DOCSLIB.ORG

Anti-Fertility Effects of Fractions from Carica Papaya (Pawpaw) Linn

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anti-Fertility Effects of Fractions from Carica Papaya (Pawpaw) Linn Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2014) xxx, xxx–xxx King Saud University Arabian Journal of Chemistry www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Anti-fertility effects of fractions from Carica papaya (Pawpaw) Linn. methanol root extract in male Wistar rats Chinaka O. Nwaehujor a,*, Julius O. Ode b, Mercy R. Ekwere a, Rita I. Udegbunam c a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115 Calabar, Nigeria b Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria c Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria Received 22 October 2012; accepted 8 October 2014 KEYWORDS Abstract The methanol root extracts of Carica papaya (Pawpaw) are used in eastern Nigeria for Antifertility; the treatment of malaria, hepatitis and jaundice. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects Carica papaya root; of the fractions isolated from C. papaya methanol root extract on fertility in male Wistar rats using CPFE 1; sperm counts, percentage defective sperm cells (morphology), biochemical and hormonal assays as Male Wistar rats; biomarkers. The roots of C. papaya were extracted using 80% methanol for 72 h. Oral acute toxicity Birth control; study was done with the crude extract for 24 h. The extract was fractionated by column chromatog- Sperm count raphy using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The petroleum ether fraction was further fractionated on preparative TLC using ethyl acetate–methanol solvent systems to iso- late CPFE 1, CPFE 2 and CPFM 1. The 3 fractions (75 mg/kg) were used to treat male Wistar rats orally for 60 days. Animals were euthanized and testes collected, homogenized and used for sperm count and motility. Plasma and serum were used to assay biochemical parameters including aspar- tate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin (TB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), triglycerides, hormones (LH and FSH). Histopathological study of the testes, kidney, heart and liver were con- ducted. Acute toxicity result showed that C. papaya root extract produced no mortalities at the dose of 2000 mg/kg but induced CNS-related symptoms as well as diuresis. The fractions significantly (P < 0.01) produced decreases in sperm counts and increased the percentage of defective sperm cells. There were significant (P < 0.05) increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Histopathological studies showed mild kidney and cardiac hyperaemia, slight * Corresponding author. Tel.: +234 8035450300. E-mail address: [email protected] (C.O. Nwaehujor). Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.10.018 1878-5352 ª 2014 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Please cite this article in press as: Nwaehujor, C.O. et al., Anti-fertility effects of fractions from Carica papaya (Pawpaw) Linn. methanol root extract in male Wistar rats. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.10.018 2 C.O. Nwaehujor et al. hepatic degeneration and severe necrosis of the germinal epithelium of the testes. This study calls for some level of caution in the use of these roots and its extracts/fractions in traditional medicine for treating diseases. On the other hand, it could be a good source of drug for birth control. ª 2014 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 1. Introduction In reproduction, various extracts of C. papaya have been shown to have antifertility activity in male (Chinoy and Nigeria, within a few years will be a leading country with the Padman, 1996) and female rats (Chinoy et al., 1997). It is also highest population growth in Africa. Since the population is reported to be an abortifacient and a lactogenic (Burkill, tremendously on the increase, economists have forecast that 1985). Aqueous extract of C. papaya leaf caused reduction in this may drastically affect the economic growth. Family plan- mean values of andrological parameters as a result of lesion ning has been promoted through several methods of contra- of the seminiferous tubule epithelium (Oyekunle and Omope, ception, although these contraceptives have various side 2010). The present study therefore is to determine the effects effects produced by their steroid content (Bingel and Benoit, of fractions from the methanol root extract of C. papaya on 1973). Therefore, there is a need for drugs which are effective some reproductive and biochemical parameters in male Wistar with lesser side effects. rats. Carica papaya (Pawpaw) is the sole species in the genus Carica of the plant family Caricaceae. Originally from South- 2. Materials and methods ern Mexico, Central America and Northern South America, the papaya