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VIDYA DARŚAN Jurnal Mahasiswa Filsafat Hindu Volume 2 No 1 Mei 2020 ISSN 2715-5447

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VIDYA DARŚAN Jurnal Mahasiswa Filsafat Hindu Volume 2 No 1 Mei 2020 ISSN 2715-5447 VIDYA DARŚAN Jurnal Mahasiswa Filsafat Hindu Volume 2 No 1 Mei 2020 ISSN 2715-5447 PELINGGIH PADMASANA DALAM EKISTENSI AGAMA HINDU (Bentuk dan Makna) Oleh: A.A. Pt. Suari SekolahTinggi Agama Hindu Negeri Mpu Kuturan Email: [email protected] Gede Arya Krishna Duta Putra Tuboeh Prodi Filsafat Hindu STAHN Mpu Kuturan Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Bali island, is an island famous for its natural beauty, culture, and tradition which is very thick with its traditional nuances. then don't be surprised, if the island of Bali is called "Paradise of the World" or "Island of the Gods". besides that the island of Bali is known as "Pulau Seribu Pura". because in almost every corner of the island of Bali, we always find many temples. The temple is a place of worship for Hinduism. In this temple also consists of several Pelinggih or sacred buildings that are intended to worship God and its manifestations. one of the Pelinggih or sacred buildings that is most commonly found in the Temple is Pelinggih Padmasana. This pelinggih has a shape that rises high with the top shaped like a throne. by Hinduism, this pelinggih is dedicated to worshiping Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa as God Almighty in the Hindu religious beliefs themselves. besides that in this pelinggih, there are also various kinds of carvings, sculptures, and reliefs which are full of symbols and meanings of a life in the world. Keywords: Pelinggih Padmasana, Form, Meaning. I. PENDAHULUAN Kuna-Indonesia yang disusun oleh Prof. Mengingat Umat Hindu di Bali dan Dr. P.J. Zoetmulder, Padmasana terdiri dari di luar Bali banyak yang membangun dua kata yaitu : ―padma‖ artinya bunga tempat sembahyang atau Pura dengan teratai dan ―asana‖ artinya sikap duduk. pelinggih utama berupa Padmasana, perlu Hal ini juga merupakan sebuah posisi kiranya kita mempelajari seluk beluk duduk dalam yoga.Jadi Padmasana berarti Padmasana agar tujuan membangun simbol tempat duduk dari teratai merah sebagai atau ―Niyasa‖ sebagai objek konsentrasi stana suci Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.Dalam memuja Hyang Widhi dapat tercapai Lontar ―Padma Bhuana“, Mpu Kuturan dengan baik. Padmasana atau (Sanskerta: menyatakan bahwa Bali sebagai Padma padmāsana) adalah sebuah tempat untuk Bhuwana.Bunga teratai (padma) dijadikan bersembahyang dan menaruh sajian bagi simbol alam semesta stana Hyang Widhi umat Hindu, terutama umat Hindu di yang sebenarnya.Dalam Lontar ―Dasa Indonesia. Dimana menurut Kamus Jawa Nama Bunga‖ disebut, bunga teratai VIDYA DARŚAN | 105 adalah rajanya bunga (Raja Kesuma) Maha Rsi yang datang ke Bali sejak abad karena hidup di tiga alam — akarnya ke-8, seperti Rsi Markandeya, Mpu menancap di lumpur, batangnya di air, Kuturan, Danghyang Siddimantra, Dang sedangkan daun dan bunganya di atas air Hyang Manik Angkeran, Mpu Jiwaya, Mpu (udara).Karenanya, bunga ini adalah simbol Gnijaya, Mpu Sumeru, Mpu Ghana, dan Tri Loka atau Tri Bhuwana Stana Hyang Mpu Bharadah. Bentuk-bentuk pelinggih Widhi Wasa dan bunga daunnya yang