Abstract Empathy Development in Toddlers
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Strategic Empathy As a Tool of Statecraft
Strategic Empathy as a Tool of Statecraft John Dale Grover Published October 2016 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Empathy Defined ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Strategic Empathy as a Tool of Statecraft ................................................................................................ 7 International Relations Theory and Empathy ....................................................................................... 14 The Opening of China .............................................................................................................................. 24 American Policy in the Iraq War ............................................................................................................ 30 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 35 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. 37 2 Introduction “If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb -
1 the Development of Empathy: How, When, and Why Nicole M. Mcdonald & Daniel S. Messinger University of Miami Department Of
1 The Development of Empathy: How, When, and Why Nicole M. McDonald & Daniel S. Messinger University of Miami Department of Psychology 5665 Ponce de Leon Dr. Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA 2 Empathy is a potential psychological motivator for helping others in distress. Empathy can be defined as the ability to feel or imagine another person’s emotional experience. The ability to empathize is an important part of social and emotional development, affecting an individual’s behavior toward others and the quality of social relationships. In this chapter, we begin by describing the development of empathy in children as they move toward becoming empathic adults. We then discuss biological and environmental processes that facilitate the development of empathy. Next, we discuss important social outcomes associated with empathic ability. Finally, we describe atypical empathy development, exploring the disorders of autism and psychopathy in an attempt to learn about the consequences of not having an intact ability to empathize. Development of Empathy in Children Early theorists suggested that young children were too egocentric or otherwise not cognitively able to experience empathy (Freud 1958; Piaget 1965). However, a multitude of studies have provided evidence that very young children are, in fact, capable of displaying a variety of rather sophisticated empathy related behaviors (Zahn-Waxler et al. 1979; Zahn-Waxler et al. 1992a; Zahn-Waxler et al. 1992b). Measuring constructs such as empathy in very young children does involve special challenges because of their limited verbal expressiveness. Nevertheless, young children also present a special opportunity to measure constructs such as empathy behaviorally, with less interference from concepts such as social desirability or skepticism. -
“Trees Have a Soul Too!” Developing Empathy and Environmental Values in Early Childhood
The International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 5(1), p. 68 International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education Copyright © North American Association for Environmental Education ISSN: 2331-0464 (online) “Trees have a soul too!” Developing Empathy and Environmental Values in Early Childhood Loukia S. Lithoxoidou 77th Kindergarten School of Thessaloniki, Greece Alexandros D. Georgopoulos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Anastasia Th. Dimitriou Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece Sofia Ch. Xenitidou NOESIS Science Center and Technology Museum, Greece Submitted June 22, 2016; accepted April 17, 2017 ABSTRACT Coping with environmental crisis cannot but presuppose a change in the values adopted by modern man. Both ecocentric values associated with creating a caring relationship with nature, and the development of empathy, can become vehicles of transformation towards a society based on ecological principles. In connection with these issues, an Environmental Education program for preschoolers was designed and implemented in the classroom. The evaluation shows that preschool children can be interested in non-human beings, can feel the need to protect them, and ascribe them intrinsic value. Keywords: environmental values, empathy, preschool environmental education What accords Environmental Education its dynamic character - and marks its difference from environmental studies - is the dimension of critique, relating to the identity of the active citizen who - through studying and clarifying attitudes and values, rejects the prevailing standards, and who, by seeking alternative ways of being, modifies his actions accordingly, and consequently transforms society and the environment (Sterling, 1993). A special case of such a process involves the anthropocentrism - ecocentrism dichotomy and all the movements in between that have emerged over the last decades (Attfield, 2014). -
Individual Differences in Empathy Are Associated with Apathy-Motivation