is now cultivated in most countries with tropical 2.1. Preparation of the extract and fractionation climate like Nigeria (Oyekunle and Omope, 2010). C. papaya is known as okwulu bekee by the Igbo, Ibepe by the Yoruba Fresh C. papaya (Linn.) roots were obtained from Nsukka and kawuse by the Hausa tribes of Nigeria. It is a fast growing urban region in November 2012 and authenticated by Mr. semi-woody tree of about 6 m tall, stem normally not A. Ozioko, a taxonomist with the Biodiversity Development branched, and becoming hollow with age; male and female Centre Program (BDCP), Nsukka Enugu State, Nigeria. The flowers usually grow on separate plants, reaching maturity roots (2.5 kg) were chopped into pieces and air dried on a lab- within a year and living for 5–6 years only. It is widely culti- oratory bench. This was pulverized into coarse powder. 1000 g vated throughout West Africa around habitations in the forest of the dried pulverized roots was extracted by cold percolation zone (Burkill, 1985). in 80% methanol:water for 72 h with intermittent shaking Different parts of C. papaya plant are attributed with dif- every 2 h. This was filtered with Whatman No. 4 filter paper ferent medicinal values. For example, in African traditional and dried using a rotary evaporator (Bu¨ chi, Switzerland) at medicine, the boiled green leaves are combined with leaves 40 °C. The extract was loaded into a 4 cm·50 cm glass column of Azadirachta indica, Cymbopogon citratus, Psidium guajava pre-loaded with silica gel (Silica Gel 60–120 mesh, 60A, and stem bark of Alstonia boonei boiled together and the Oxford, India) and fractionated using petroleum ether, chloro- hot infusion is drunk as one wine glass full thrice daily in form:ethyl acetate (8:2) and ethyl acetate:methanol (3:7) as elu- the treatment of malaria (Gill, 1992). Its fresh leaves are also ents. Following partial purification, the petroleum ether efficacious in the treatment of gonorrhea, syphilis and amoe- fraction, which showed significant effects on sperm parameters bic dysentery (Gill, 1992). The milky juice of the unripe fruit was further subjected to ethyl acetate and methanol sub-frac- is a powerful abortifacient, anti-helminthic for roundworms, tionation using preparative thin layer chromatography stomach disorders and enlargement of liver and spleen (TLC). Three compounds were obtained from the sub-fraction (Gill, 1992). The seeds are also effective as a vermifuge and viz. CPFE 1 and 2, and CPFM 1. These were used for anti-fer- in the treatment of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and tility assay described below. hypercholesterolemia (Gill, 1992). Results from studies on biological activities of C. papaya parts, extracts and isolated 2.2. Animals compounds showed that the latex and root extracts inhibited Candida albicans while extracts of pulp and seeds showed Adult male Wistar rats weighing between 170 and 210 g were bacteriostatic properties against Staphylococcus aureus, used for the study. They were kept in the animal house of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Entamoeba histolytica, in vitro (Emeruwa, 1982). Its root Nsukka under a well-ventilated environment. The animals aqueous extract has been shown to have a purgative effect were allowed free access to feed and water ad libitum. The (Akah et al., 1997). use of the animals conformed with internationally accepted C. papaya latex has been shown to have activity against C. principles for laboratory animal use and care as documented albicans (Giordani et al., 1996), Heligmosomoides polygyrus in the European Community guidelines, Council Directive, (Satrija et al., 1995), Ascaris suum and Ascaridia galli (Satrija 1986 (86/609/EEC), revised in Directive 2010/63/EU. The et al., 1994). Aqueous extract of C. papaya roots have shown experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Commit- potential activity in the management of dengue fever (Nisar tee for Animal Experimentation, University of Nigeria, et al., 2011), antitumor and immune-modulatory activities Nsukka and in accordance with Nigerian Federal Government (Otsuki et al., 2010), hepatitis and jaundice in children. legislation on Animal care. All animals, including the control Please cite this article in press as: Nwaehujor, C.O. et al., Anti-fertility effects of fractions from Carica papaya (Pawpaw) Linn. methanol root extract in male Wistar rats. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.10.018 Anti-fertility effects of fractions from Carica papaya (Pawpaw) Linn. methanol root extract 3 group, were humanely euthanized before the onset of severe fields in each sample. The mean of the 3 estimations was used clinical conditions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Karyotype and Genome Size Determination of Jarilla Chocola, an Additional Sister Clade of Carica Papaya
