International Migration and the Millennium Development Goals

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

International Migration and the Millennium Development Goals International Migration and the Millennium Development Goals andtheMillenniumDevelopment International Migration International Migration and the Millennium Development Goals Selected Papers of the UNFPA Expert Group Meeting Expert Group oftheUNFPA Selected Papers Selected Papers of the UNFPA Expert Group Meeting United Nations Population Fund 220 East 42nd Street New York, New York 10017 www.unfpa.org ISBN 0-89714-755-3 E/1000/2005 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Selected Papers of the UNFPA Expert Group Meeting Marrakech, Morocco 11-12 May 2005 NOTES: The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the participants who attended the Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and the Millennium Development Goals and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The papers included in this report have been published as submitted. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNFPA concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term ‘country’ as used in the text of this report refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. The designations of ‘developed’ and ‘de vel oping’ countries are intended for convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. United Nations Population Fund 220 East 42nd Street New York, NY 10017, U.S.A. www.unfpa.org FOREWORD The five-year review of progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) agreed upon by the international community at the Millennium Summit provided the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) with a good opportunity to convene an Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and the Millennium Development Goals in order to analyze migration as both a facilitating and constraining factor in the achievement of the MDGs. The meeting was also an opportunity to present information necessary for policy makers in planning and policy development and to facilitate the exchange of best practices in this complex area. With the decline in fertility in many parts of the world, migration has taken on increased significance, becoming an important component of population growth in many countries. Population decline, largely a result of below-replacement fertility, and population ageing have already emerged as significant concerns in many countries and their effects are expected to exacerbate in the future. Researchers have speculated as to the possible role of migration to offset these two demographic trends. When Member States signed off on the MDGs in 2000, they did not include migration in the final do- cument. Indeed, migration is not mentioned in the Millennium Development Goals. Moreover, the relationship between migration and the MDGs has not been adequately explored despite the fact that the link between migra- tion and development is increasingly recognized. Development can reduce migration pressures and migration can have a significant impact on a country’s development. Migration is still not adequately addressed in development frameworks such as Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), Common Country Assessments (CCAs) and United Nations Development Frameworks (UNDAFs). Yet migration can play an important role in the achieve- ment of the MDGs. Although it can serve as a constraint, if properly managed, migration can also contribute to the realization of the goals. The Expert Group Meeting analyzed migration and its effect on those MDGs that are most closely af- fected by migration, including the goals pertaining to poverty reduction; gender equality; improving maternal health; prevention of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; ensuring environmental sustainability; and global partnerships for development. The meeting explored migration as a development vehicle that can both facilitate and hinder the achievement of the MDGs. It addressed the complexity and diversity of migration, and showed how it affects not only the migrants themselves but also the sending and receiving countries and their ability to reach the MDG targets. It looked at how migration fosters development by bringing in remittances, and how it can potentially hinder development through the brain drain. It discussed the circulation of human capital not just as a brain drain, but looked into diaspora networks and how they contribute to technological transfers and the development of the community of origin. International migration is an integral aspect of the global development process. The challenge before the international community is to harness the potential of migration in such a way as to minimize the costs and maximize the benefits for both sending and receiving areas in order to facilitate the achievement of the MDGs. Special thanks go to François Farah and Ann Pawliczko from the Population and Development Branch at UNFPA Headquarters and to Georges Georgi and Naima Ghemires from the UNFPA Country Office in Morocco for organizing this event, and to Lorena Duharte from UNFPA Headquarters and Mona Benzeriane from the UNFPA Country Office in Morocco for their able assistance with the logistics of the meeting. We also wish to thank the publication team – François Farah, Ann Pawliczko and Madeleine Sacco – for the preparation of this report and Colleen Thouez of UNITAR for her invaluable assistance in the preparation of the introduction. Mari Simonen Director Technical Support Division INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS iii Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. iii 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 International Migration Trends Since 1980 ................................................................................. 13 ( Hania Zlotnik, DESA, United Nations) 2. International Migration and the Millennium Development Goals The Role of Migration in Achieving the Millennium Development Goals ................................... 