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Individual diferences in empathy are associated with apathy- motivation Received: 1 August 2017 Patricia L. Lockwood 1,2, Yuen-Siang Ang 1,2,3, Masud Husain 1,2,3 & Molly J. Crockett1,4 Accepted: 24 November 2017 Empathy - the capacity to understand and resonate with the experiences of other people - is considered Published: xx xx xxxx an essential aspect of social cognition. However, although empathy is often thought to be automatic, recent theories have argued that there is a key role for motivation in modulating empathic experiences. Here we administered self-report measures of empathy and apathy-motivation to a large sample of healthy people (n = 378) to test whether people who are more empathic are also more motivated. We then sought to replicate our fndings in an independent sample (n = 198) that also completed a behavioural task to measure state afective empathy and emotion recognition. Cognitive empathy was associated with higher levels of motivation generally across behavioural, social and emotional domains. In contrast, afective empathy was associated with lower levels of behavioural motivation, but higher levels of emotional motivation. Factor analyses showed that empathy and apathy are distinct constructs, but that afective empathy and emotional motivation are underpinned by the same latent factor. These results have potentially important clinical applications for disorders associated with reduced empathy and motivation as well as the understanding of these processes in healthy people. Empathy – the capacity to understand and resonate with the experiences of other people – is considered essential for navigating meaningful social interactions and is closely linked to prosocial behaviour1–7. -
The Structure of Temperament and Personality Traits: a Developmental
Human Capital and Economic Opportunity: A Global Working Group Working Paper Series Working Paper No. Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group Economic Research Center University of Chicago 1126 E. 59th Street Chicago IL 60637 [email protected] Personality Structure 1 Running Head: PERSONALITY STRUCTURE THE STRUCTURE OF TEMPERAMENT AND PERSONALITY TRAITS: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE Rebecca L. Shiner Colgate University Colin G. DeYoung University of Minnesota To appear in the Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology Personality Structure 2 THE STRUCTURE OF TEMPERAMENT AND PERSONALITY TRAITS: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE Introduction Humans show a panoply of individual differences in their typical behavior, emotions, and thoughts. Beginning in infancy, individuals vary in traits such as energy and activity level, positive emotional engagement with others, feelings of distress and irritability, and persistent attention and interest in absorbing tasks. Older children, adolescents, and adults vary in their typical self-discipline, responsibility, empathy, imagination, and intellect. Traits show some stability across time and situations, but they also change over time and show some degree of situational specificity (McAdams & Pals, 2006). Contemporary research on temperament and personality traits addresses fundamental questions about these individual differences: What are the biological and environmental sources of variation in traits? To what extent and how do traits remain the same and change over time? How do individuals’ traits affect their physical and mental health, relationships, work, and well-being? These questions are best answered when researchers can achieve some consensus about the basic structure of traits. A structure or taxonomy of traits articulates which traits covary with which other traits, which traits are the most important, and what form those traits take at various points in the life course. -
Empathy and Feelings of Guilt Experienced by Nurses: a Cross-Sectional Study of Their Role in Burnout and Compassion Fatigue
Empathy and feelings of guilt experienced by nurses: a cross-sectional study of their role in burnout and compassion fatigue symptoms Abstract Aims: The main goal of this study was to explore the relationships between empathy, empathy-based pathogenic guilt and professional quality of life (burnout and compassion fatigue). We aim to test a model in which we hypothesize that when empathic feelings are related to pathogenic guilt, burnout and compassion fatigue symptoms may be increased. Background: Empathy is at the core of nursing practice, and has been associated with positive outcomes not only for the healthcare provider but also for the patient. However, empathy is also at the core of guilt feelings that, when excessive and misdirected, can lead to pathogenic guilt beliefs. We focused on two types of empathy-based guilt characterized by excessive responsibility over others’ well-being and how these can be related to professional quality of life. Methods and Participants: This study is a cross-sectional self-report survey. Data were collected during 2014 and 2015. 298 nurses from public hospitals in Portugal’s north and center region were surveyed. Professional quality of life (ProQoL), empathy (IRI), and empathy-based guilt (IGQ) were measured using validated self-report measures. Results: Correlation analyses showed that empathy-based guilt was positively associated with empathy, and with burnout and compassion fatigue. Results from multiple mediation models further indicated when empathy is associated with empathy-based guilt, this leads to greater levels of burnout and compassion fatigue. Conclusions: Given the nature of their work, proneness to experience pathogenic guilt feelings may compromise nurses’ well-being, and this should be addressed in training programs aiming at preventing or treating burnout and compassion fatigue. -