    POJ 14(01):50-56 (2021) ISSN:1836-3644 doi: 10.21475/POJ.14.01.21.p2944 Karyotype and genome size determination of Jarilla chocola, an additional sister clade of Carica papaya Dessireé Patricia Zerpa-Catanho1, Tahira Jatt2, Ray Ming1* 1Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA 2Department of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khaipur, Sindh, 66020, Pakistan *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Jarilla chocola is an herbaceous plant species that belongs to the Jarilla genus and the Caricaceae family. No information on chromosome number or genome size has been reported for J. chocola that confirms the occurrence of dysploidy events and explore the existence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Therefore, the total number of chromosomes of this species was determined by karyotyping and counting the number of chromosomes observed, and the genome size of female and male plants was estimated separately by flow cytometry. Results showed that J. chocola has eight pairs of chromosomes (2n = 2x = 16), and its chromosomes are classified as metacentric for five pairs, submetacentric for two pairs and telocentric for one pair. The nuclear DNA content (1C- value) in picograms and diploid genome size was estimated separately from female and male plants using two species as the standards, Phaseolus vulgaris (1C = 0.60 pg) and Carica papaya (1C = 0.325 pg), to look for the possible existence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. C. papaya proved to be a better standard for the determination of J. chocola DNA content and diploid genome size. No significant difference on the DNA content was observed between female (1C = 1.02 ± 0.003 pg) and male (1C = 1.02 ± 0.008 pg) plants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Vasconcellea Wild Species in the Papaya Breeding (Carica Papaya L.- Caricaceae): a Cytological Evaluation
    The use of Vasconcellea wild species in the papaya breeding (Carica papaya L.- Caricaceae): a cytological evaluation Telma N. S. Pereira, Monique F. Neto, Lyzia L. Freitas, Messias G. Pereira Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ -Brazil Introduction Papaya is a fruit species grown in tropical and subtropical regions. The cultivars of this species are all susceptible to ring spot mosaic virus; however, there is in the Caricaceae family wild species that exhibit resistance genes to the virus as Vasconcellea cauliflora, V. cundinamarcensis, V. quercifolia, and V. stipulata. But, interspecific/intergeneric hybrids are not obtained between the wild species and the cultivated one, thus preventing the introgression of important genes in the cultivated form. The objectives of this study were to generate cytogenetic knowledge by karyotype determination and species meiotic behavior.The study was conducted on C.papaya, V.quercifolia,V.cundinamarcensis, V.cauliflora,V.goudotiana, and V.monoica by routine laboratory methodology. Methodology Seeds Germination Pdb=8h Fixation Observation Coloration Enzimatic Figure 1- Caricaceae species. A) Carica papaya; B)Vasconcellea monoica; Figure 2- Papaya products. Figure 3- Mitotic protocol. Figure 4- Meiosis protocol. C)Vasconcellea quercifolia;D)Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis; E) Vasconcellea goudotiana; F)Vasconcellea cauliflora. Results Table 1 - Karyotype formulas, mean sets lenghts and similarities indices of Caricaceae species. Table 2 - Characteristics evaluated during meiosis and post-meiosis in C. papaya, V. Goutodiana,V. monoica and V. Quercifolia. Karyotype Rec Syi Species Meiosis Recombination Meiotic Pollen Species formula THC TF (%) index index abnormalites index index viability C. papaya 9M 17.18 45.51 82.66 82.69 C.papay a 4.76% 26.0% 94.8% 96.0% V.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Assessment of Carica Papaya (Papaya)-Derived Ingredients As Used in Cosmetics
    Safety Assessment of Carica papaya (Papaya)-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics Status: Draft Report for Panel Review Release Date: February 21, 2020 Panel Meeting Date: March 16-17, 2020 The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chair, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; James G. Marks, Jr., M.D.; Lisa A. Peterson, Ph.D.; Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Executive Director is Bart Heldreth, Ph.D. This safety assessment was prepared by Alice Akinsulie, former Scientific Analyst/Writer and Priya Cherian, Scientific Analyst/Writer. © Cosmetic Ingredient Review 1620 L St NW, Suite 1200 ◊ Washington, DC 20036-4702 ◊ ph 202.331.0651 ◊fax 202.331.0088 ◊ [email protected] Distributed for Comment Only - Do Not Cite or Quote Commitment & Credibility since 1976 Memorandum To: CIR Expert Panel Members and Liaisons From: Priya Cherian, Scientific Analyst/Writer