29 (Erica Usher, International Organization for Migration) The Impact of Remittances on Development ............................................................................... 41 (Colleen Thouez, UNITAR) 3. Migration and Poverty Reduction Linkages between Migration and Poverty: The Millennium Development Goals and Population Mobility ............................................................................. 55 (Ronald Skeldon) 4. Migration and Health Migration and the Health System: Influences on Reaching the MDGs in Africa (and other LDCs) ........................................................................................................ 67 (Delanyo Dovlo) Migration and Maternal and Child Health: The Example of Western Europe ......................................................................................................................................... 81 (Manuel Carballo) Reversing the Spread of HIV/AIDS: What Role has Migration? ................................................. 99 (John Anarfi) 5. Migration and Gender International Migration and Prospects for Gender Equality ...................................................... 113 (Maruja Asis) Trafficking in Human Beings and the Millennium Development Goal No. 3, Promoting Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women ......................................... 125 (Gerda Theuermann) INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS v 6. Migration and the Environment The Other Migrants: Cause and Prevention in Involuntary Displacement and the Question of “Environmental Refugees” ......................................................................... 141 (David Vine) 7. Migration and Global Partnerships for Development The Economics of Migration under Globalization ...................................................................... 155 (Atif Kubursi and Madona Mokbel) Globalization and Migration ....................................................................................................... 169 (Alan Simmons) 8. Panel on Partnerships: Case Studies a. Flux Migratoires au Maroc Impact Économique, Social et Culturel de la Migration: Sur le Développement du Pays (Aicha Belarbi) ............................................... 181 b. Migration Policies in Australia and their Impact on Development in Countries of Origin (Graeme Hugo) ................................................................................... 199 c. Moving Out of Poverty: Making Migration Work Better for Poor People (Charlotte Heath) ....................................................................................................... 217 d. Migration and Millennium Development Goals: DFID-RMMRU Partnership (Tasneem Siddiqui) ............................................................................................. 221 e. Migration et Objectifs de Développement du Millénaire: Cas de la Migration Arabe (Khaled Louhichi) ....................................................................................... 231 Annexes I. Agenda ........................................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • The Trust Fund for Human Security, an Advisory Board On
    For the “Human-centered” 21st Century August 2009 Global Issues Cooperation Division Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 1 What is Human Security? 1 New Concept for International Cooperation other chronic threats as well as protecting them from sudden Since the end of the Cold War, the international community and hurtful disruptions in daily life. In light of coming 21st has experienced rapid globalization accompanied by the century, the report emphasized the perspective of focusing on economic liberalization and a marked progress of information the life and dignity of individuals in the context of technology. At the same time, this process has significantly development. deepened interdependence among the world, which brought At the UN Millennium Summit in 2000, Secretary-General substantial benefits to many people on one hand, and Kofi Annan presented a report with two key words: “Freedom widened the gap between the rich and the poor at both from fear, freedom from want,” stressing the need to tackle national and international levels on the other. the various global threats. Then Prime Minister of Japan, Today, as many as 980 million people are forced to Yoshiro Mori, declared at the Summit that Japan would subsist on less than one dollar a day. The massive and rapid uphold human security as one pillar of Japan’ s foreign policy, movement of people, goods, money and information and called for the establishment of an international encouraged transnational problems to spread, including the commission on human security to further deepen the concept. smuggling of people, arms and drugs as well as infectious Following then Prime Minister Mori’s proposal, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • A/RES/70/219: Women in Development
    United Nations A/RES/70/219 Distr.: General General Assembly 15 February 2016 Seventieth session Agenda item 24 (b) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 22 December 2015 [on the report of the Second Committee (A/70/476/Add.2)] 70/219. Women in development The General Assembly, Recalling its resolutions 50/104 of 20 December 1995, 52/195 of 18 December 1997, 54/210 of 22 December 1999, 56/188 of 21 December 2001, 58/206 of 23 December 2003, 59/248 of 22 December 2004, 60/210 of 22 December 2005, 62/206 of 19 December 2007, 64/217 of 21 December 2009, 66/216 of 22 December 2011, 68/227 of 20 December 2013, 69/236 of 19 December 2014 and all its other resolutions on women in development, and the resolutions and agreed conclusions adopted by the Commission on the Status of Women, including the declarations adopted at its forty-ninth1 and fifty-fourth sessions,2 Reaffirming the United Nations Millennium Declaration, 3 which affirms that the equal rights and opportunities of women and men must be assured and calls for, inter alia, the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women as being effective in and essential to eradicating poverty and hunger, combating diseases and stimulating development that is truly sustainable, Reaffirming also its resolution 70/1 of 25 September 2015, entitled “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, in which it adopted a comprehensive, far-reaching and people-centred set of universal and transformative Sustainable Development Goals and targets, its commitment to