sebagai simbol/niyasa ketika itu hanya: berlapis-lapis sebagai perlambang dari Meru Tumpang Tiga, Kemulan Rong Tiga, sembilan arah penjuru mata angin alam Bebaturan, dan Gedong. Wahyu yang semesta.Bunga teratai merupakan sarana diterima oleh Dang Hyang Nirartha untuk utama dalam upacara-upacara Panca menganjurkan penduduk Bali menambah Yadnya dan juga digunakan oleh Pandita- bentuk palinggih berupa Padmasana Pandita ketika melakukan surya sewana menyempurnakan simbol/niyasa yang (Ardiyasa, 2020). mewujudkan Hyang Widhi secara lengkap, baik ditinjau dari konsep horizontal II. PEMBAHASAN maupun vertikal. Pemujaan Sang Hyang A. Sejarah Pelinggih Padmasana Widhi Wasa sebagai Bhatara Siwa Menurut Lontar ―Dwijendra Tattwa‖, berkembang di Bali sejak abad ke-9.Simbol pelinggih berbentuk Padmasana pemujaan yang digunakan adalah Lingga- dikembangkan oleh Dang Hyang Yoni.Keadaan ini berlanjut sampai abad ke- Dwijendra, atau nama (bhiseka) lain beliau: 13 pada zaman Dinasti Warmadewa.Sejak Mpu Nirartha atau Dang Hyang Nirartha abad ke-14 pada rezim Dalem (Darmawan, 2020). Berdasarkan wahyu Waturenggong (Dinasti Kresna Kepakisan), yang diterima beliau di pantai Purancak penggunaan Lingga-Yoni tidak lagi (Jembrana) ketika pertama kali populer, karena pengaruh ajaran Tantri, menginjakkan kaki di Bali setelah Bhairawa, dan Dewa-Raja. Lingga-Yoni menyeberang dari Jawa Timur di abad ke- diganti dengan patung Dewa yang dipuja 14, penduduk Bali perlu dianjurkan sehingga cara ini disebut Murti-Puja membangun pelinggih Padmasana. (Somawati, 2020). Ketika Dang Hyang Sebelum kedatangan beliau, agama Hindu Niratha datang di Bali pada pertengahan di Bali telah berkembang dengan baik di abad ke-14 beliau melihat bahwa cara mana penduduk memuja Hyang Widhi Murti-Puja diandaikan seperti bunga teratai terbatas dalam kedudukan-Nya secara (Padma) tanpa sari. Maksudnya niyasa horizontal.Ajaran itu diterima dari para pemujaan yang telah ada seperti Meru dan VIDYA DARŚAN | 107 Gedong hanyalah untuk Dewa-Dewa pencipta segala yang berbeda misalnya: sebagai manifestasi dari Sang Hyang Widhi lelaki-perempuan, siang-malam, kiri namun belum ada sebuah niyasa untuk (pengiwa) – kanan (penengen), dst. memuja Sang Hyang Widhi sebagai Yang 3. Padmasana, Maha Esa, yakni Siwa (Made, 2020). Inilah Padmasana ini memakai dasar yang digambarkan sebagai padma tanpa Bhedawang Nala, bertingkat lima dan sari (Suadnyana & Darmawan, 2020). Dang biasanya pada bagian puncaknya ada satu Hyang Niratha setelah menjadi Bhagawanta ruang. Padmasana ini biasanya digunakan (Pendeta Kerajaan) mengajarkan kepada selain sebagai niyasa stana Sang Hyang rakyat Bali untuk membangun Padmasana Siwa Raditya atau Sang Hyang Tri Purusa, sebagai niyasa Siwa, di samping tetap juga sebagai niyasa Sanghyang Tunggal mengadakan niyasa dengan sistem Murti- yaitu Hyang Widhi Yang Maha Esa Puja. 1. Padmasari, B. Bentuk-Bentuk Pelinggih Padmasana Padmasana ini biasanya tidak memakai Dilihat dari bentuk bangunan dasar Bhedawang Nala, bertingkat tiga dan Padmasana, dibedakan adanya lima jenis biasanya pada bagian puncaknya ada satu Padmasana, yaitu: ruang.Padmasana jenis ini biasanya 1. Padma Anglayang, digunakan hanya untuk niyasa stana Padmasana ini memakai dasar Sanghyang Siwa Raditya. Bhedawang Nala, bertingkat tujuh dan 1. Padma Capah biasanya pada bagian