Date: February 21, 2020 Subject: Draft Report on Papaya-derived ingredients Enclosed is the Draft Report on 5 papaya-derived ingredients. The attached report (papaya032020rep) includes the following unpublished data that were received from the Council: 1) Use concentration data (papaya032020data1) 2) Manufacturing and impurities data on a Carica Papaya (Papaya) Fruit Extract (papaya032020data2) 3) Physical and chemical properties of a Carica Papaya (Papaya) Fruit Extract (papaya032020data3) Also included in this package for your review are the CIR report history (papaya032020hist), flow chart (papaya032020flow), literature search strategy (papaya032020strat), ingredient data profile (papaya032020prof), and updated 2020 FDA VCRP data (papaya032020fda).
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Variation in the Flowers of Jacaratia
    Plant Biology ISSN 1435-8603 RESEARCH PAPER Morphological variation in the flowers of Jacaratia mexicana A. DC. (Caricaceae), a subdioecious tree A. Aguirre1, M. Vallejo-Marı´n2, E. M. Piedra-Malago´ n3, R. Cruz-Ortega4 & R. Dirzo5 1 Departamento de Biologı´a Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecologı´a A.C., Congregacio´ n El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, Me´ xico 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 3 Posgrado Instituto de Ecologı´a A.C., Congregacio´ n El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, Me´ xico 4 Departamento de Ecologı´a Funcional, Instituto de Ecologı´a, UNAM, Me´ xico 5 Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Keywords ABSTRACT Caricaceae; dioecy; Jacaratia mexicana; Mexico; sexual variation. The Caricaceae is a small family of tropical trees and herbs in which most species are dioecious. In the present study, we extend our previous work on Correspondence dioecy in the Caricaceae, characterising the morphological variation in sex- A. Aguirre, Departamento de Biologı´a ual expression in flowers of the dioecious tree Jacaratia mexicana. We found Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecologı´a A.C., Km. 2.5 that, in J. mexicana, female plants produce only pistillate flowers, while Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, male plants are sexually variable and can bear three different types of flow- Congregacio´ n El Haya, Xalapa 91070, ers: staminate, pistillate and perfect. To characterise the distinct types of Veracruz, Me´ xico. flowers, we measured 26 morphological variables. Our results indicate that: E-mail: [email protected] (i) pistillate flowers from male trees carry healthy-looking ovules and are morphologically similar, although smaller than, pistillate flowers on female Editor plants; (ii) staminate flowers have a rudimentary, non-functional pistil and M.
    [Show full text]
  • Marker-Assisted Breeding for Papaya Ringspot Virus Resistance in Carica Papaya L
    Marker-Assisted Breeding for Papaya Ringspot Virus Resistance in Carica papaya L. Author O'Brien, Christopher Published 2010 Thesis Type Thesis (Masters) School Griffith School of Environment DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/3639 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365618 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Marker-Assisted Breeding for Papaya Ringspot Virus Resistance in Carica papaya L. Christopher O'Brien BAppliedSc (Environmental and Production Horticulture) University of Queensland Griffith School of Environment Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology Griffith University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Philosophy September 4, 2009 2 Table of Contents Page No. Abstract ……………………………………………………… 11 Statement of Originality ………………………………………........ 13 Acknowledgements …………………………………………. 15 Chapter 1 Literature review ………………………………....... 17 1.1 Overview of Carica papaya L. (papaya)………………… 19 1.1.1 Taxonomy ………………………………………………… . 19 1.1.2 Origin ………………………………………………….. 19 1.1.3 Botany …………………………………………………… 20 1.1.4 Importance …………………………………………………... 25 1.2 Overview of Vasconcellea species ……………………… 28 1.2.1 Taxonomy …………………………………………………… 28 1.2.2 Origin ……………………………………………………… 28 1.2.3 Botany ……………………………………………………… 31 1.2.4 Importance …………………………………………………… 31 1.2.5 Brief synopsis of Vasconcellea species …………………….. 33 1.3 Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-P)…………………………. 42 1.3.1 Overview ………………………………………………………. 42 1.3.2 Distribution …………………………………………………… 43 1.3.3 Symptoms and effects ……………………………………….. .. 44 1.3.4 Transmission …………………………………………………. 45 1.3.5 Control ………………………………………………………. .. 46 1.4 Breeding ………………………………………………………. 47 1.4.1 Disease resistance …………………………………………….. 47 1.4.2 Biotechnology………………………………………………….. 50 1.4.3 Intergeneric hybridisation…………………………………….. 51 1.4.4 Genetic transformation………………………………………… 54 1.4.5 DNA analysis ……………………………………………….....
