DOCSLIB.ORG

A Storm-Based Tracker to Observe Trends in Wikipedia Article Alteration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Storm-Based Tracker to Observe Trends in Wikipedia Article Alteration RecentWikiTrends { A Storm-based tracker to observe trends in Wikipedia article alteration Gustaf Helgesson (gjrh2) Clare Hall April 4, 2014 1 Introduction It is widely known Twitter trends strongly correlate with major recent events around the globe, such as the Arabic spring and the death of pop star Michael Jackson, sometimes even breaking these news [6]. Aside of Twitter's in-house trending pages, several frameworks have been developed to extract news from the social media cite such as [7]. Here we introduce the RecentWikiTrends, an Apache Storm based applica- tion which extracts and computes trending Wikipedia articles based on article changes for a given set of languages, in real-time. The aim of is to utilise the program to observe correlations between frequent article changes and recent events, similar to what is done in the earlier mentioned Twitter systems. The RecentWikiTrends program observes trends on both a per language and a cross- language basis, the latter accomplished through translating the given Wikipedia articles to a common language. This report discusses Storm, the framework used for the application (Sec- tion 2) and more detailed system design of RecentWikiTrends (Section 3). A test scenario is based on Wikipedia updates following the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (Section 4). Observed correlations and findings are then discussed (Section 5) and future directions identified (Section 7). 2 Storm Storm is a data stream processing engine developed at Backtype before they were later acquired by Twitter after which Storm was released open source [8]. Similarly to other data stream processing systems such as IBM's SPADE and Apache Samza, Storm attempts to solve the problem of large-scale real-time data processing, something traditionally not handled well by batch based systems such as Hadoop [10]. Storm was one of the first such frameworks to be released open source and is used extensively by companies such as GroupOn, Alibaba and Twitter [2]. When evaluating streaming frameworks I compared Storm against Samza and S4. I choose Storm over S4 for the additional control and Storm does, for example, not try to dynamically change the cluster setup as done in S4. Apache 1 Figure 1: RecentWikiTrends's Web interface. Samza looked comparable but is rather immature at this stage and at the time of writing some fault-tolerance mechanisms have yet to be implemented [2] Storm applications are written explicitly in terms of streams where the pro- grammer forms a graph of system input components, spouts, and system trans- formation/output components, bolts. Storm is written in the JVM based Clo- jure language and Storm applications can be written either directly in a JVM language or through using Storm's streaming interface [2]. When developing RecentWikiTrends I chose to use Java to get more control over the application's integration with Storm as well as allowing it to make full use of the built-in libraries. 3 System Design The RecentWikiTrends subscribes to a given set of Wikipedia language editions and outputs the top n edited articles over the last m hours through using sliding windows. Rankings are made on per-language and global basis where all non- English language edits are translated to English before adding their counts. The rankings are kept up to date in a MySQL database which is exposed to the user over the web interface seen in Fig. 1. 3.1 Topology The Storm topology for RecentWikiTrends is outlined in Fig. 3. Each language has its own pipeline consisting of article extraction, sliding window based count- ing and a local ranking. To obtain global rankings, each language article counter sends pageids and counts to a Wikipedia translator bolt which translates the pages and emits English article names and counts. The following sections cover individual component design. 2 Sliding window counter Ranker Current window map Modification slots ... Add Subtract Figure 2: The diff-based sliding window data transfers. As slots are shifted the counter emits the new and old slot counts to the ranker. The ranker then adds the new slot and subtracts the old slot from its global map before computing the new rankings. WikiSpout A WikiSpout obtains article changes for a given language in JSON format by using the Wikipedia public API. It pulls data every 10 seconds off the site and sends the article names, pageid, counts and the query time to the sliding window- based article counter. Each Wikipedia language runs as a separate MediaWiki installation which means we need to query each language edition separately. Article Counting Bolt The Article Counting Bolt performs sliding window based counting using a fixed window length and slot length, together determining the number of slots and update granularity. Once a slot's time has passed the bolt outputs diffs in terms of addition and subtraction counts to its attached ranker(s). Additions are the counts from the head of the window and subtractions are counts from the old tail dropping off the new window. The rankers then update their local copies of current counts as seen in Fig. 2. A language can make use of multiple Article Counting Bolts if necessary. Local Ranking Bolt The Local Ranking Bolt maintains state over the current sliding window and updates it with the diffs given by the Article Counting Bolt. After processing a diff it recomputes the top 20 rankings for the current window before outputting this to a MySQL database { making it available for consumption at the web interface. Only one Local Ranking Bolt is attached to Article Counting bolts from a language to achieve a global view of the counts for the language. Translator Bolt Similarly to the Local Ranking Bolt, the Translator Bolt receives article count diffs from the sliding