing
Name ____________________________________________ Date __________ Class _______ Period ____ Quaestio: ________________________________________________________________________________ The Invention of Writing Directions: Examine the infographic and the text and answer the questions belowINFOGRAPHIC. INFOGRAPHIC Around 8000 B.C., Sumerians began using differently shaped clay tokens to represent various items of exchange, such as sheep, bread, or oil. To record economic transactions, they placed the tokens inside clay envelopes often 1 The Sumerians sometimes pressed shaped like balls. Around 3500 B.C., Sumerians began to press the tokens into Around tokens8000 B.C., into Sumerians the surface began of a clayusing enve- differently shapedclay tabletsclay tokens to make to signs. They also started marking the clay using a sharp representlope various before items placing of exchange, them within such it, as sheep, bread, or oil. To record perhaps to indicate its contents. tool called a stylus. Around 3200 B.C., they created a true writing system that economic transactions, they placed the tokens inside clay includedenvelopes symbols often that represented words or syllables. 1 The Sumerians sometimes pressed shaped like balls. Around 3500 B.C., Sumerians began to press the tokens into tokens into the surface of a clay enve- clay tablets to make signs. They also started marking the clay using a sharp lope before placing them within it, perhaps to indicate its contents. tool called a stylus. Around 3200 B.C., they created a true writing system that included symbols that represented words or syllables. Cuneiform Symbol Meaning Mountain Orchard Fish Cuneiform A scribe listed quantities of various 2 SOURCE: Stephen Bertman, Handbook to Life in Symbol commodities on this clay tablet using Ancient Mesopotamia both token impressions and a stylus. -
Storage and Handling of Manuscripts
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 2||February. 2017 || PP.30-32 Storage and Handling of Manuscripts Dr. Sarita Bhattacharjee Librarian, Women’s College, Silchar, Assam, India ABSTRACT: Manuscript is handwritten old document. This paper highlights the types of manuscripts that are usually found in India and also the different initiatives adopted for cataloguing the Indian manuscripts. It focuses on the guidelines for storing and also handling of the manuscripts. Keywords: Manuscript, Cataloguing of Manuscripts, National Mission for Manuscripts, India, Storage, Handling I. INTRODUCTION Manuscript means old document which is written by hand. The word „Manuscript‟ is derived from the Latin phrase „manu scriptum‟ means „written by hand‟. The Antiquities Art Treasures Act 1972 defines manuscript „as a record of scientific, historical, literary or aesthetic value and which has been in existence for not less than 75 years.‟ A manuscript is a handwritten composition on paper, cloth, metal, bark of tree, palm leaf or any other material. In India manuscripts are written in various languages and scripts. The major manuscripts are found in Sanskrit language. The Sanskrit collection of Sarasvai Mahal is the largest manuscripts of India which contain the major works of Sanskrit literature beginning with the Vedas. These manuscripts were written in palm leaf and papers. II. MANUSCRIPTS IN INDIA In the ancient times the earlier method of transferring knowledge to new generation was oral i.e. through schools called gurukulas. But it was quite difficult on the part of the learners to remember all the teachings of their Gurus. -
Reused Paper Bags – Papyrus Papermaking
materials for the arts Reused Paper Bags – Papyrus Papermaking 6th grade Unit: the Early River Valley Civilizations Essential Question: To what degree does geography determine culture? Instructional Outcome: Students will understand how the geography of the Nile River Valley influenced their papermaking and writing process by analyzing secondary sources and participating in a papermaking activity. (2 Days) Materials: Informational trade books on Egyptian geography, papyrus papermaking, hieroglyphs, & scribes. Ex: Eyewitness: Ancient Egypt. Glue, water, mixing bowl, markers, paper bags or butcher paper. http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-•‐shows/what-•‐the-•‐ancients-•‐knew/videos/what-•‐the-•‐ancients-•‐knew-•‐i-•‐shorts-•‐ papyrus/ & http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-•‐collection-•‐online/search?ft=*&deptids=10&rpp=30&pg=2 CCLS: 6.3c Mesopotamia, Yellow River valley, Indus River valley, and Nile River valley complex societies and civilizations adapted to and modified their environment to meet the needs of their population. RI.6.1 Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. RI.6.2 Determine a central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments. W.6.7 Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and refocusing the inquiry where appropriate. Academic and Content Vocabulary: Hieroglyphic, Scribe, Phonogram, Ideogram, Cartouche, Printmaking, surplus, and Papyrus. Do now/hook: Students listen to an Egyptian song and read the lyrics on the screen. “When the [Nile] arises earth rejoices and all men are glad…. -