    [Show full text]
  • Jacaratia Mexicana Seedlings Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in a Tropical Dry Forest
    Madera y Bosques vol. 21, núm. 3: 161-167 Otoño 2015 Survival and growth of Jacaratia mexicana seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a tropical dry forest Supervivencia y crecimiento de plántulas de Jacaratia mexicana inoculadas con hongos micorrícico arbusculares dentro de un bosque tropical seco Ramón Zulueta-Rodríguez1, Luis G. Hernandez-Montiel2*, Bernardo Murillo-Amador2, Miguel V. Córdoba-Matson2 y Liliana Lara1 and Isabel Alemán Chávez1 1 Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas. Universidad Veracru- 2 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste. * Corresponding author: [email protected] zana. Xalapa, Veracruz, México. La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. ABSTRACT Jacaratia mexicana is not only an endemic and typical tropical dry forest tree of Mexico, it is considered as a direct ancestor of the pa- payo (Carica papaya). Locally it is mainly used in traditional medicine, for human food or for feeding backyard animals (forage plant), but its use value is very restricted or even unknown. Nevertheless, various abiotic and anthropogenic pressures in its Mexican habitat are causing populations of this tree to decline alarmingly. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are microorganisms that have an important role for the regeneration of tree species by increasing their ability to absorb water and nutrients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of AMF on growth and survival of seedlings of J. mexicana transplanted within a fragmented area of the remaining dry forest located in the central portion of the state of Veracruz. We measured height, stem diameter, number of leaves, percent seedling survival and mycorrhizal colonization. Results showed increases in all growth-related variables when seedlings were inoculated with AMF.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutraceutical Potential of Carica Papaya in Metabolic Syndrome
    nutrients Review Nutraceutical Potential of Carica papaya in Metabolic Syndrome Lidiani F. Santana 1, Aline C. Inada 1 , Bruna Larissa Spontoni do Espirito Santo 1, Wander F. O. Filiú 2, Arnildo Pott 3, Flávio M. Alves 3 , Rita de Cássia A. Guimarães 1, Karine de Cássia Freitas 1,* and Priscila A. Hiane 1 1 Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, MS 79079-900 Campo Grande, Brazil 2 Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, MS 79079-900 Campo Grande, Brazil 3 Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, MS 79079-900 Campo Grande, Brazil * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-67-3345-7445 Received: 21 June 2019; Accepted: 10 July 2019; Published: 16 July 2019 Abstract: Carica papaya L. is a well-known fruit worldwide, and its highest production occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. The pulp contains vitamins A, C, and E, B complex vitamins, such as pantothenic acid and folate, and minerals, such as magnesium and potassium, as well as food fibers. Phenolic compounds, such as benzyl isothiocyanate, glucosinolates, tocopherols (α and δ), β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene and carotenoids, are found in the seeds. The oil extracted from the seed principally presents oleic fatty acid followed by palmitic, linoleic and stearic acids, whereas the leaves have high contents of food fibers and polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, pro-anthocyanins, tocopherol, and benzyl isothiocyanate. Studies demonstrated that the nutrients present in its composition have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, protecting it against cardiovascular illnesses and preventing harm caused by free radicals.