    [Show full text]
  • Claiming the Millennium Development Goals: a Human Rights Approach
    Claiming the Millennium Development Goals: A human rights approach Æ Align the Millennium Development Goals with human rights Æ Be transformative, not technocratic Æ Prioritize rights Æ Claim the Millennium Development Goals UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2008 Claiming the Millennium Development Goals : A human rights approach I Note The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with fi gures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. HR/PUB/08/3 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.08.XIV.6 ISBN 978-92-1-154184-7 CREDITS MDG icons: © UNDP Brazil Photographs: Goal 1: photo by Adam Rogers/UNCDF; Goal 2: © International Labour Organization/G. Cabrera; Goal 3: photo by Adam Rogers/UNCDF; Goal 4: © UNICEF Armenia/2007/Igor Dashevskiy; Goal 5: © International Labour Organization/E. Gianotti; Goal 6: © World Lung Foundation/Thierry Falise; Goal 7: © International Labour Organization/M. Crozet; Goal 8: © International Labour Organization/M. Crozet. Foreword The 2007 global snapshot at the halfway point of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) did not make for happy reading. Despite progress in some areas and in some parts of the world, it appears that Governments are not honouring the commitments they have made. Over half a million women still die each year from preventable or treatable complications in pregnancy or childbirth.
    [Show full text]
  • Developments in the United Nations
    INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GB.292/6 292nd Session Governing Body Geneva, March 2005 SIXTH ITEM ON THE AGENDA Developments in the United Nations Contents Page I. Major events of 2004 ............................................................................................................ 2 1. Fifty-ninth Session of the General Assembly (Autumn 2004) ................................... 2 2. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) ................................................................. 3 3. United Nations Development Group (UNDG) ........................................................... 3 4. United Nations Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) .................................................................. 4 5. UNCTAD XI (São Paolo, 13-18 June 2004) .............................................................. 5 6. UN System Chief Executives Board (CEB) ............................................................... 5 7. Developments in areas of interest to the ILO ............................................................. 5 II. Bretton Woods institutions.................................................................................................... 7 III. Forthcoming major events of relevance to the ILO .............................................................. 8 1. United Nations Millennium Summit + 5 .................................................................... 8 2. Commission for Social Development ......................................................................... 8 3.
    [Show full text]
  • UNICEF Background Guide
    New York City, NY, USA NMUN•NY 24 - 28 March (Conf. A) / 14 - 18 April (Conf. B) United Nations Children's Fund Background Guide 2019 Written by: Alliyah Edwards and Jasym Mireles Venegas, Directors; Emma Bott and Martina Paoletti, Administrative Assistants NATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS nmun.org © 2018 NMUN NATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS THE WORLD’S LARGEST UNIVERSITY-LEVEL SIMULATION • SINCE 1927 13570 Grove Dr., Suite 294 • Maple Grove, MN 55311 www.nmun.org • [email protected] • 612.353.5649 Dear Delegates, Welcome to the 2019 National Model United Nations New York Conference (NMUN•NY)! We are pleased to welcome you to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). This year’s staff are: Directors Alliyah Edwards (Conference A) and Jasym Mireles Vengas (Conference B). Alliyah is a senior at the University of South Florida studying Political Science and Criminology. Jasym is a fourth-year student majoring in Finance at the University of Texas, McCombs School of Business. The topics under discussion for the United Nations Children’s Fund are: 1. Eliminating Violence against Children and Youth 2. Protection and Inclusion of Children with Disabilities 3. The Rights of the Child in the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development UNICEF is the primary entity within the United Nations (UN) system working to promote and protect the rights of children, who are often disproportionately affected by conflict, instability, and poverty. Further, UNICEF plays a critical role in the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). UNICEF seeks to address a wide range of topics regarding children, such as mainstreaming their significance in efforts to further the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and advocating for their human rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Millennium Development Goals