Revealing Metallic Ink in Herculaneum Papyri
Revealing metallic ink in Herculaneum papyri Emmanuel Bruna,b, Marine Cottec,d, Jonathan Wrightc, Marie Ruatc, Pieter Tacke, Laszlo Vinczee, Claudio Ferreroc, Daniel Delattref,g, and Vito Mocellah,1 aInserm U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France; bUniversité Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France; cThe European Synchrotron, 38043 Grenoble, Cedex, France; dLaboratoire d’Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 8220, 75005 Paris, France; eDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; fCNRS-Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes, 75016 Paris, France; gCentro Internazionale per lo Studio dei Papiri Ercolanesi, 80131 Napoli, Italy; and hConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Unità di Napoli, 80131 Napoli, Italy Edited by Richard Janko, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, and accepted by the Editorial Board February 18, 2016 (received for review October 8, 2015) Writing on paper is essential to civilization, as Pliny the Elder remarks more adherent, ink was required. Thereafter, metallic inks in his Natural History, when he describes the various types of papyri, became the standard for parchments in late antiquity and for the method of manufacturing them, and all that concerns writing most of the Middle Ages (4, 7). materials in the mid-first century AD. For this reason, a rigorous In this work, we study the chemical composition of papyrus scientific study of writing is of fundamental importance for the fragments carbonized by Mount Vesuvius’ eruption in 79 AD historical understanding of ancient societies. We show that metallic and found in the Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum between 1752 ink was used several centuries earlier than previously thought. -
The Differences Between Spoken and Written Grammar in English, in Comparison with Vietnamese1
GIST EDUCATION AND LEARNING RESEARCH JOURNAL. ISSN 1692-5777. NO. 11, (JULY - DECEMBER) 2015. pp. 138-153. The Differences between Spoken and Written Grammar in English, in Comparison 1 with Vietnamese Las Diferencias entre la Gramática Oral y Escrita del Idioma Inglés en Comparación con el Idioma Vietnamita Nguyen Cao Thanh2* Tan Trao University, Vietnam Abstract The fundamental point of this paper is to describe and evaluate some differences between spoken and written grammar in English, and compare some of the points with Vietnamese. This paper illustrates that spoken grammar is less rigid than written grammar. Moreover, it highlights the distinction between speaking and writing in terms of subordination and coordination. Further, the different frequency of adverbials and adjectivals between spoken and written language is also compared and analyzed. Keywords: spoken and written grammar, English, Vietnamese 138 1 Received: July 15, 2015 / Accepted: September 10, 2015 2 [email protected] No. 11 (July - December 2015) No. 11 (July - December 2015) CAO Resumen El principal objetivo de este artículo es describir y evaluar algunas diferencias entre la gramática oral y escrita del idioma inglés y comparar algunos aspectos gramaticales con el idioma vietnamita. Esta revisión muestra como la gramática oral es menos rígida que la gramática escrita. Por otra parte, se destaca la distinción entre el hablar y el escribir en términos de subordinación y coordinación. Además, la diferencia en el uso de adverbios y adjetivos entre la gramática oral y escrita también es comparada y analizada. Palabras clave: gramática oral y escrita, inglés, vietnamita Resumo O principal objetivo deste artigo é descrever e avaliar algumas diferenças entre a gramática oral e escrita do idioma inglês e comparar alguns aspectos gramaticais com o idioma vietnamita. -
Writing Systems: Their Properties and Implications for Reading