Optimism in Child Development: Conceptual Issues and Methodological Approaches
Optimism in child development: Conceptual issues and methodological approaches. Edwina M. Farrall School of Psychology University of Adelaide South Australia October, 2007 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT viii DECLARATION x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xv CHAPTER ONE: Introduction and Review of the Literature 1 ‘Optimism as a Dimension of Positive Psychology: Theories, Methodologies, and Implications for the Study of Child Development’ The genesis of „positive psychology‟ 3 Positive well-being and notions of resilience and thriving 7 The development of an organizational framework of resilience in children 10 External factors affecting resilience 15 Internal factors affecting resilience 16 The framework itself: Synthesizing and utilizing the knowledge base 22 Taking positive psychology forward 23 Affect and cognition in the developing child: Optimism as a potential mechanism toward ensuring resilience 25 On optimism: Assumptions, intuitions, and typologies 28 Stepping back: What is “optimism”, and what is known or assumed about it? 29 Optimism, temperament, and self-regulation 30 “Situated optimism” 32 “Dispositional optimism” 34 iii The measurement of dispositional optimism: The Life Orientation Test 35 Specific expectancies and “unrealistic optimism” 40 “Big” versus “little” optimism 42 Optimism and pessimism: Roles and relatedness 44 The measurement of child optimism 46 The new Youth Life Orientation Test 47 The YLOT: Development, structure, and interpretation 48 Alternate approaches to the measurement of optimism -
Self-Esteem's Relations to Empathy and Parenting
Psychological Thought psyct.psychopen.eu | 2193-7281 Research Articles Self-Esteem’s Relations to Empathy and Parenting Violeta Pavlova Cone* a [a] Department of Social, Labor and Pedagogical Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria. Abstract The article is looking into theoretical and research relations between self-esteem, empathy and parenting. The empirical study was carried out among 199 undergraduate US students and measured empathy (Empathy Quotient and Interpersonal Reactivity Index), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) and perceived parenting (Parental Bonding Instrument). The results showed no direct relation between empathy and self-esteem, as measured by the instruments in this sample. The care dimension of the perceived parenting style of both parents predicted self-esteem levels. Future research is recommended to confirm findings and identify possible mediator between empathy and self-esteem. Keywords: self-esteem, empathy, perceived parenting style, undergraduate students, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Empathy Quotient, Parental Bonding Instrument, Interpersonal Reactivity Index Psychological Thought, 2016, Vol. 9(2), 184–196, doi:10.5964/psyct.v9i2.194 Received: 2016-07-12. Accepted: 2016-08-18. Published (VoR): 2016-10-28. Handling Editor: Marius Drugas, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania *Corresponding author at: Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski” 15, bul. Tsar Osvoboditel, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria. E-mail: [email protected] This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction Self-esteem is among the most popular mental health concepts and has influenced the development of numerous scientific and public policies. -
Overcoming Loneliness Together Steps You Can Take to Help Recognize Loneliness, Get Connected and Live a Stronger, Happier Life
Overcoming loneliness together Steps you can take to help recognize loneliness, get connected and live a stronger, happier life 01 WELCOME THE WARMTH OF A CONNECTED LIFE Loneliness. It’s something we’ve all experienced from time to time, but many of us find that loneliness can become a feeling that often occurs—especially as we get older. Feelings of loneliness can happen to anyone, anywhere—even when surrounded by friends and family, or physically alone and in need of interactions with others. In fact, 1 in 5 Americans often feels lonely, and for older adults, about one-third feels lonely.1, 2 The good news? There are resources, people and things that can help support you to work to overcome these feelings. For more information, visit Humana.com/PopulationHealth 1 Kaiser Family Foundation, 2018, https://www.kff.org/report-section/loneliness-and-social-isolation-in- the-united-states-the-united-kingdom-and-japan-an-international-survey-introduction/ 2 American Association of Retired Persons, “Loneliness and Social Connections: A National Survey of Adults 45 and Older,” 2018, https://www.aarp.org/research/topics/life/info-2018/loneliness-social- connections.html WHAT EXACTLY DO YOU MEAN BY “LONELINESS”? Loneliness is a feeling of sadness or distress about being by ourselves or feeling disconnected from the world around us. It can strike when we don’t feel a sense of belonging or have social connections to friends, neighbors or others. Loneliness is also a common emotion, and it is likely that all of us have experienced it at some point in our lives. -