    [Show full text]
  • Carica Papaya: Papaya1 Edward F
    FPS106 Carica papaya: Papaya1 Edward F. Gilman, Dennis G. Watson, Ryan W. Klein, Andrew K. Koeser, Deborah R. Hilbert, and Drew C. McLean2 Introduction Enormous, simple, lobed leaves combine with a single trunk and delicious fruit to make this a desirable plant for many landscapes. Flowers are produced along the trunk from the leaf axil. Flowers on male plants are more con- spicuous and showy; female flowers are borne close to the stem and usually go unnoticed. Fruit are produced in the leaf axil close to the trunk. The trunk becomes thickened, occasionally growing to 12 inches in diameter. Although older plants can reach 20 feet tall or more, most reach only 15 feet before dying. Plants are short lived but grow quickly. General Information Scientific name: Carica papaya Pronunciation: KAIR-rick-uh puh-PYE-yuh Common name(s): papaya Family: Caricaceae Plant type: shrub Figure 1. Full Form—Carica papaya: Papaya USDA hardiness zones: 9B through 11 (Figure 2) Planting month for zone 9: year round Description Planting month for zone 10 and 11: year round Height: 10 to 15 feet Origin: native to Mexico and Central America Spread: 5 to 7 feet UF/IFAS Invasive Assessment Status: not assessed/ Plant habit: upright incomplete assessment Plant density: open Uses: specimen; border; accent Growth rate: fast Texture: coarse 1. This document is FPS106, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 1999. Revised December 2018. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • WOOD and BARK ANATOMY of CARICACEAE; CORRELATIONS with SYSTEMATICS and HABIT by Sherwin Carlquist
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 19 (2), 1998: 191-206 WOOD AND BARK ANATOMY OF CARICACEAE; CORRELATIONS WITH SYSTEMATICS AND HABIT by Sherwin Carlquist Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, U.S.A. SUMMARY Wood and bark anatomy are described for four species of three genera of Caricaceae; both root and stem material were available for Jacaratia hassleriana. Wood of all species lacks libriform fibers in secondary xylem, and has axial parenchyma instead. Cylicomorpha parviflora has paratracheal parenchyma cells with thin lignified walls; otherwise, all cell walls of secondary xylem in Caricaceae except those of vessels have only primary walls. Vessels have alternate laterally elongate (pseudo­ scalariform) pits on vessel-vessel interfaces, but wide, minimally bor­ dered scalariform pits on vessel-parenchyma contacts. Laticifers occur commonly in tangential plates in fascicular secondary xylem, and rarely in xylem rays. Proliferation of axial parenchyma by zones of tangential divisions is newly reported for the family. Bark is diverse in the spe­ cies, although some features (e.g., druses) are common to all. Wood of Caricaceae is compared to that of two species of Moringaceae, recently designated the sister family of Caricaceae. Although the wood and bark of Moringa oleifera, a treelike species, differ from those of Caricaceae, wood and bark of the stem succulent M. hildebrandtii, the habit of which resembles those in Caricaceae, simulate wood and bark of Caricaceae closely. Counterparts to laticifers in Moringaceae are uncertain, how­ ever. Phloem fibers of Caricaceae form an expansible peripheral cylin­ der of mechanical tissue that correlates with the stem succulence of most species of Caricaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Ethnopharmacology Aqueous Extract of Carica Papaya
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology 127 (2010) 760–767 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects Noriko Otsuki a,1, Nam H. Dang b,1, Emi Kumagai a, Akira Kondo c, Satoshi Iwata a, Chikao Morimoto a,d,∗ a Division of Clinical Immunology, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan b Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA c Kondo Hospital, 1-6-25, Nishishinhama, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8008, Japan d Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan article info abstract Article history: Aim of the study: Various parts of Carica papaya Linn. (CP) have been traditionally used as ethnomedicine Received 21 August 2009 for a number of disorders, including cancer. There have been anecdotes of patients with advanced cancers Received in revised form achieving remission following consumption of tea extract made from CP leaves. However, the precise 17 November 2009 cellular mechanism of action of CP tea extracts remains unclear. The aim of the present study is to Accepted 24 November 2009 examine the effect of aqueous-extracted CP leaf fraction on the growth of various tumor cell lines and Available online 2 December 2009 on the anti-tumor effect of human lymphocytes. In addition, we attempted to identify the functional molecular weight fraction in the CP leaf extract. Keywords: Traditional botanical medicine Materials and methods: The effect of CP extract on the proliferative responses of tumor cell lines and Leaf of Carica papaya human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and cytotoxic activities of PBMC were assessed by 3 Tumor growth inhibition [ H]-thymidine incorporation.