puncaknya ada tiga Padmasana ini biasanya juga tidak ruang.Padmasana jenis ini biasa digunakan memakai dasar Bhedawang Nala, selain sebagai niyasa stana Sang Hyang bertingkat dua dan biasanya pada bagian Siwa Raditya atau Sang Hyang Tri Purusa, puncaknya ada satu ruang (Kariarta, 2019). juga sebagai niyasa stana Tri Murti Digunakan untuk niyasa stana Hyang 2. Padma Agung, Widhi dalam manifestasi sebagai Baruna Padmasana ini memakai dasar (Dewa lautan) ataupun sebagai niyasa stana Bhedawang Nala, bertingkat lima dan Hyang Widhi sebagai Indra Belaka biasanya pada bagian puncaknya ada dua (Suadnyana, 2020). ruang. Padmasana jenis ini biasa digunakan Pelinggih Padmasari dan Padma Capah selain sebagai niyasa stana Sang Hyang ini biasanya dapat ditempatkan Siwa Raditya atau Sang Hyang Tri Purusa, menyendiri.Mengenai pedagingan kedua juga sebagai niyasa Ardanareswari yaitu padmasana ini hanya pada dasar dan kekuatan/ kesaktian Hyang Widhi sebagi puncak saja.Sedangkan Pelinggih VIDYA DARŚAN | 108 Padmasana yang mempergunakan perputaran dimulai gunung Mandara yang Bhedawang Nala berisi pedagingan pada tidak mempunyai dasar tenggelam ke Dasar, Madya, dan Puncak. dalam lautan susu. Bhatara Wisnu yang C. Maknafilosofis Dari Reliefpelinggih menjelma sebagai seekor kura-kura raksasa Padmasana kemudian muncul untuk menyelamatkan Dari relief-relief di Pelinggih gunung Mandara (Untara & Somawati, Padmasana, semuanya mengandung makna 2020). filosofis sebagai berikut: Bedawang Nala adalah Bahasa 1. Relief Bhedawang Nala Kawi, di mana berasal dari kata ‗bheda‖ Di bagian dasar Padmasana ada artinya: lain, kelompok, selisih; ―wang‖ Bedawang Nala, yaitu ukiran ―mpas‖ artinya: peluang, kesempatan; ―nala‖ (kura-kura besar) yang dililit dua ekor artinya: api. Jadi bhedawangnala artinya: naga.Kura-kura adalah simbol dasar suatu kelompok (kesatuan) yang bhuvana dibayangkan sebagai api magma, meluangkan adanya api.Api di sini bisa sedangkan naga adalah simbol Basuki yaitu dalam arti nyata sebagai dapur magma inti kekuatan yang mengikat alam bumi, dapat juga dalam arti simbol lain semesta.Lontar Kaurawasrama yaitu energi kekuatan hidup.Karena menyebutkan, dasar gunung Mahameru letaknya di bawah/ dasar bangunan maka adalah bedawangnala. Dalam bahasa Kawi, simbol bhedawangnala dapat bermakna bedawangnala terdiri dari dua kata: beda sebagai kekuatan bumi ciptaan Hyang artinya ruang, dan nala artinya api. Jadi Widhi yang perlu dijaga, dan dapat pula bedawangnala artinya ruang yang berisi api bermakna sebagai dasar (Hartaka, 2019) atau magma.Lontar Agni Purana (Kurma kehidupan manusia yaitu energi yang Awatara) menyebutkan adanya perang yang senantiasa perlu ditumbuh sengit antara para Dewa dengan para kembangkan.Oleh karena itu bedawang di Detya. Dalam perang itu Dewa-Dewa Bali dilukiskan sebagai kura-kura yang dikalahkan.Para Dewa mohon agar Wisnu moncongnya menyemburkan api. menyelamatkan. Bhatara Wisnu kemudian 2. Relief Naga. meminta kedua pihak yang berperang Dalam Lontar Siwagama dan lontar mengaduk lautan susu di mana gunung Sri Purana Tattwa menyebutkan bahwa Mandara sebagai tangkai pengaduk dan setelah bumi diciptakan oleh Bhatara Siwa Naga Basuki sebagai tali pengaduk.Para dan Bhatari Uma lengkap dengan segala Dewa memegang ekor naga dan para Detya
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