Writing Systems: Their Properties and Implications for Reading Brett Kessler and Rebecca Treiman doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324576.013.1 Draft of a chapter to appear in: The Oxford Handbook of Reading, ed. by Alexander Pollatsek and Rebecca Treiman. ISBN 9780199324576. Abstract An understanding of the nature of writing is an important foundation for studies of how people read and how they learn to read. This chapter discusses the characteristics of modern writing systems with a view toward providing that foundation. We consider both the appearance of writing systems and how they function. All writing represents the words of a language according to a set of rules. However, important properties of a language often go unrepresented in writing. Change and variation in the spoken language result in complex links to speech. Redundancies in language and writing mean that readers can often get by without taking in all of the visual information. These redundancies also mean that readers must often supplement the visual information that they do take in with knowledge about the language and about the world. Keywords: writing systems, script, alphabet, syllabary, logography, semasiography, glottography, underrepresentation, conservatism, graphotactics The goal of this chapter is to examine the characteristics of writing systems that are in use today and to consider the implications of these characteristics for how people read. As we will see, a broad understanding of writing systems and how they work can place some important constraints on our conceptualization of the nature of the reading process. It can also constrain our theories about how children learn to read and about how they should be taught to do so. -
Ceu Teaching Development Grants
CEU TEACHING DEVELOPMENT GRANTS REPORTING FORM 1. Title of the teaching development project Experimental Written Culture 2. Start and end dates of the project Winter term 2018/19 3. Short narrative account of the activities undertaken and results of the project. (approx. 2 pages). Please describe the questions or issues you investigated, activities undertaken, and observations and reflections about what you discovered. Please focus on specific concrete activities and observations. You may also wish to describe any changes or on-going experimentation you are planning to incorporate into your teaching as a result of this project. (Please enclose any documents, including assignments or student work, if appropriate and available). At the end of this term I have taught twice a class called ‘Gospels, Graffiti, Grocery Lists: Writing Culture an its Material Evidence in Antiquity and the Middle Ages’ as a mandatory elective class on ‘Written Culture’ for our Cultural Heritage Program. After teaching the class for the first time last year, I encountered the problem that certain notions in scholarship about advantages or disadvantages of the writing materials used, were partially inconsistent or contradictory, and made me curious to understand better the material evidence for myself – and thereby also to teach students from first-hand knowledge. As a very few specialized shops do offer ancient and medieval writing material, I saw the chance to revive ancient and medieval writing techniques to experiment with my students together in order to understand how writing worked in different cultures and at different times. For obvious reasons, inscriptions on stones as well as on/in clay had to be excluded but writing on wood, wax, papyri and parchment with stylus (on wax), reed (on papyri), reed pen (wood) and quill (on parchment) with three different inks was a full success! Wax tablets were the ‘notebooks’ of the ancient world, and students were easily able to write texts with a metal ‘stylus’ on the wax tablets. -
Catalogue 119 Antiquariaat FORUM & ASHER Rare Books
Catalogue 119 antiquariaat FORUM & ASHER Rare Books Catalogue 119 ‘t Goy 2020 Antiquariaat Forum & Asher Rare Books Catalogue 119 1 Ex- tensive descriptions and images available on request. All offers are without engagement and subject to prior sale. All items in this list are complete and in good condition unless stated otherwise. Any item not agreeing with the description may be returned within one week after receipt. Prices are in eur (€). Postage and insurance are not included. VAT is charged at the standard rate to all EU customers. EU customers: please quote your VAT number when placing orders. Preferred mode of payment: in advance, wire transfer. Arrangements can be made for MasterCard and VisaCard. Ownership of goods does not pass to the purchaser until the price has been paid in full. General conditions of sale are those laid down in the ILAB Code of Usages and Customs, which can be viewed at: <http://www. ilab.org/eng/ilab/code.html> New customers are requested to provide references when ordering. ANTIL UARIAAT FOR?GE> 50 Y EARSUM @>@> Tuurdijk 16 Tuurdijk 16 3997 MS ‘t Goy 3997 MS ‘t Goy The Netherlands The Netherlands Phone: +31 (0)30 6011955 Phone: +31 (0)30 6011955 Fax: +31 (0)30 6011813 Fax: +31 (0)30 6011813 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.forumrarebooks.com Web: www.asherbooks.com covers: no. 203 on page 115. frontispiece: no. 108 on page 62. title page: no. 184 on page 104. v 1.2 · 07 Jul 2021 Christianity and children’s education intertwined: a very rare Italian ABC book 1.