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Investigation on Polderization Induced Water Logging and Feasible Adaptation Measures in Dumuria Upazila Under Khulna District

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Investigation on Polderization Induced Water Logging and Feasible Adaptation Measures in Dumuria Upazila Under Khulna District INVESTIGATION ON POLDERIZATION INDUCED WATER LOGGING AND FEASIBLE ADAPTATION MEASURES IN DUMURIA UPAZILA UNDER KHULNA DISTRICT By SHANJIDA NOOR MASTER OF SCIENCE IN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT Institute of Water and Flood Management BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY April 2018 INVESTIGATION ON POLDERIZATION INDUCED WATER LOGGING AND FEASIBLE ADAPTATION MEASURES IN DUMURIA UPAZILA UNDER KHULNA DISTRICT A thesis by Shanjida Noor Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT Institute of Water and Flood Management BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY April 2018 ii BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Institute of Water and Flood Management APPROVAL The thesis titled ‘INVESTIGATION ON POLDERIZATION INDUCED WATER LOGGING AND FEASIBLE ADAPTATION MEASURES IN DUMURIA UPAZILA UNDER KHULNA DISTRICT’ submitted by Shanjida Noor, Roll No. 1014282048 F, Session: October, 2014, has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.Sc. in Water Resources Development on April 17, 2018. iii CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION It is hereby declared that this thesis or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma. Shanjida Noor Roll No.: 1014282048 Session: October, 2014 iv Dedicated to My Beloved Parents v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At first, I would like to thank the Almighty Allah for giving me the ability to complete this research work. I wish to express heartfelt gratitude to my respected supervisor Professor Dr. Md. Munsur Rahman, Institute of Water and Flood Management, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka whose encouragement, constant guidance and valuable support from the initial to the final level enabled me to carry out this thesis work. I express my gratitude to the exam committee members Dr. Mohammad Anisul Haque and Mr.Amirul Hossain for their valuable comments which helped to improve the quality of my thesis work. I am highly grateful to DECCMA project of IWFM for allowing me to work as a Masters Research Fellow and for providing all types of logistic support including data during the study. I would like to express my profound thanks to Ashroy Foundation for their continuous support and guidance throughout the field survey period and for providing a necessary informative report related to study. Particularly, sincere support from Momotaz Khatun, Executive Director of Ashroy Foundation is greatly acknowledged. I would like to extend my gratitude and indebtedness to the numerous local people of the study area for their cordial cooperation and assistance during stakeholder consultations, resource mapping, FGDs. I feel much pleasure to take the opportunity to express heartfelt thanks to my friend Gazi Md. Riasat Amin, Mohiuddin Sakib, Rabeya Akter, Mashrekur Rahman, and Imran Hossain Newton for their inspiration and help to carry out the research work. Finally, I express my supreme gratitude to my beloved parents and brothers who are not only a constant source of inspiration but also sacrificed a lot of their happiness for my higher studies. Special gratitude is expressed to my husband Md. Iftekharul Islam and in- laws whose encouragement and assistance gave me the strength to complete this study. Shanjida Noor vi TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL ................................................................................................................... iii CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION ............................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope and Limitations ..................................................................................... 3 1.4 Organization of the thesis ................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 5 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Definition of Water logging ............................................................................. 5 2.2.1 Problem due to water logging......................................................................... 6 2.2.2 Causes behind water logging in Southwest region of Bangladesh ................. 7 2.3 Historical Development of Coastal Polder in Bangladesh ............................ 9 2.3.1 Temporary earthen embankment before 1960 ................................................ 9 2.3.2 Polderization in 1960 and its effect up to 1980s .......................................... 10 2.4 Present Water Logged Area .......................................................................... 12 2.4.1 Water logged upazila within Khulna, Satkhira and Jessore districts............ 13 2.5 The Action that was Taken by BWDB ......................................................... 14 2.6 Alternative Option; Tidal River Management ............................................ 14 2.7 Projects Installment for Mitigation Water logging Problem ..................... 15 CHAPTER 3 : STUDY AREA ................................................................................. 18 3.1 Geographical Location of Southwest Region ............................................... 18 3.2 Topography ..................................................................................................... 18 3.3 Physical Landscape ........................................................................................ 20 3.4 Geographical Location of Dumuria Upazila ............................................... 20 3.5 Water Resources System ............................................................................... 22 3.5.1 River system: ................................................................................................ 22 3.5.2 Surface water resources ................................................................................ 23 vii 3.5.3 Ground water resources ................................................................................ 23 3.6 Physical Characteristics of the Area ............................................................ 23 3.6.1 Topography................................................................................................... 23 3.6.2 Temperature and relative humidity .............................................................. 24 3.6.3 Rainfall ......................................................................................................... 24 3.7 Drainage Congestion ...................................................................................... 25 3.8 Ecosystem ........................................................................................................ 25 3.9 Socio-economic Condition ............................................................................. 25 3.10 Institutional Arrangement for Water Logging............................................ 26 3.10.1 Local Government .................................................................................... 26 3.10.2 Agencies under central government ......................................................... 27 3.10.3 Nongovernmental organization................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 4 : METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 30 4.1 General Approach .......................................................................................... 30 4.2 Image Processing ............................................................................................ 32 4.2.1 Modification of normalized difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery ............................................................. 32 4.2.2 NDWI and MNDWI ..................................................................................... 33 4.2.3 Change detection .......................................................................................... 34 4.3 Method Used for Validating the Results ...................................................... 36 4.4 Primary Data Collection using PRA technique ........................................... 37 4.4.1 Semi-structured interview ............................................................................ 38 4.4.2 Resource mapping ........................................................................................ 39 4.4.3 Focus group discussion................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER
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