    The MDGs after 2015: Some reflections on the possibilities Deepak Nayyar This background paper was prepared for the UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda. An earlier version was presented to the UN Expert Group meeting held in New York from 27- 29 February. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations. April 2012 Following on the outcome of the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, the United Nations Secretary-General established the UN System Task Team in September 2011 to support UN system-wide preparations for the post-2015 UN development agenda, in consultation with all stakeholders. The Task Team is led by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme and brings together senior experts from over 50 UN entities and international organizations to provide system-wide support to the post-2015 consultation process, including analytical input, expertise and outreach. 2 The MDGs after 2015: Some reflections on the possibilities The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which began life at the turn of the century, are the focus of attention among people for different reasons. Some are concerned with the past to review progress. Some concentrate on the present to consider the implications of the financial crisis and the Great Recession in the world economy. Some think about the future and how to traverse the remaining distance. The conjuncture is obviously important. It is time for an evaluation of progress with respect to the objectives set out in the MDGs.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of the World's Children 2004
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2004 Thank you This report has been prepared with the help of many people and organizations, including the following UNICEF field offices: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Caribbean Area Office, Central Asian Republics and Kazakhstan, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, India, Jordan, Kenya, Kosovo, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malawi, Maldives, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pacific Islands, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Timor-Leste, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania and Yemen. Input was also received from UNICEF regional offices and Supply Division Copenhagen, Denmark. © The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2003 The Library of Congress has catalogued this serial publication as follows: Permission to reproduce any part of this publication The State of the World’s Children 2004 is required. Please contact the Editorial and Publications Section, Division of Communication, UNICEF, UNICEF House, 3 UN Plaza, UNICEF NY (3 UN Plaza, NY, NY 10017) USA, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: 212-326-7434 or 7286, Fax: 212-303-7985, E-mail: [email protected]. Permission E-mail: [email protected] will be freely granted to educational or non-profit Website: www.unicef.org organizations. Others will be requested to pay a small fee.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Structure of the United Nations
    History and Structure of the United Nations Nadezhda Tomova University of Bologna Supervisor: dr. Francesca Sofia Word Count: 21, 967 (excluding bibliography) March, 2014 Content Chapter I: The United Nations: History of Ideas St. Augustine Thomas Aquino Dante Alighieri George Podebrad of Bohemia Desiderius Erasmus The Duc de Sully Emeric Cruce Hugo Grotius John Locke William Penn Abbe de Saint-Pierre Jean-Jacques Rousseau Immanuel Kant Emeric Vattel Napoleon Bonaparte and the First French Empire The Congress of Vienna and the balance of power system Bismarck’s system of fluctuating alliances The League of Nations Chapter II: Structure of the United Nations The creation of the United Nations The constitutional dimension of the Charter of the United Nations Affiliate agencies General purposes and principles of the United Nations The General Assembly The Economic and Social Council The Trusteeship Council The International Court of Justice The Security Council Chapter III: Peace and Security – from the War in Korea to the Gulf War The War in Korea UNEF I and the Suez Canal Crisis The Hungarian Revolution ONUC and the Congo Crisis The 1960’s and the 1970’s The 1980’s The Gulf War Chapter IV: The United Nations in the post-Cold War Era Agenda for Peace UNPROFOR in Bosnia Agenda for Development Kofi Annan’s Reform Agenda 1997-2006 The Millennium Summit The Brahimi Reforms Conclusion Bibliography The United Nations: History of Ideas The United Nations and its affiliate agencies embody two different approaches to the quest for peace that historically appear to conflict with each other. The just war theory and the pacifist tradition evolved along quite separate paths and had always been considered completely opposite ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • Logo Cro Dkom
    SIGMA Support for Improvement in Governance and Management A joint initiative of the OECD and the European Union, principally financed by the EU PARTICIPANTS LIST Regional Conference on Public Procurement Reform in West Balkan Pristina, 16-17 September 2008 Albania Mrs Etleva Kondi Tel: +4 22 77 510 Director Mob. + 68 20 91 234 Public Procurement Agency Fax: +4 22 56 631 Concessions Email: [email protected] Council Ministers, Blvd Deshmoret e Kombit Tirana Mrs Anilda Sefgjini Tel: +4 22 77 513 Deputy Director Mob. + 68 24 12 230 Public Procurement Agency Fax: +4 22 56 631 Council Ministers, Email: [email protected] Blvd Deshmoret e Kombit Tirana Mr. Alfred Bej Tel: +4 22 77 522 Head of Sector Mob. + 68 20 82 157 Public Procurement Agency Fax: +4 22 56 631 Council Ministers, Email: [email protected] Blvd Deshmoret e Kombit Tirana Ms Rezarta Sheshaj Tel: +4 22 77 506 Training Specialist Mob. +69 29 20 065 Public Procurement Agency Fax: +4 22 56 631 Integration and Training Email: [email protected] Council Ministers, Blvd Deshmoret e Kombit Tirana Bosnia and Herzegovina Ms Djinita Foco Tel: +387 33 251 590 Director Mob. + Public Procurement Network Fax: +387 33 251 595 Radiceva 8/V E-mail: [email protected] 71000 Sarajevo Belma Deović Tel: +387 33 251-590 Head of Legal Department Mob. + 387 61 838 309 Public Procurement Agency BiH Fax: + 387 33 251-595 Radiceva 8/V Email: [email protected] 71000 Sarajevo Dragana Ribić Tel: + 387 51 247 340 Head of legal department Mob.
