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13Cover-14-Web Version-Copy Edited 1 The Conversion of Harry Orchard The Adventist connection to the country’s most infamous twentieth-century assassin BY JAMES R. NIX Note: This article is condensed from a talk James Nix presented to the Ellen G. White Estate board in Maryland on January 17, 2014. The author is solely responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the references.—Editors. This stranger-than-fiction story begins with Albert H. Edward Horsley,1 born March 18, 1866, on a rural farm east of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.2 According to Albert, his father “ruled with an iron hand.”3 However, his mother,4 a Quaker,5 faithfully conducted daily family worships and sent her children to church each Sunday.6 Unfortunately, Albert was not converted.7 About 18888 Albert married Florence Fraser.9 The couple started a cheese business, and eventually had a daughter, Olive.10 Life spiraled downward, though, as Albert incurred debts and created difficulties for the cheese business. Then in 189611 he ran off with a married woman12 to British Columbia.13 The woman soon returned home, and Albert began moving from place to place, working jobs in British Columbia and various U.S. states.14 In time he became involved with the Western Federation of Miners, eventually becoming the union’s hired hit man.15 Albert used numerous aliases, but about 1896 he became known as Harry Orchard16—the name by which he is most frequently remembered. 2 In 1899 Orchard participated in the blowing up of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mill Concentrator in Wardner, Idaho.17 In 1904 he helped bomb the train depot in Independence, Colorado. This second bombing killed at least 13 men and badly injured 24 others.18 Estimates of the total number of people Orchard murdered range from 17 to 26.19 He also unsuccessfully attempted to kill the governor of Colorado, two Colorado Supreme Court justices, an adjutant general of Colorado, and the president of a mining company—all at the behest of the top officers of the miners’ union.20 In addition to these crimes, Orchard became a bigamist in 1903 when he married a widow with three children.21, 22, 23, 24 The Assassination of Frank Steunenberg In late 1905 Orchard undertook another assignment for the officers of the Western Federation of Miners—the killing of Frank Steunenberg, the 44-year-old former governor of Idaho who had served from 1897 to 1901.25 The Steunenbergs lived in Caldwell, Idaho. During the 1899 miners’ strike in the Coeur d’Alene region of the state, Governor Steunenberg, a Democrat who had been elected with the support of the miners’ unions, requested President William McKinley, a Republican, to send in federal troops to restore order. The leaders of the miners’ union never forgot or forgave him.26 On at least three occasions Orchard tried unsuccessfully to murder the former governor, but each time something intervened that prevented him from doing so.27 But on Saturday night, December 30, 1905, everything changed. Orchard rigged a bomb that exploded when Steunenberg opened the gate to his house.28, 29 The mortally injured man died within 20 minutes.30 Two days later, on January 1, 1906, Orchard was arrested for the murder.31 3 Struggling With God In his prison cell sleep eluded Orchard. He was certain that the powerful Western Federation of Miners would back him in court and succeed in getting him off, but the guilt of his past deeds began to haunt him. He questioned whether God could forgive him for the horrendously despicable things he had done. In his heart Orchard believed that God might forgive him only if he made a full and complete confession.32 Orchard was moved to the Idaho State Penitentiary in Boise,33, 34, 35, 36 where Detective James McParland interviewed him. Orchard eventually opened up to McParland, who assured him that according to the Bible, God most certainly forgives sinners. Orchard later agreed to tell the detective his entire story. He also wrote out his confession and gave it to the prosecuting attorney.37,38 On May 12, 1906, Orchard wrote to his first (and only legal) wife, Florence, and asked her to forgive him for deserting her and their daughter 11 years earlier.39 He also told her that he had accepted Christ.40 She soon responded, offering her complete forgiveness, and added, “I shall never cease praying for you.”41 The Gift of a Bible Shortly after making his full confession, Orchard received a gift of a Bible from David Paulson, founder of the Hinsdale Sanitarium near Chicago,42 who had read about Orchard in a newspaper. Orchard soon began studying the Bible with a fellow inmate,43 who also had been given a Bible by