    [Show full text]
  • From Plant Exploitation to Mutualism
    From Plant Exploitation to Mutualism. Chapter 3 François Lieutier, Kalina Bermudez-Torres, James Cook, Marion O. Harris, Luc Legal, Aurélien Sallé, Bertrand Schatz, David Giron To cite this version: François Lieutier, Kalina Bermudez-Torres, James Cook, Marion O. Harris, Luc Legal, et al.. From Plant Exploitation to Mutualism. Chapter 3. Nicolas Sauvion, Denis Thiéry, Paul-André Calatayud. Insect-Plant Interactions in a Crop Protection Perspective, 81, 2017, Advances in Botanical Research, 978-0-12-803318-0. hal-02318872 HAL Id: hal-02318872 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02318872 Submitted on 1 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. VOLUME EIGHTY ONE ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH Insect-Plant Interactions in a Crop Protection Perspective Volume Editor NICOLAS SAUVION INRA,UMR BGPI 0385 (INRA-CIRAD-SupAgro), Montpellier, France DENIS THIERY INRA, UMR SAVE 1065, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Centre INRA de recherches de Bordeaux- Aquitaine, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d’Ornon, France PAUL-ANDRE CALATAYUD IRD UMR EGCE (Evolution, Génome, Comportement, Ecologie), CNRS-IRD-Univ. Paris-Sud, IDEEV, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; IRD c/o ICIPE, Nairobi, Kenya Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States First edition 2017 Copyright Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • 227 Section 10 Papaya (Carica Papaya)
    SECTION 10 PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA) 1. Taxonomy and General Description A. Taxonomy Papaya, Carica papaya L., is an almost herbaceous (succulently soft-wooded), typically unbranched small tree in the family Caricaceae. Europeans first encountered papaya in the Western Hemisphere tropics by at least the early 1500s (Sauer, 1966), and various interests were soon disseminating it widely (Ferrão, 1992). Papaya is now cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical climates mainly for its melon-like fruit. The Caricaceae is classified in the order Brassicales (sometimes called Capparales), which characteristically express mustard-oil glucosides (glucosinolates) (Jørgensen, 1995; Rodman et al., 1998; Olson, 2002). Recently, consensus has been developing that the genus Carica L. has only the one species C. papaya, and that the Caricaceae may comprise six genera (Aradhya et al., 1999; Badillo, 2000; Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2002, 2004; Kubitzki, 2003; Manshardt, 2002, Havaii University, pers. com.). Most of the genera are neotropical forest plants, occurring in South America and Mesoamerica or only in Mesoamerica. Vasconcellea, the largest genus with 21 species, had usually been considered as a section within Carica. The other neotropical genera are Jacaratia (7 spp.), Jarilla (3 spp.) and Horovitzia (1 sp.) (Badillo, 1993). The sixth genus, Cylicomorpha (2 spp.), occurs in montane forests in equatorial Africa (Badillo, 1971). The highland papayas, Vasconcellea (not “Vasconcella” – see Badillo, 2001; Kubitzki, 2003), are considered the closest relatives to Carica papaya (Badillo, 1993; Aradhya et al., 1999; Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2002, 2004). Vasconcellea has many species with edible fruits (and a few cultivated varieties) (Badillo, 2000; Scheldeman and Van Damme, 2001); commercial cultivation of Caricaceae may be limited to the papaya and chamburo (ababai), babaco, and toronche or higacho (the names vary and sometimes are used locally for more than one species).
    [Show full text]