Graduate Research Showcase – Will Hipson
MR. WILL E HIPSON (Orcid ID : 0000-0002-3931-2189) DR. ROBERT J COPLAN (Orcid ID : 0000-0003-3696-2108) Article type : Original Manuscript Active Emotion Regulation Mediates Links between Shyness and Social Adjustment in Preschool Will E. Hipsona, Robert J. Coplana, and Daniel G. Séguinb aCarleton University, Ottawa, Canada, bMount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Canada Correspondence to: [email protected] Article Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Acknowledgements This research was support by an Ontario Graduate Scholarship to author Hipson and a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Insight Grant (435-2012- 1173) to author Coplan. The authors wish to thank Laura Cater, Samantha Davin, Laura Dodge, Emily Vanden Hanenburg, Carlotta Heymann, Annastasia Jickling, Maria Redden, Bronwen Schryver, Jamie Thompson, and Shawntel Whitten for their help in the collection and inputting of data. This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not Accepted been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/sode.12372 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Abstract Shyness is characterized by the experience of heightened fear, anxiety, and social- evaluative concerns in social situations and is associated with increased risk for social adjustment difficulties. Previous research suggests that shy children have difficulty regulating negative emotions, such as anger and disappointment, which contributes to problems interacting with others. However, it remains unclear precisely which strategies are involved among these associations. -
The Effect of Temperament on Emotion Regulation Among Chinese Adolescents: the Role of Teacher Emotional Empathy
www.ccsenet.org/ies International Education Studies Vol. 5, No. 3; June 2012 The Effect of Temperament on Emotion Regulation among Chinese Adolescents: the Role of Teacher Emotional Empathy Xiaomei Shen Students Affairs Department, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng City, China Wenhai Zhang (Corresponding author) Students Affairs Department, Yancheng Institute of Technology 9 Xiwang Dadao, Yancheng City 224051, China Tel: 86-515-88298755 E-mail: [email protected] Received: December 23, 2011 Accepted: December 29, 2011 Online Published: April 28, 2012 doi:10.5539/ies.v5n3p113 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v5n3p113 This study is supported by Jiangsu university philosophy and social science research fund projects (2010SJB880117) and by Chinese Ministry of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Fund (11YJA190024). Abstract Hierarchical linear modeling techniques were used to explored individual and contextual factors of emotion regulation in a sample of 2074 adolescents from grade 7 through grade 12 and 54 head teachers in China mainland. Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised (EATQ-R) were administered among students and Multi-Dimensional Emotional Empathy Scale (MDEES) among head teachers. Results showed that at the student level, Effortful Control and Affiliativeness were positively related to adolescents’ reappraisal whereas Surgency was inversely correlated with reappraisal after gender, grade level and parent’s education were controlled. And Negative Affect (NA) positively predicted suppression. At the teacher level, teachers’ Emotional Contagion promoted the impact of adolescent Surgency on reappraisal after teaching age was controlled. In addition, Responsive Crying, Emotional Attention and Feeling for Others enhanced the influence of NA upon Suppression among teachers. -
Temperament, Parenting, and Prosocial Behaviors: Applying a New Interactive Theory of Prosocial Development
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology Psychology, Department of July 2008 Temperament, Parenting, and Prosocial Behaviors: Applying a New Interactive Theory of Prosocial Development Meredith McGinley University of Nebraska at Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons McGinley, Meredith, "Temperament, Parenting, and Prosocial Behaviors: Applying a New Interactive Theory of Prosocial Development" (2008). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. TEMPERAMENT, PARENTING, AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIORS: APPLYING A NEW INTERACTIVE THEORY OF PROSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT by Meredith McGinley A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Psychology Under the Supervision of Professor Gustavo Carlo Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2008 TEMPERAMENT, PARENTING, AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIORS: APPLYING A NEW INTERACTIVE THEORY OF PROSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Meredith McGinley, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2008 Advisor: Gustavo Carlo The primary purpose of the current study was to examine whether theoretically based interactions between dimensions of children’s temperament and maternal socialization predicted children’s and early adolescents’ prosocial (i.e, helping) behaviors.