window counter. The bolt then translates article names to English using Wikipedia's other language information as exposed in its public API. To reduce the load on Wikipedia servers the lookups are performed in batch 3 Bolts Spouts Local Ranker English Sliding Counter EN Wiki EN Global Ranker Non-English Sliding Counter MySQL Wiki NON-EN Translator Local Ranker NON-EN Apache Figure 3: RecentWikiTrends's Storm topology. In this example the topology consists of the English and one non-English Wikipedia source. and a local cache of translations is maintained. After translation the translator bolt emits the translated article names and counts to the Global Ranking Bolt. Any article not linked to an to English Wikipedia page is omitted from the global rankings. Global Ranking Bolt The global ranking bolt retrieves tuple diffs from all translator bolts and the English Article Count Bolt. To ensure fair input from all sources it stores a list of diff messages per language and does not output new rankings until each language has had its diff delivered. This is necessary as the English Wikipedia recent changes is more frequently updating than other editions { normally more than 10x the amount of the Swedish one for example. In our evaluations the articles contain an equal weight independently of language. 3.2 Fault-Tolerance Storm's message passing guarantees is done by producing a tuple dependency tree where a tuple is acknowledged and deleted only once it has been processed throughout the system [3]. This is, however, poorly suited for a sliding window environment as tuples are either dependencies for the entire length of the win- dow, in our case 6 hours, or needs to be constantly replayed from the Spout until its window has passed. In addition to the sliding window, the diff-based counter update solution adds additional strain on the system in the event of a fault as big amounts of state needs to be preserved for each of the system bolts. To solve this I added my own fault-tolerance to the Storm components. On a ranker failure the newly started ranker can retrieve lost sliding window information by querying the sliding window counter for the entire dataset (See Fig. 4). The handling of sliding counter failures is more complicated and is outlined in Fig. 5 Translation nodes are, caching aside, stateless and can simply be restarted by the Storm cluster as necessary. After a fault, a newly started Global Ranker can request translator nodes to re-emit the full sliding window, similar to what is done on Local Ranker failure. 4 Sliding window counter Ranker Current window map Modification slots ... Add Subtract Request full counts New ranker Ranker Empty window map ... ... Add all the window slots Figure 4: Illustration of how ranker failures are handled in RecentWikiTrends. The ranker normally only sees the differences in counts between sliding windows before computing new ranks. Uoon failure this information is lost and needs to be retrieved. This is done by a feedback loop from the ranker to the sliding window counter where the ranker asks for the full sliding window using a special message. Sliding window counter Ranker Last output Current timestamp in window map Zookeeper Modification slots ... Add Subtract 1) Timestamp + compute tail slot New Sliding window counter 3) Send diff as Modification slots usual 2) Get tail slot N/A ... Figure 5: In the event of a sliding counter failure the new sliding counter is unaware of the subtraction part of the diff to update the ranker. Without further action this will lead to the ranker keeping counts of lost data indefinitely which will likely result in incorrect rankings. By keeping external state of the last processed counter in Zookeeper the newly started Article Counting Bolt can compute the time of its missing tail slot. The bolt can then retrieve the recent changes for this time period directly from Wikipedia and add it to the subtraction diff for its ranker which can carry on as if nothing happened.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IAMCR Journalism Education and Research Section Theme: Innovations in Journalism Title: the Accused Is Entering the Courtroom: the Live-Tweeting of a Murder Trial
    IAMCR Journalism Education and Research Section Theme: Innovations in Journalism Title: The accused is entering the courtroom: the live-tweeting of a murder trial. Introduction and context The use of social media, especially Twitter, is now widely accepted within journalism as an outlet for news information. Live tweeting of unfolding events is standard practice, with a few exceptions, and journalists are consistently required to use social media both for research and dissemination of stories. (BBC College of Journalism, undated; Bull, 2010; Knight and Cook, 2013; Nardelli, A, 2011; Newman, 2009; Zeller and Hermida, 2015) But as new technology becomes routine, the law tends to follow slowly. In courtrooms, especially, where the needs of journalists are weighed against the requirements of the law, social media has penetrated more slowly, and its use is still constrained in many jurisdictions. In countries that follow British Common Law, especially, journalists are limited to analogue technology, and constrained in what they may report even outside the courtroom. (“Courts,” n.d.; Hanna et al., 2012; Quinn, 2007) In circumstances where live reporting of trials is permitted, and where journalists are able to use live social media during proceedings, a new form of social media journalism is arising. Just as the live broadcast of the trial of OJ Simpson heralded changes in both the media and in the criminal justice system (Brown et al., 1997; Thaler, 1997; Williams and Delli Carpini, 2000), so reporting of trials on social media has the potential to change reporting and the courts. Strategies for reporting trials on social media were evolving as journalists adapted and responded to circumstances, and for an observer of social media and journalism, this proved fascinating.