    [Show full text]
  • WHA58.30 Accelerating Achievement of the Internationally Agreed Health-Related Development Goals, Including Those Contained in the Millennium Declaration
    126 FIFTY-EIGHTH WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY WHA58.30 Accelerating achievement of the internationally agreed health-related development goals, including those contained in the Millennium Declaration The Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly, Having considered the report on achievement of health-related Millennium Development Goals;1 Recalling the commitments made in the United Nations Millennium Declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in September 20002 and the United Nations Secretary-General’s road map towards its implementation;3 Recognizing that the internationally agreed development goals, including all those contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, especially the health-related goals, mark a turning point in international development, represent a powerful consensus and commitment between rich and poor nations, and set clear priorities for action and benchmarks against which to measure progress; Recognizing that health is central to achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including all those contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, and that such goals create an opportunity to position health as a core part of the development agenda and to raise political commitment and financial resources for the sector; Noting with concern that current trends suggest that many low-income countries will not reach the internationally agreed health-related development goals, including those contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, that many countries may achieve them only among
    [Show full text]
  • ⌋ ⌊ ⌈ ⌉ Introduction
    INTRODUCTION 1 — 1 — Introduction “Without renewed commitment on the part of member states, significant institutional change and increased financial support, the United Nations will not be capable of executing the critical peacekeeping and peacebuilding tasks that the member states assign to it in coming months and years. There are many tasks which United Nations peacekeeping forces should not be asked to undertake and many places they should not go. But when the United Nations does send its forces to uphold the peace, they must be prepared to confront the lingering forces of war and violence, with the ability and determination to defeat them.” his challenge to strengthen and revitalize UN peace operations was laid Tbefore the international community in August 2000 with the release of the Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (the “Brahimi Report”), a landmark document that recommended sweeping changes in the way that UN peacekeeping and associated post-conflict peacebuilding are conceived, planned, and executed.1 The Report identified serious shortcomings in the UN’s ability to “confront the lingering forces of war and violence,” and helped launch an ongoing effort for institutional change within the United Nations that continues today. Tackling such change and solving operational problems—from planning new missions to recruiting capable forces, deploying them rapidly and sustaining them in the field—are vital for the successful conduct of peace operations, a tool of international security policy that is likely to see heavy use for the indefinite future. Tracking and publicizing such change are also important if interested user communities are to keep abreast of the tools that they have at their disposal.
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter
    Cambridge University Press 0521542553 - Seeing the State: Governance and Governmentality in India Stuart Corbridge, Glyn Williams, Manoj Srivastava and Rene Veron Frontmatter More information Seeing the State Poor people confront the state on an everyday basis all over the world. But how do they see the state, and how are these engage- ments conducted? This book considers the Indian case where people’s accounts, in particular in the countryside, are shaped by a series of encounters that are staged at the local level, and which are also informed by ideas that are circulated by the government and the broader develop- ment community. Drawing extensively on fieldwork conducted in east- ern India and their broad range of expertise, the authors review a series of key debates in development studies on participation, good governance, and the structuring of political society. They do so with particular re- ference to the Employment Assurance Scheme and primary education provision. Seeing the State engages with the work of James Scott, James Ferguson and Partha Chatterjee, and offers a new interpretation of the formation of citizenship in South Asia. Stuart Corbridge is Professor of Geography at the London School of Economics. He is the author or co-author of five books, including Reinventing India (with John Harriss, 2000). Glyn Williams is Senior Lecturer in Geography at King’s College, London. He is the co-editor of a collection of essays on South Asia in a Globalising World (2002). Manoj Srivastava is a Research Associate in the Crisis State Pro- gramme, Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics.
    [Show full text]