a friend who was a Seventh-day Adventist.44 4 One of the topics the two men studied was the seventh-day Sabbath. Then through the intervention of an Episcopal speaker at the prison, Orchard also began Bible studies with John Edwin Froom from Boise,45 whose son, LeRoy E. Froom, later became a leading Adventist editor and scholar. Star Witness Orchard was to be the star witness in two court cases that the State of Idaho brought against Bill Haywood, secretary of the Western Miners Federation, and a second person who also was part of the union’s inner circle. For eight days during the first of the two trials, defense attorneys grilled Orchard. As many newspapers reported, however, the attorneys failed to break his story, including his claim that he had become a Christian.46 Attorney Clarence Darrow, another member of the defense team, had no use for Orchard’s conversion claim. During his summation to the jury Darrow said, “I want to say a few words for the benefit, not of this jury, but of those sickly, slobbering idiots who talk about Harry Orchard’s religion. The English language falls down on Orchard and likewise upon all those idiots who talk about Orchard’s regeneration.”47 No promise of leniency was given Orchard for testifying for the prosecution. Rather, it was Orchard’s hope that somehow the terrible trail of violence that for years had been part of the labor-management struggle in the mines could be broken. Knowing of others who were on the federation’s assassination hit list, Orchard hoped that his testifying would prevent their murders.48 5 As Orchard had assumed would happen, both union leaders were acquitted, but by telling the truth, he had done his best to spare other lives, while also clearing his own conscience before God.49 In March 1908 it was Orchard’s turn in court, but obviously the labor union would no longer be there to defend him.50 Despite his initial “not guilty” plea, he now knew that as a Christian he could no longer make that claim. Consequently, he changed his plea to “guilty.” He was then sentenced to die by hanging51 for the murder of former governor Frank Steunenberg. His attorney applied for clemency,52 and Orchard’s death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.53 Amazing Forgiveness Following Orchard’s sentencing, the former governor’s 21-year-old son, Julian Steunenberg,54 came to see him. He gave Orchard a package that contained several pamphlets, including a copy of Ellen White’s book Steps to Christ.55 Julian also had a message for Orchard from his mother, Eveline Belle Steunenberg. She urged her husband’s now-convicted killer to read the tracts and to give his life fully to Christ. She and her children were Seventh-day Adventists. Belle Steunenberg’s actions deeply moved Orchard. “Her forgiving attitude toward me convinced me that she surely must be a true Christian,”56 he said, calling it “the supreme factor in leading [him] to accept Christ fully and then to join the Adventist faith.”57 In 1922 Belle and her children were among those who wrote to the then-governor of Idaho, asking that Orchard be pardoned and set free.58 6 Belle became a Seventh-day Adventist through reading the church periodical American Sentinel. While Belle’s husband was governor of Idaho the church’s International Religious Liberty Association sent him a copy of the American Sentinel, published by the Pacific Press Publishing Association in Oakland, California. After reading the papers at the office, the governor would take them home, where his wife also read them. In that way she learned about the seventh-day Sabbath.59 Although Belle was one of the leading members of the Presbyterian church in Caldwell, she left the Presbyterians to become an Adventist. There were only eight Adventists in Caldwell at the time the little group was organized the year before Belle joined.60 In 1909 she donated the property on which the first Seventh-day Adventist church in Caldwell was built. Her husband did not join any church. Occasionally Steunenberg attended the Presbyterian church with his wife, but he never became a member.61 When his wife became an Adventist, he allowed their son, Julian, to attend Walla Walla College. He also welcomed Seventh-day Adventist pastors to his home.62 Although Orchard had tried to kill the former governor at least three previous times, Steunenberg’s widow and children believed God spared the governor’s life long enough for him to make his decision for the Lord. On the Sabbath morning of the day he was killed, Steunenberg told his family for the first time that he had decided that he would no longer conduct business on Sabbath,63 and he joined his wife and children for family worship.
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