    [Show full text]
  • Crim Justice Review
    A bi-annual update complementing the Commentary on the Criminal Procedure Act NO 1 OF 2014 ANDREW PAIZES, Author (Editor) STEPH VAN DER MERWE, Author Contents Editorial Note.............................................................................................................................................. 3 (A) FEATURE ARTICLES ........................................................................................................................ 4 The constitutional validity of s 2(2) of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998............ 4 Sexual offences: Corroboration, self-corroboration and the probative value of the victim’s report... 7 Is an admission by a co-accused admissible against an accused?....................................................... 8 Dolus eventualis again.......................................................................................................................... 11 (B) LEGISLATION .................................................................................................................................... 14 The Criminal Law (Forensic Procedures) Amendment Act 37 of 2013 .................................................... 14 (C) CASE LAW .......................................................................................................................................... 16 (a) Criminal Law.................................................................................................................................. 16 The principle of legality: Statutory offences
    [Show full text]
  • The Pistorius Trial
    The Pistorius trial: Observers or participants? Russell Pollitt SJ Last month, Oscar Pistorius was convicted of culpable homicide over the death of his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp, in February 2013. The verdict came at the end of a long trial, the whole of which was broadcast live on television and debated extensively on social media. Ahead of Pistorius’s sentencing on 13 October, South African Jesuit, Fr Russell Pollitt, discusses the impact of the media coverage on public opinion and on the trial itself. The trial of Oscar Pistorius has The news about the trial came in real-time: everything that ha- ppened in the courtroom was has made this trial different to streamed live, day in, day out. any other is the role that media, There were no court artists to primarily social media, has draw their impressions of the played. The ingredients of the trial and newspaper journalists trial celebrity, money, gender, were left behind as every min- class, privilege, vulnerability, ute of court procedure was rep- disability and, of course, crime orted on social media. Most coalesced into a hotbed of radio stations had special public debate facilitated by programming and coverage, social media. Taken from a photo by Lwp Kommunikáció at flickr.com network, DStv, established a The story of Pistorius shooting dedic and killing his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp, broke on Pisto Twitter on 14 February 2013, and that medium in intricate details of personalities, lives and the events of particular has been responsible for generating and that fateful night were all revealed, frame by frame, sustaining a buzz around the developments in the trial tweet by tweet.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Conference on Diversity in International Affairs Agenda
    Washington Meetings Conference on Diversity in International Affairs Friday, April 27, 2018 12:30 p.m.–5:30 p.m. — Conference for Professionals 5:30 p.m.–7:30 p.m. — Reception and Keynote for Professionals and Students Saturday, April 28, 2018 9:00 a.m.–2:30 p.m. — Conference for Students The 2018 Conference on Diversity in International Affairs is made possible by the generous support of former CFR board member Joan E. Spero. This conference is held in collaboration with the Global Access Pipeline (GAP) and the International Career Advancement Program (ICAP). PROFESSIONAL PROGRAM Friday, April 27, 2018 Registration and Lunch 12:30 p.m.–1:00 p.m. Plenary One: Global Hotspots 1:00 p.m.–2:15 p.m. Speakers Barbara Demick New York Correspondent, Los Angeles Times Ayman Mohyeldin Foreign Correspondent, NBC News Presider Romesh Ratnesar Member, Editorial Board, Bloomberg View PROFESSIONAL PROGRAM Friday, April 27, 2018 Coffee Reception 2:15 p.m.–2:45 p.m. Breakout Sessions 2:45 p.m.–4:00 p.m. How to Work on Campaigns Eighth Floor Suhail A. Khan Director of External Affairs, Microsoft Corporation; Senior Fellow, Institute for Global Engagement Eric Lundy Program Director, Inclusv Laura M. Rosenberger Director of the Alliance for Securing Democracy and Senior Fellow, German Marshall Fund of the United States; Former Foreign Policy Advisor, Hillary for America Making the Transition Between the Public and Private Sectors Second Floor Neena Shenai Principal Global Trade Counsel, Medtronic, Inc. Zaid A. Zaid Director of Public Policy and Strategic Response, Facebook How to Write an Op-Ed First Floor Anya Schmemann Washington Director, Global Communications and Outreach and Director, Independent Task Force Program, Council on Foreign Relations PROFESSIONAL PROGRAM Friday, April 27, 2018 Coffee Reception 4:00 p.m.–4:30 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Hello and Welcome. I'm Jim Tedder in Washington. for Today's Program
    Hello and welcome. I’m Jim Tedder in Washington. For today’s program, we have something a little different. First we’ll travel to South Africa to hear about a woman judge who is in charge of the Oscar Pistorius trial. He is the famous sports star who is accused of killing his girlfriend. Then we’ll stay in the area to hear from our correspondent, Anita Powell. She will tell us about the journey she has made from covering stories in small towns in the U. S. state of Texas, to reporting on major international news for VOA. We are happy that you can spend some time with us today as we hear about our world …As It Is. Thokozile Masipa is perhaps the most famous woman in South Africa. She currently serves as the judge in the murder trial of one of the best known sports stars in the country. Christopher Cruise tells us more about her. 1 learningenglish.voanews.com | Voice of America | January 9, 2014 When South African officials announced Judge Masipa would try the case, local newspapers reacted with interest. They noted that a judge known for her position on domestic violence would be deciding the case. She has given strong sentences to men whom she finds guilty of abusing women. Oscar Pistorius is charged with killing his girlfriend. South African officials say Thokozile Masipa was not chosen to hear the case because she is a woman. They said she was chosen because she is a knowledgeable and respected legal expert. The judge is now at the center of a case that has broken legal barriers.
    [Show full text]
  • Daily Terrorism Weather
    POTOMAC INSTITUTE FOR POLICY STUDIES I NTERNATIONAL C E N T E R F O R T E R R O R I S M S TUDIES 901 North Stuart Street Suite 200 Arlington, VA 22203 Tel. 703-562-4513, 703-525-0770 ext. 237 Fax 703-562-1000 [email protected] www.potomacinstitute.org Prof. Yonah Alexander, Director Daily Terrorism Weather 11 September 2014 Middle East Syria conflict: Rebels release Fijian UN peacekeepers Aurhor/Source: BBC “Forty-five Fijian UN peacekeepers captured by an al-Qaeda-affiliated rebel group in the Syrian Golan Heights have been released, the UN says…” Syria's opposition welcomes US air strikes on Isis militants Author/Source: Mark Tran, The Guardian “Syria's main western-backed opposition group has welcomed Barack Obama's decision to bomb Islamic State (Isis) insurgents inside their country for the first time, but has also called for the removal of Bashar al-Assad's government…” Kerry, in Saudi Arabia, Talks Strategy With Arab Leaders Author/Source: Michael R. Gordon, New York Times “Secretary of State John Kerry plunged into an intensive series of meetings here with Arab officials on Thursday to coordinate strategy against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria…” Army, rebels clash as Yemen tensions run high Author/Source: Arab News “Shiite Huthi rebels clashed with Yemeni forces in a Sanaa suburb Wednesday as tensions ran high in the capital where they have set up protest camps, security sources and witnesses said…” Syrian rebel group names new leader after deadly blast Author/Source: Sylvia Westall, Arab News “The new head of the Islamist group Ahrar Al-Sham, once one of the strongest militias in the Syrian civil war, has urged fellow insurgents to fight on after a blast on Tuesday wiped out its senior leadership…” Kerry says anti-Islamic State alliance not sending ground troops Author/Source: Reuters “U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Disability, Global Popular Media, and Injustice in the Notorious Trial Of
    “Disability, Global Popular Media, and Injustice in the Notorious Trial of Oscar Pistorius” by Katie Ellis and Gerard Goggin August 2015 author version of chapter for Popular Disability: Media, Popular Culture, and the Meanings of Disability edited by Elizabeth Ellcessor and Bill Kirkpatrick forthcoming Abstract: The South African sporting celebrity Oscar Pistorius has long been a subject of fascination for what his rise to fame tells us about disability and society. His trial for the murder of his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp in 2012-2014 saw the global sporting icon’s reputation shattered, and a furious, wide-ranging debate rage about his guilt or innocence. Central to how this international debate unfolded were the meanings of disability. This chapter discusses the role of disability and global popular media in the case of Pistorius, exploring the representations of disability, and the way that social media and participatory cultures played a key role in their interpretation — and how publics viewed him. Contributor Notes Katie Ellis is Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Internet Studies at Curtin University. Her books on disability, media and popular culture include Disability and 1 New Media (2011; with Mike Kent), Disability and the Media (2015; with Gerard Goggin), Disability, Ageing and Obesity: Popular Media Identifications (2014; with Debbie Rodan and Pia Lebeck), and Disability and Popular Culture (2015). Dr Ellis is currently undertaking a DECRA funded project on disability and digital televisions. Email: [email protected] Gerard Goggin is Professor of Media and Communications, University of Sydney. He is also an Australian Research Council Future Fellow, undertaking a project on disability and digital technology.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Mantshi Issue
    1 e-MANTSHI A KZNJETCOM Newsletter February 2019: Issue 150 Welcome to the hundredth and fiftieth issue of our KwaZulu-Natal Magistrates’ newsletter. It is intended to provide Magistrates with regular updates around new legislation, recent court cases and interesting and relevant articles. Back copies of e- Mantshi are available on http://www.justiceforum.co.za/JET-LTN.ASP. There is a search facility available on the Justice Forum website which can be used to search back issues of the newsletter. At the top right hand of the webpage any word or phrase can be typed in to search all issues. "e-Mantshi” is the isiZulu equivalent of "electronic Magistrate or e-Magistrate", whereas the correct spelling "iMantshi" is isiZulu for "the Magistrate". The deliberate choice of the expression: "EMantshi", (pronounced E! Mantshi) also has the connotation of respectful acknowledgement of and salute to a person of stature, viz. iMantshi." Any feedback and contributions in respect of the newsletter can be sent to Gerhard van Rooyen at [email protected]. New Legislation 1. A notice was given in terms of rules 271 and 276 of the Rules of the National Assembly that the Minister of Social Development intends to introduce the Children's Amendment Bill, 2019 ("the Bill") in the National Assembly and in the National Council of Provinces during 2019. The notice was published in Government Gazette no 42248 dated 25 February 2019. The Bill seeks to amend the Children's Act, 2005 (Act No 38 of 2005) to address critical gaps and challenges in the underlying child care and protection system.
    [Show full text]
  • Bike Usage Leads to Further Development
    the Enjoy the fall weather with a trip to a local pumpkin patch A letter to the editor FEATURES, p. 7 regarding Hetereo- normativity ArgusIllinois Wesleyan University OPINIONS, p. 8 Titan football steals a win against Franklin College SPORTS, backpage Volume 121 | Issue 3 blogs.iwu.edu/argus/ September 19, 2014 Bike usage leads to further development The new bikes are better for stu- of Hansen.” said Gorman. “The bike Normal adopted a Bicycle/Pedestrian Schmidt. EMILY CONSIDINE NEWS EDITOR dent use and for the life cycle of the repair stand will enable students to Master Plan a few years ago, and they “Very soon, you should see “shar- bike. The bikes are single-speed, so make quick and easy repairs and ad- are currently making great progress rows” (share the road arrows) paint- Illinois Wesleyan University ex- the drivetrain is much more resilient. justments to their bikes any time, day on implementing the Southern Corri- ed on Park, Beecher and Franklin panded its bike share program this They have coaster brakes, which or night, absolutely free. Second, the dor, of which both Jersey Avenue and through the Illinois Wesleyan cam- year, adding new bikes and other means fewer moving parts since one Friends of the Constitution Trail do- Bryan Street are a part of. pus, which is part of the City’s pilot features on campus. just has to pedal backwards rather nated an eight-bike rack for Pfeiffer “Being able to ride my bike project in advance of the Bike Mas- The bike share program started than using handlebar brakes.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Oscar Pistorius Trial Author: Dr Alex
    Performing the repentant lover under courtroom and public surveillance: An analysis of the Oscar Pistorius trial Author: Dr Alexandra Macht Abstract Michel Foucault (1977) presented social theorists with a consideration of power as existing everywhere. Furthermore, Jonathan Heaney (2013) recently asserted that emotions and power should be considered conceptual counterparts. In this chapter, I propose that what Foucault considered the omnipresence of power refers to its deeply social connection to emotions as they are experienced in certain locations. To exemplify, I present an analysis of the trial of Oscar Pistorius as it took place in the High Court of Pretoria. His example is significant as it offers the space to link conceptually romantic love to power, as the famous athlete attempts to recreate his sense of exemplary masculinity through the performance of the repentant lover role, in relation to the courtroom as a discourse of power, enhanced by digital surveillance. The analysis plays on two levels: a) firstly, through his courtroom interactions with the judge, and b) through manipulating the public gaze to his advantage. As such, the televised South African courtroom becomes a space for the portrayal of a power-suffused masculine identity, which is flexibly reconstituted through emotional control and emotional release; in relation to this, the courtroom’s design serves as a space for the accused’s emotional containment. Lastly, my own self-reflexive involvement in the analysis of the trial contributes to a distinct experience of surveying his performance, reversing the gendered gaze and othering the male self. Keywords: courtroom, masculinity, South Africa(n), emotions, power 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Accused Is Entering the Courtroom: the Live-Tweeting of a Murder Trial
    Citation for the published version: Knight, M. (2017). The accused is entering the courtroom: the live-tweeting of a murder trial. Journal of Media Practice, 18(3), 186-211. DOI: 10.1080/14682753.2017.1374681 Link to the final published version available at the publisher: This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in the Journal of Media Practice. Published on 26/09/2017, available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14682753.2017.1374681 © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group General rights Copyright© and Moral Rights for the publications made accessible on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://uhra.herts.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, any such items will be temporarily removed from the repository pending investigation. Enquiries Please contact University of Hertfordshire Research & Scholarly Communications for any enquiries at [email protected] THE ACCUSED IS ENTERING THE COURTROOM: THE LIVE-TWEETING OF A MURDER TRIAL. The use of social media is now widely accepted within journalism as an outlet for news information.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence As a Bioethical Issue in Sport
    Preliminary communication UDK: 364.271:796.011.5 Ivica Kelam (Croatia) Faculty of Education, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek [email protected] Tomislav Nedić (Croatia) Academy of Arts and Culture, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek [email protected] VIOLENCE AS A BIOETHICAL ISSUE IN SPORT Summary In the past decades, sport has emerged as an essential factor in shaping culture in many societies. Coupled with the pervasive presence of television and instant reporting of events across the globe, sport has become the spotlight for all that is common across cultures. Conversely, sport has also become a pivotal issue when one examines values, priorities, ethics, lifestyle, and well-being in modern societies. We are regularly exposed to the media outline of sport and violence in sports; we forget that violence is often associated with sport in many invisible ways. When we talk about violence and sport, we usually think primarily about violence among players or violence among fans, completely ignoring many other forms of violence associated with sport. In our reflection, we should bear in mind that sport is merely a reflection of society. Taking this into account in our presentation, we will show that there are multiple forms of violence around and in sports. In the paper, we will use the definition and types of sport-related violence by Kevin Young. Through the analysis of the types of sport-related violence, we will determine how much sport-related violence is a bioethical issue. In this paper, we will show that sports violence is not limited to the sports field alone, but that it encompasses many spheres of life and society.
    [Show full text]